粗糙面上粒子层矢量辐射传输方程的二阶迭代解法

为了探究典型粗糙面上随机粒子层中能量传输的多次散射机制,提出了一种基于矢量辐射传输方程的建模二阶计算方法.该建模方法将建模场景(粗糙面上粒子层)在高度维(Z轴)划分为多个传输散射层,基于矢量辐射传输理论中的一阶迭代散射解,利用典型粗糙面的半经验半解析方法,求解出整个场景的二阶迭代散射解.同时,研究粒子层能量在粒子与粒子间的多次散射机制,以及粒子与地表粗糙面间的多次散射机制.数值结果表明,该二阶迭代解法相较于矢量辐射传输方程的一阶迭代散射解,能够更完整地探究互作用的散射特性,且可从能量传输角度解译建模场景中物体间的相干作用,从而可用于植被地物环境下的多次散射机制的解析以及散射系数变化趋势的预估.     

基于强度图像和地物偏振反射率数据的光学遥感偏振成像仿真分析

为获得满足偏振成像探测器的研制所需的偏振成像样本,并解决现有偏振遥感仿真分析中普遍缺乏实测数据支持的问题,提出了一种基于强度图像和实测地物偏振反射率数据的偏振成像仿真方法,介绍了其实现过程,并且得到了不同大气几何条件下的卫星高度偏振仿真图像。通过与强度仿真图像定量的对比表明,偏振成像对比度受大气能见度的影响较弱,在低能见度及后向散射条件下或者某些特定方向上优势更为突出。偏振成像的清晰度对观测方向较为敏感这一属性可以指导选择特定的方向进行偏振探测,并最终提升雾霾条件下偏振成像对地遥感的目标识别能力。     

考虑地表反射类型的气溶胶散射偏振特性

采用逐次阶散射法求解矢量辐射传输方程来研究气溶胶在不同地表反射模型下的散射偏振特性.首先,选取单一地表反射模型和耦合地表反射模型两种地表反射模型.然后,根据地表反射模型计算得到相应的地表反射率,进而采用逐次阶散射法对矢量辐射传输方程进行求解,得到散射光的Stokes矢量.最后,由Stokes矢量计算得出散射光的偏振度.仿真结果表明,两种地表反射模型下气溶胶单次散射的散射辐射强度和线偏振度均相等;耦合地表反射模型的总散射辐射强度和线偏振度总是大于单一地表反射模型;单一地表反射模型的气溶胶单次散射相对总散射的贡献总是大于耦合地表反射模型.研究结果对气溶胶光学特性的反演具有一定意义.     

目标表面发射率对红外辐射偏振特性的影响分析

偏振探测不仅可以获得目标的光谱、强度、偏振态以及空间几何形状等参数,还可以获得更丰富的目标信息,有利于改善对目标的探测和识别能力。红外辐射偏振成像是近年来发展起来的一种新的红外探测技术,主要通过目标与场景的红外辐射偏振特性差异进行目标探测与识别。但由于红外辐射偏振信息在传输过程中,其偏振态会受到传输介质的影响,而通常基于实验分析总结目标红外偏振特性的方法难以对偏振传输过程中的影响因素进行估计,也不能定量描述各相关参数对于红外偏振信息的影响。通过微面元理论的双向反射分布函数模型,建立了基于偏振双向反射分布函数的红外辐射偏振传输方程, 推导分析了目标表面发射率对红外辐射偏振度的影响,结果表明：目标表面发射率对目标红外偏振度影响可以忽略;在理论分析基础上,有针对性的开展红外光谱偏振探测试验,试验数据分析与理论推导结论吻合。这表明：材料表面发射率的变化不影响目标表面的红外辐射偏振度。该研究成果有利于提高红外伪装探测的目标识别效率,可为进一步提高红外偏振成像系统的伪装目标探测提供新的途径和方法,如在伪装目标探测识别中,通过探测其表面的红外辐射偏振特性的改变实现伪装目标识别探测。     

