Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES MODIFIED BY ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS： EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONALIZED SEGMENTS ON MORPHOLOGY

Melt extrusion was used to prepare binary nanocomposites of ethylene copolymers and organoclay and trinary nanocomposites of low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, ethylene copolymer and organoclay. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to analyze the structure of the clay phase and the morphology of the nanocomposites. Influences of the comonomer in the copolymer and the content of the copolymer on the morphology of the resulting nanocomposites were discussed. The binary and the trinary composites may form intercalated or exfoliated structures depending on the interaction between the copolymer and the clay layers and the content of the copolymer.     

多弧离子镀TiN与不同金属基材间的接触界面与表面特性

用多弧离子镀技术在不同金属基材上进行TiN镀膜实验,制备了TiN/Fe、 TiN/Cu和TiN/Cr/Cu复合膜.借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射仪(XRD)和光电子能谱(XPS),研究了TiN与Fe、 Cu和Cr/Cu三种不同衬底接触界面的形貌、结构及其表面特性.SEM观察发现,在一定离子镀膜条件下, TiN涂层可与Fe、 Cu和Cr/Cu金属基材形成均匀平整的接触界面,在铜基上TiN界面清晰,在Fe与Cr/Cu界面有明显的层状晶界微结晶分布.XRD分析显示, Fe、 Cu和Cr/Cu表面生成的薄膜都包含TiN、 Ti2N等多晶相,在Cr/Cu界面还包含Ti-Cr的金属间化合物.XPS结果表明,表面除了TiN膜外,还生成TiO2和TiOxNy等氧化膜.Ar+刻蚀5 min后, TiO2消失, TiOxNy减少, TiN则呈增加趋势.TiN与Cr/Cu界面形成明显的Ti-Cr和Cr-Ni互扩散层,这有助于增强薄膜附着力,形成较牢固的TiN涂层.     

PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER/ACRYLATE-TERMINATED POLYURETHANE/ORGANOMONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

Unsaturated polyester resin （UPR）/acrylate-terminated polyurethane （ATPU）/organo-modified montmorillonite （OMMT） nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ intercalative polymerization method. Samples were prepared by the sequential mixing, i.e. mixture of the ATPU and styrene （S） and OMMT were prepared in the first step; UPR was then added to the pre-intercalates of ATPU/S/OMMT. Results indicate that the mechanical properties and thermal properties of UPR/ATPU/OMMT nanocomposites greatly depend on the amount of ATPU and OMMT. Results show that the addition of ATPU could increase the impact strength of UPR/ATPU composites, but the tensile strength, flexural strength and heat resistance of the materials are obviously decreased. When the weight ratio between UPR, ATPU and OMMT were 82：15：3, the impact strength and heat distortion-temperature of nanocomposite were greatly improved, meanwhile there was little change for other properties of the nanocomposites. The synergistic enhancement effects of ATPU and OMMT on the composites were observed. The structures and morphology of the composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.     

纳米粒子的精准组装

纳米材料由于其独特的光、电、磁、力学等性质,成为了构建功能材料与器件的理想基元。实现纳米粒子的精确组装,是探究粒子之间的耦合聚集性质和制备宏观功能器件的基础。但是由于纳米粒子的小尺寸以及在溶液中运动的随机性与复杂性,精准控制纳米粒子组装体的形貌以及在空间中的相对位置仍存在巨大挑战。为了将纳米粒子组装成理想的有序结构,许多控制粒子组装的策略与方法得到发展。本文首先概述了纳米粒子自组装的控制方法与典型形貌,着重分析了影响粒子精准排布的因素与控制方法,并对纳米粒子及其组装体的光学性质与器件应用的最新研究进展进行了讨论,最后对目前纳米粒子精准组装所面临的挑战以及未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

Oligoethyleneoxide spacer groups in polymerizable surfactants

Cationic and zwitterionic polymerizable surfactants bearing tri- and tetraethyleneglycol spacer groups between the polymerizable moiety and the surfactant structure were prepared and polymerized. Monomers and polymers were investigated with respect to their aggregation behavior in aqueous systems and compared to analogous monomers and polymers lacking spacer groups. In the case of the monomeric surfactants, the spacer groups depress both the Kraffttemperature and the critical micelle concentration. the area occupied per molecule at the air-water interface is substantially enlarged by the spacers, whereas the depression of surface tension is nearly constant. Although the monomers with and without spacers are true surfactants, all the polymers are water-insoluble, but form monomolecular layers at the air-water interface. In analogy to the monomer behavior, the incorporation of the spacer groups increases the area occupied per repeat unit at the air-water interface substantially, but hardly affects the surface activity.     

引入PNA、1, 2-PG对聚氨酯胶粘剂微相形态及性能的影响

引入PNA、1; 2-PG对聚氨酯胶粘剂微相形态及性能的影响;聚氨酯胶粘剂;结晶;微相分离;软段;硬段     

电流变液中悬浮颗粒的体积与形状的变化

基于偶极近似,运用电极化方法,定量研究了电流变液中悬浮颗粒在外电场作用下其体积和形状的变化,并计算了其体积和形状的相对变化率.研究结果表明:悬浮颗粒的体积和形状的相对变化率均与电场强度的平方成正比,并与ER本身的性质有关.一般情况下,颗粒的体积和形状的相对变化率分别为8.4%和12.5%,对总体积变化率的贡献为1.68%.这种变化对于ER系统的电涨和电热都作出了贡献,仅当将颗粒当作刚性球时,其自由能才与电场强度的平方成正比.     

花生酸与铈β-二酮络合物混合单分子膜的成膜特性

将铈β-二酮络合物(Ce(tmhd)4)的氯仿溶液与花生酸(AA)的氯仿溶液以不同摩尔比混合并铺展在纯水亚相上,得到其与AA的混合单分子膜.对混合单分子膜的成膜特性(π-A等温线和体系超额自由能)进行了探讨,发现混合单分子膜的超额自由能为负值,混合过程为热力学自发过程,且在配比为1∶ 2时其绝对值最大,体系最稳定,并进一步讨论了混合单分子膜可能的凝聚态结构.在配比为1∶ 2时,研究了混合单分子膜的静态弹性和动态弹性.     

Spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constants of crown ethers with grafted acridone unit in methanol based on Benesi-Hildebrand evaluation

As potential chromo- and fluorophores for optical sensors a number of acridone grafted crown ethers containing NO2 group(s) and/or Br or Cl atom(s) in the aromatic rings (compounds) were studied by spectrophotometric method. In the first step of this work the acid-base and complexing properties of these compounds as well as those of the acridone, thioacridone and 4,5-dinitroacridone were investigated. Compounds proved to be very week acids and therefore the conventional spectrophotometric method based on the measurement of the ratio of the protonated/deprotonated forms of the compounds was not applicable for the determination of the dissociation constants (pKa values). Thus, a new spectrophotometric approach was elaborated for the pKa determination of these compounds, which is based on spectrophotometric titration in methanol with strong base and the titration results were evaluated by the Benesi-Hildebrand method. (In the studies with TEAOH, TMAOH and LiOMe, the complex formation between the ionophores and the cations of the bases could be excluded.) As it was expected, the experimentally determined pKa values depended on the nature of the substituents of the acridone moiety and pKa values ranged between 12.6 and 14.9. The lower pKa value of thioacridone compared to the acridone can be explained by the larger size of the sulfur atom. The outstandingly larger pKa value for 4,5-dinitroacridone can be attributed to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen-bonds between the ortho-position nitro group and the NH proton. As a trend, the strong electron withdrawing nitro substituents decreased considerably the pKa values of compounds and compared to that of the halogen (Cl and Br) atoms (for example compounds and) of weaker withdrawing effect.     