海洋气溶胶多角度偏振辐射特性研究

海洋气溶胶是对流层气溶胶的重要组成部分,对全球的辐射收支平衡及气侯变化均有重要的影响。评价气溶胶的直接与间接辐射效应需要对气溶胶的性质进行深入的研究。多角度偏振为气溶胶光学物理性质研究提供了新的方法。在对可见光550 nm和近红外860 nm波段处海洋气溶胶的光学性质的研究基础上,采用矢量辐射传输模型模拟了TOA（top of atmosphere）反射率和偏振反射率与下垫面性质、观测方位角、气溶胶光学厚度之间的敏感性。模拟结果表明,海洋型气溶胶的多角度偏振信息可以有效地体现气溶胶的光学性质,可以利用多角度偏振遥感信息进行海洋气溶胶的反演,为利用多角度偏振遥感数据进行海洋气溶胶提供了理论基础。     

观测几何对大气偏振光谱的影响

研究大气偏振光谱在太阳天顶角SZA、观测天顶角VZA和相对方位角RAA构成的观测几何变化时的特征。采用离散坐标法求解大气矢量辐射传输方程,结合真实大气环境与结构参数,以MODTRAN太阳参照光谱仿真大气层顶初始光谱,考虑下垫面反照、气溶胶垂直分层与成分混合比及痕量气体吸收的影响,仿真计算相对方位角为0°和90°时0.4~3 μm波段大气偏振光谱,丰富大气偏振光谱信息。仿真结果表明：(1)相对方位角为0°时,偏振度DoP和Q/I随SZA的变化分别呈“V形”和倒“U”形, U/I很微弱,量级低于10-7,V/I在任何观测几何下都很微弱;(2)晨暮时段,若太阳不在视场内,大气偏振度在波长0.51和2.75 μm附近为极大值,在1.5 μm附近为极小值。因此,在不同的观测几何条件下,选择相应的波段和偏振信号,将有利于实体目标探测。     

散射性介质瞬态矢量辐射传输的蒙特卡洛模拟

瞬态效应和偏振特性对于短脉冲激光在散射性介质中的传输有重要影响。本文采用蒙特卡洛法来求解一维散射性介质内的瞬态偏振辐射传输问题。采用拒绝法确定光束的散射方向。定义了瞬态矢量辐射传输矩阵(TVRTM)来描述瞬态偏振辐射的传输特性,并以此得到了Stokes矢量的角度与时间分布。在蒙特卡洛模型中采用时间平移和叠加原理,可大幅度提高计算精度和计算效率。     

矢量介子的辐射衰变

介子的辐射衰变是低能强子物理研究的重要方向, 通过它能够揭示介子的结构和性质。从有效场论的观点来看,介子衰变主要包含光子和强子之间的相互作用。使用SU(3)对称性和VMD模型分别对矢量介子的辐射衰变进行了研究。 通过对实验数据进行拟和,给出了在两种情形下V→Pγ的衰变宽度的理论值,并得到赝标量混合角θP 为－6°。 Radiative decay of mesons is an important aspect in low energy hadronic physics,through which structures and properties of mesons can be revealed. In view of effective field theories, the radiative decay of mesons involves mainly interactions between photons and hadrons. In this paper,we investigate the decay of vector mesons by using SU(3) symmetry and the vector meson dominance model respectively. By fitting with experiments, we give the theoretic widths for V→Pγ in both cases and the mixing angle of pseudoscalars θP is －6°.     

偏振双向衰减对光学成像系统像质影响的矢量平面波谱理论分析

偏振双向衰减(diattenuation)是指偏振元件引入的光场传播过程中表征电矢量的两个正交偏振态的振幅变化特性.在大部分有关偏振像差的讨论中,聚焦光场偏振态的振幅变化对其分布的影响较小而不被重视.但在一些大相对孔径光学系统中,对于分束器、光调制器等有复杂平面介质结构的低透过率光学元件而言,引入的偏振相关的振幅调制相对大得多.本文依据矢量平面波谱理论,建立了笛卡尔坐标系下的理想光学成像系统的矢量光学模型,验证了与德拜矢量衍射积分的一致性.在线偏振光入射的条件下,对在汇聚光路中使用的光学元件的偏振双向衰减特性对成像质量的影响进行理论研究.结果表明,在调制传递函数的低频率处(v0.2NA/λ),这种影响是可以忽略的;随着空间频率的增加,光学元件的偏振双向衰减特性对成像系统调制传递函数的影响逐渐变大.若要求调制传递函数的数值不低于衍射极限的90%,中频处(0.2NA/λv0.8NA/λ),s光和p光的透射/反射系数之比至少需要控制在[0.63,1.6]的范围内;而当v0.8NA/λ时,则需要控制在[0.9,1.11]的范围内.随着光学系统光轴与光学分界面法向的倾角增加,容差范围有所放宽.     