负载型碱催化剂的制备及其在酯交换和醇、胺羰化反应中应用

以三乙胺和甲醇钠为活性碱组分,以Ａ,Ｘ和Ｙ型分子筛及硅胶和有机高聚物担体为载体制备了负载型碱性催化剂。考察了催化剂在甲醇和二乙胺羰化以及酯交换反应中的活性,并考察了催化剂制备过程中多种因素对活性的影响,结果表明,在催化剂制备过程中,溶剂和制备方法对催化剂活性的影响较大,而载体粒度的影响较小,在适当的条件下,上述载体能较好地负载有机碱三乙胺和甲醇钠,所得负载型碱性催化剂在环氧丙烷作用下具有较高的甲醇和二乙胺羰化催化活性及酯交换催化活性。     

3,7-二硝基亚氨基-2,4-二氮杂双环[3,3,0]辛烷的放热分解反应动力学

The kinetic parameters of the exothermic decomposition reaction of the title compound in a temperature-programmed mode have been studied by means of DSC. The DSC data obtained are fitted to the integral, differential and exothermic rate equations by linear least-squares, iterative, combined dichotomous and least-squares methods, respectively. After establishing the most probable general expression of differential and integral mechanism functions by the logical choice method, the corresponding values of the apparent activation energy (Ea), pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction order (n) will be obtained by the exothermic rate equation. The results show that the empirical kinetic model function in differential form and the values of Ea and A of this reaction are (1-α)0.44, 230.4 kJ/mol and 1018.16 s-1, respectively. With the help of the heating rate and obtained kinelic parameters, the kinetic equation of the exothermic decomposition reaction process of the title compound is proposed. The critical temperature of thermal explosion of the compound is 302.6℃. The above-mentioned kinetic parameters are quite useful for analyzing and evaluating the stability and thermal change rule of the title compound.     

粒度对多相反应动力学参数的影响

以纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液为反应体系, 研究反应物粒度对动力学参数的影响规律. 讨论了表观活化能降低的原因. 结果表明：当反应物粒径、反应温度和搅拌速率一定时, 纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液的反应速率仅与反应物的浓度有关；反应物粒度对多相反应的反应级数、速率常数、表观活化能和指前因子均有较大的影响；随着反应物粒径的减小, 表观活化能和指前因子减小, 而反应级数和速率常数增大, 并且速率常数和表观活化能与反应物粒径的倒数呈线性关系；反应物粒度是通过摩尔表面积、摩尔表面能和摩尔表面熵三个方面影响多相反应的动力学参数的.     

二苯二硫和二苄二硫润滑性能的量子化学研究

The molecular geometries optimization and electronic structures of diphenyl disulfide (DPDS) and dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) compounds were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio method at the 6-31G basis set level. The active atoms and bonds of reaction were provided by frontier molecular orbital theory. The molecular orbital parameters of DPDS and DBDS compounds and iron atom cluster were calculated by using density functional theory. The interaction pattern between the organic disulfide compounds and iron atom cluster was discussed based on the approximate rule of orbital energy. Some parameters characterizing the action strength between the organic disulfide compounds and iron atom cluster, including the bonding strength, reactive strength and static action strength, were analyzed by using frontier electron density, super de-localizability, net atomic charge and the interaction energy of chemical adsorption as criteria. The results indicate that S-S chemical bond and C-S chemical bond of the compounds are inclined to be broken when DPDS and DBDS interact with the metal. The anti wear ability order of DPDS and DBDS compounds is DPDS>DBDS, and the extreme pressure ability order of DPDS and DBDS compounds is DBDS>DPDS, and the prediction results based on quantum chemistry calculations are in good accordance with the friction and wear test results.     