Multi-coupled single scattering method of solving vector radiative transfer equations

<正>A new method of multi-coupled single scattering(MCSS) for solving a vector radiative transfer equation is developed and made public on Internet.Recent solutions from Chandrasekhar’s X-Y method is used to validate the MCSS’s result,which shows high precision.The MCSS method is theoretically simple and clear,so it can be easily and credibly extended to the simulation of aerosol/cloud atmosphere’s radiative properties,which provides effective support for research into polarized remote sensing.     

Reverse electric field Monte Carlo simulation for vector radiative transfer in the atmosphere

In this paper, a reverse electric field Monte Carlo （REMC） method is proposed to study the vector radiation transfer in the atmosphere. The REMC is based on tracing the multiply scattered electric field to simulate the vector transmitted radiance. The reflected intensities with different total optical depth values are obtained, which accord well with the results in the previous research. Stokes vector and the degree of polarization are numerically investigated. The simulation result shows that when the solar zenith angle is determined, the zenith angle of detector has two points, of which the degree of polarization does not change with the ground albedo and the optical depth. The two points change regularly with the solar zenith angle. Moreover, our REMC method can be applied to the vector radiative transfer in the atmosphere-ocean system.     

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to spatially varying polarized radiation: generalized reflection matrix

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite medium exposed to spatially varying, polarized radiation is studied. The problem is to determine the generalized reflection matrix for a multiple scattering medium characterized by a 4×4 scattering matrix. A double integral transform is used to convert the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is then applied to derive a nonlinear integral equation for the generalized reflection matrix. The spatially varying backscattered radiation for an arbitrarily polarized incident beam can be found from the generalized reflection matrix. For Rayleigh scattering and normal incidence and emergence, the generalized reflection matrix is shown to have five non-zero elements. Benchmark results for these five elements are presented and compared to asymptotic results. When the incident radiation is polarized, the vector approach used in this study correctly predicts three-dimensional behavior, while the scalar approach does not. When the incident radiation is unpolarized, both the vector and scalar approaches predict a two-dimensional distribution of the intensity, but the error in the scalar prediction can be as high as 20%.     

A quasi-analytic solution of the radiative transfer equation for three-dimensional atmospheres

In this study, we present a new solution of the three-dimensional (3-D) radiation transfer equation (RTE). The solution employs a discretization technique to separate the independent variables involved in the 3-D RTE, and the doubling-adding method to solve the RTE explicitly and quasi-analytically. The remarkable feature of the present solution is the application of scaling-function expansion to those terms that are dependent on horizontal coordinates. Scaling-function expansion is suitable for representing irregular horizontal inhomogeneities with small-scale variations. By applying scaling-function expansion, the 3-D RTE can be formulated in the form of a vector-matrix differential equation; matrices involved in the equation are generally sparse and dominantly diagonal matrices, and this considerably reduces the labor involved in matrix calculations. We tested the performance of the present solution via radiative transfer calculations of solar radiation in horizontally inhomogeneous two-dimensional cloud models. The calculated results indicate that even if the resolution of the scaling-function expansion is too coarse in regions around small-scale variations, the influence does not spread problematically to other regions far from the variations; this illustrates the advantage of the scaling-function expansion. The present solution can be used to investigate quantitatively and to estimate the effects of cloud spatial inhomogeneity on the corresponding radiation field.     

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to a polarized laser beam: spatially varying reflection matrix

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to a polarized, Gaussian laser beam directed perpendicular to the surface is studied. The focus of this investigation is the 4×4, spatially varying reflection matrix that can be used to determine the normally backscattered radiation when the polarization of the incident radiation is specified. An inverse integral transform is used to construct the spatially varying reflection matrix from the generalized reflection matrix found in a previous study. The elements of this matrix depend on location specified by optical radius and azimuthal angle. The azimuthal variation is found by performing part of the inverse transform analytically, while the radial variation is described by five functions that are calculated numerically via an inverse Hankel transform. Benchmark numerical results for these five functions are presented, and the effects of beam radius and particle concentration are discussed. Expressions that describe the behavior of the reflection functions at small and large optical radii are developed, and comparisons are made to the one-dimensional and scalar situations. The scalar approximation fails to predict the three-dimensional effects produced by the polarized beam, and even when the incident radiation is unpolarized, the error in the scalar reflection function can be as high as 20%.     