平朔煤和生物质共热解实验研究

利用热重分析技术对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解特性进行了研究,考察了生物质掺混比例对平朔煤热解的影响。结果表明,不同掺混比例下生物质与平朔煤共热解时,平朔煤的挥发分析出温度和最大热解速率对应的温度呈现出规律性变化。将混合样品热解时的实际失重速率曲线与按比例折算后的曲线进行对比,发现实际失重速率曲线与折算曲线有所偏差,并不是平朔煤与生物质热解失重速率的简单加和,说明混合热解过程中有协同作用。同时,利用Coats-Redfern法,对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解主要阶段用一级反应过程描述,计算其动力学参数,发现反应活化能E和指前因子A随着生物质掺混比例不同呈现出规律性变化,对其规律进行了机理分析,证明了掺混生物质对平朔煤热解起到了促进作用,认为平朔煤与生物质共热解过程存在协同效应。     

Relationships among Preparative Technique,Phase Composition and Bending Strength of Bauxite Porcelain

1 INTRODUCTION Bauxite porcelain is a novel “K2O–Al2O3–SiO2” system ceramic by using sintered bauxite, clay and potash feldspar and albite as the main raw materials with the Al2O3’s content of 50%～60(massfraction). Compared to the traditional“K2O–Al2O3–SiO2” feldspar porcelain by using quartz, bolus alb and potash feldspar and albite as the main raw materials, the bauxite porcelain possesses such advantages as high mechanical strength, excellent electrical insula- tion prop…     

The spinnability of viscoelastic solutions of tetradecyl- and hexadecyl-trimethylammonium salicylates

The spinnability was measured for aqueous viscoelastic solutions of tetradecyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium salicylates (C₁₄TASal, C₁₆TASal) in the absence and presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) and sodium bromide (NaBr). The spinnability is classified into two types, D and C. While the intrinsic drawing length in type D is proportional to the drawing velocity, the drawing intrinsic length in type C decreases with the drawing velocity or is independent of it. The spinnability changes from type D to C, as the drawing velocity and the surfactant concentration increase, and the temperature lowers. The effect of salt is different between NaSal and NaBr. It can be assumed that a pseudo-network structure composed of rod-like micelles is formed in viscoelastic and spinnable surfactant solutions. Then, the spinnability depends on the balance between the elasticity and the viscosity in which the structure results.     

Surface chemistry and diffusion of trace and alloying elements during in vacuum thermal deoxidation of stainless steel

Removal of the native surface oxide from steel is an important initial step during vacuum brazing. Trace and alloying elements in steel, such as Mn, Si, and Ni, can diffuse to the surface and influence the deoxidation process. The detailed surface chemical composition and grain morphology of the common stainless-steel grade 316L is imaged and spectroscopically analyzed at several stages of in-vacuum annealing from room temperature up to 850°C. Measurements are performed using synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission and low-energy electron microscopy (XPEEM/LEEM). The initial native Cr surface oxide is amorphous and unaffected by the underlying Fe grain morphology. After annealing to ~700°C, the grain morphology is seen at the surface, persisting also after the complete oxygen removal at 850°C. The surface concentration of first Mn and then Si increases significantly when annealing to 500°C and 700°C, respectively, while Ni and Cr concentrations do not change. Mn and Si are not located only in grain boundaries or clusters but are distributed across over the surface. Both Mn and Si appear as oxides, while Cr oxide becomes metallic Cr. Annealing from 500°C up to 850°C leads to the removal of first the Mn and then Si oxides from the surface, while Cr and Fe are completely reduced to metals. Deoxidation of Cr occurs faster at the grain boundaries, and the final Cr metal surface content varies between the grains. The findings are summarized in a general qualitative model, relevant for austenite steels.     

菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热动力学

利用热活性检测仪测定了菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热功率-时间曲线,按照热动力学理论和对比进度法解析出不同温度、酸度时菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的米凯利斯常数（K_m）和最大速率（V_max）,并建立了K_m与温度和酸度的关系式,从而获得酶催化反应的最适温度（314.63 K）和最适pH（6.99）. 在最适温度和最适pH条件下,测定了金属离子可逆竞争时菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热功率-时间曲线,对曲线进行处理,得到了酶催化反应的米凯利斯常数（K_m’）和最大速率（V_max’）. 建立了K_m’与金属离子浓度间的关系式,比较了金属离子对酶催化反应的激活或抑制效果.     