大气折射对可见光波段辐射传输特性的影响

折射是影响辐射传输的重要因素. 为分析大气折射对辐射传输的影响, 基于Monte Carlo方法, 给出了考虑大气折射的矢量辐射传输模型, 实现了均匀气层和耦合面处光子随机运动过程的模拟, 实现了直射光及漫射光Stokes矢量、偏振度和辐射通量等参数的计算. 在考虑和不考虑大气折射两种条件下, 验证了模型的准确性; 在纯瑞利散射条件下, 讨论了大气折射对不同方向漫射光Stokes矢量的影响; 在不同太阳天顶角、大气廓线、气溶胶及含云大气条件下, 分析了大气折射对辐射传输过程的影响. 结果表明: 大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量的影响主要体现在天顶角70°–110°区间, 且随着太阳入射角增大, 其影响更为显著; 不同大气廓线情形下, 大气折射对Stokes矢量的影响不一致, 其原因是不同大气廓线对应的折射率廓线存在差异. 含云及含气溶胶大气条件下, 大气折射对辐射传输的影响变弱, 沙尘型及海盐型气溶胶条件下, 折射对辐射传输的影响强于可溶型气溶胶情形; 不同形状气溶胶条件下, 大气折射对辐射传输的影响也存在显著差异; 不同云高条件下, 大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量的影响无显著差异, 但随着云光学厚度增大, 大气折射的影响减弱.     

An approximate analytical solution of the radiative transfer equation in hydrometeors accounting for scattering effects

An iterative method for the radiative transfer equation solution is suggested for the scattering hydrometeors. The method allows to find the layer scattering indicatrix. The method is shown to be more general as compared with the four-flux theory or the perturbation method and differs strongly from these ones because even in the case of the first iteration it gives the results which are very close to ones obtained by numerical methods for all rain scattering angles.     

A fast infrared radiative transfer model for overlapping clouds

A fast infrared radiative transfer model (FIRTM2) appropriate for application to both single-layered and overlapping cloud situations is developed for simulating the outgoing infrared spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In FIRTM2 a pre-computed library of cloud reflectance and transmittance values is employed to account for one or two cloud layers, whereas the background atmospheric optical thickness due to gaseous absorption can be computed from a clear-sky radiative transfer model. FIRTM2 is applicable to three atmospheric conditions: (1) clear-sky, (2) single-layered ice or water cloud, and (3) two simultaneous cloud layers in a column (e.g., ice cloud overlying water cloud). Moreover, FIRTM2 outputs the derivatives (i.e., Jacobians) of the TOA brightness temperature with respect to cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out to assess the performance of FIRTM2 for two spectral regions, namely the longwave (LW) band (587.3-1179.5 cm⁻¹) and the short-to-medium wave (SMW) band (1180.1-2228.9 cm⁻¹). The assessment is carried out in terms of brightness temperature differences (BTD) between FIRTM2 and the well-known discrete ordinates radiative transfer model (DISORT), henceforth referred to as BTD (F−D). The BTD (F−D) values for single-layered clouds are generally less than 0.8 K. For the case of two cloud layers (specifically ice cloud over water cloud), the BTD (F−D) values are also generally less than 0.8 K except for the SMW band for the case of a very high altitude (>15 km) cloud comprised of small ice particles. Note that for clear-sky atmospheres, FIRTM2 reduces to the clear-sky radiative transfer model that is incorporated into FIRTM2, and the errors in this case are essentially those of the clear-sky radiative transfer model.     

Uncertainties in the space-based measurements of CO2 columns due to scattering in the Earth's atmosphere

During the next decade satellites may be expected to provide a promising new source of CO₂ data. However, in order for the column-integrated CO₂ measurements to be useful for sources/sinks inversions, the requirements on these measurements are very demanding. In this paper we therefore quantify the largest error source for such CO₂ measurements in the near-infrared wavelength range , namely the effect of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds in the atmosphere. The errors are provided for the most common used observation geometries, nadir observations over land and sunglint observations over the ocean. It is estimated that for dust aerosols the aerosol optical thickness must be known within ±0.05 for errors below ±0.5% in the CO₂ total column. For other aerosol types the requirements are less strict (e.g. ±0.15 for sulfate aerosols). In the case of thin cirrus clouds over land the cirrus optical thickness must be known to ±0.05 over land surfaces and ±0.015 for sunglint observations over the ocean in case of moderate windspeed.