烷烃脱氢制烯烃用碳催化剂的微结构和表面化学调控研究进展(英文)

烯烃是重要的大宗有机化工原料,广泛用于塑料、树脂、橡胶等高分子材料和基础有机化工产品和中间体的生产.同时,烯烃也是重要的精细化工原料和中间体,广泛用于染料、医药、香料、农用化学品、水性油墨和感光树脂等精细化工领域.长链烯烃通常是由小分子烯烃聚合制得,而小分子烯烃和苯乙烯的合成在学术界和工业界备受关注.在脱氢、裂解、脱水等诸多合成方法中,烷烃脱氢制烯烃是直接而中的路线,包括直接脱氢和氧化脱氢.小分子烷烃和乙苯催化脱氢制备对应的烯烃,尤其是乙苯制苯乙烯,目前工业上主要采用铁基催化剂催化直接脱氢工艺.积炭失活是该工艺面临的严峻挑战.工业上采用引入大量过热水蒸气的方法来解决这一难题,同时,还可以为脱氢反应提供热量.但是,这势必造成巨大的能耗和反应器容积效率的显著降低.氧化脱氢工艺是放热反应,并可有效抑制积炭,但又存在过氧化所致的低选择性的问题.直接脱氢和氧化脱氢各有利弊.目前,科学家和工业界都在扬长避短,开展两种脱氢工艺的新结构高性能催化剂的研究,并取得了长足进展.碳催化是近年来发展起来的一类重要的无机非金属固相催化剂,在光催化、电催化,以及热催化领域得到了广泛关注同时也是材料领域研究的前沿和热点.碳材料,尤其是纳米碳,在诸多反应中展示出了比常规金属催化剂更好的催化性能,且具有可持续的特征.因此,碳催化具有广阔的发展空间和巨大的应用前景.众所周知,固体催化剂的催化性能重要依赖于催化剂表面催化活性位的性质及其可及性.元素组成、化学状态及缺陷边角特征决定着活性位的性质,而形貌、尺寸、形状、纹理、表面结构等催化剂的微结构特征决定着固相催化剂活性位的可及性.因此,探索有效的方法和策略,来调节固相催化剂的微结构和表面化学性质,已成为催化学术研究的热点领域.碳材料的表界面和边角的官能团和结构缺陷是催化反应的活性位.对于烷烃脱氢反应,碳材料的表界面羰基和结构缺陷是催化剂的活性位,而杂原子掺杂可以调控活性位的电子结构.本文综述了烷烃脱氢用碳催化剂微结构和表面化学调控方法和效果的最新研究进展,并讨论了烷烃脱氢碳催化材料的微结构和表面化学性质调控的重要性和严峻挑战.通过碳材料合成中前驱体的优选、合成方法和策略的创新,以及通过后处理的方法,均可有效调控碳催化剂的微结构和表面化学性质,从而调控其烷烃脱氢催化性能.碳催化用于烷烃脱氢反应制烯烃,尤其是直接脱氢,前景看好.目前,研究的碳催化剂多为粉末状,用于固定床,存在流体阻力大、压力降高、操作困难的问题,并有可能阻塞床层,造成安全隐患;用于流化床,粉末碳易于团聚,催化剂过滤分离困难,流失严重.纳米碳基整体式催化剂可以是碳催化的未来发展方向.但是,目前才刚刚起步.碳基整体式催化剂活性单元本身可及活性位的性质及活性单元的分散性、抗脱落性和整体式催化剂的机械强度、导热性等诸多问题需要深入研究和探讨.总之,碳催化烷烃脱氢,尤其是无氧化剂、无水蒸气条件下的直接脱氢,是经济、节能、清洁、高效的烯烃生产方法,具有广阔的发展空间和美好前景.微结构和化学性质的调变是调控固相催化剂催化活性位性质和可接近性的重要方法,碳催化材料及整体式催化剂的碳基活性单元微结构和化学性质的调控是实现其催化性能调控的有效策略.