生物质型煤在固硫剂条件下的燃烧特性研究

本文研究了生物质型煤在不同Ca/S比和不同生物质加入量下的燃烧特性,并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,固硫型煤的TG,DTG曲线变化趋势相似,都出现两个明显的失重峰挥发分析出阶段和煤焦燃烧阶段.一般在310-320℃范围内挥发分析出达到最大,在520-530℃范围内,煤焦燃烧失重速率最大.由于固硫反应的增重和型煤燃烧的失重的相对变化,导致第二个失重峰变化比较平缓,且失重温度范围较宽.不同Ca/S比的样品试验结果相比,Ca/S=2样品的最大失重点温度要比Ca/S=1.5样品的最大失重点温度要低;同一Ca/S比下,随着生物质量的增加,相应失重峰的峰值增加,最终失重百分比增加.通过动力学分析,生物质型煤在固硫剂条件下的燃烧反应服从燃烧动力学的基本方程表征的规律,对于不同的温度阶段可用不同的一级反应来描述.     

垃圾与煤混烧PAHs排放特性研究

研究了杭州某150T/d商业运行流化床垃圾焚烧炉中多环芳烃的排放特性，研究结果表明，未添加脱除剂时垃圾与煤混烧产生的多环芳烃总量高于全煤燃烧，分别是3．3108mg/Nm^3和3235mg/Nm^3，排放因子分别为4．4554μg/kg和13．6329μg/kg，产生的PAHs富集状态固相多于气相，同时还初研究了脱除剂对垃圾焚烧产生多环芳烃的影响，Ca/S摩尔比1时多于正常运行工况下多环芳烃的排放量，而Ca/S摩尔比2时则少于正常运行工况。     

煤矸石与半焦富氧混烧特性及污染物排放特性研究

利用热重分析仪和管式炉实验,研究了煤矸石与半焦的富氧混烧特性,考察了半焦混烧比例、O2含量和反应温度对燃烧特性和污染物排放特性的影响.结果表明,混烧半焦和提高O2含量均可显著改善混合燃料的燃烧性能,当半焦混烧比例为75％时,着火和燃尽指数最高.随半焦混烧比例增大,CO和SO2转化率均逐渐降低.提高反应温度,CO转化率降...     

水煤浆燃烧炉内固体残留物的微观分析

以不同特性煤浆的炉内燃烧固体残留物为研究对象，对取自炉内不同部位及沉积于硅碳棒和灰污探针上的典型燃烧灰的化学成分、矿物组成、元素分布及微观结构等进行分析研究。结果表明，水煤浆灰样中含Al、Fe、Ca的化合物和矿物的质量分数高于黑液浆，Na、K、S、Cl的情况与此相反。Fe的富集是造成水煤浆沾污结渣的根本原因。Na和Fe是引起黑液浆沾污结渣的主要矿物元素，Na的作用比Fe更大。黑液浆灰样中含有大量的霞石和硫酸钠等低熔融温度富钠化合物，Na是引起沾污结渣的根源。微观分析结果与实际燃烧状况是一致的，黑液浆结渣特性强于水煤浆，并且二者的灰沉积机理是不同的。     

石油焦与煤混合燃料热重分析研究

石油焦与煤混合燃烧是高效处理石油焦的有效方法，作者对选用的石油焦和煤不同配比的混合燃料进行了热重分析研究。使用常压高温热天平研究、分析了各配比混合燃料的热解特性和燃烧特性。并根据化学动力学方法计算了各过程的化学动力学参数，即活化能E和频率因子A0。结果表明，各混合燃料热解起始温度大致相同，随煤焦比减小，挥发分析出速率变缓，最大释放速度所对应的温度升高，最终失重率减小，挥发分释放特性指数减小；随煤焦比增大，混合燃料着火温度和燃尽温度逐渐降低，最大燃烧速率所对应的温度降低，燃烧特性指数增大；随煤焦比减小，活化能和频率因子增大。     

原煤低温氧化预脱硫的实验研究

采用三种高硫煤，在固定床反应器中考察了原煤在空气、空气水蒸气和空气氮气气氛下低温氧化预脱硫过程的影响因素，包括煤种（总硫含量、形态硫分布和挥发分含量）和化学反应条件（温度、停留时间）。脱硫前后的样品中硫及硫形态、热值、工业分析和元素分析依据国际进行测定。实验结果表明硫及碳质的氧化在开始阶段以不同的速率析出，随后反应中差别减小；黄铁矿硫可得到高的脱除率；水蒸气适当比例的加入可以增加黄铁矿的脱除，同时降低碳的转化和热量的损失；而氮气的加入在降低碳和热量的损失外，降低了硫的脱除。     

油页岩颗粒燃烧释放二氧化硫的非催化气－固反应通用模型

本文在考虑油页岩燃烧过程中热解挥发份燃烧产生的火焰能量反馈以及矿物质分解所得碱性氧化物的自固硫效应这两方面影响，并耦合了辐射、对流和传导三种形式的传热及氧气与二氧化硫传质和化学反应动力学的基础上，建立了颗粒油页岩流化床燃烧释放二氧化硫的非稳态渐进扩散反应的通用模型。对所得多变量的偏微分方程组开发了一个有界Ｗｅｇｓｔｅｉｎ数值求解方法，具有收敛快，计算精度高等优点。数值计算表明，对茂名油页岩，热解阶段的火焰温度比床温高出１２０℃左右，促进了热解析硫的过程；油页岩半焦中氧化钙的自固硫转化率达４０～６０％。     

煤燃烧过程中加石灰石脱硫对NOx排放影响的研究

讨论了煤燃烧过程中NO_x的析出特性和各种因素的影响。实验表明,加石灰石脱硫将使NO_x排放量上升,但是通过选择适当的运行参数,如温度、氧浓度、Ca/S比等和吸收剂种类,可以大大缓解脱硫与降低NO_x排放之间的矛盾。实验温区为600—1150℃,包括了流化床燃烧的温度范围,部分结果在流化床燃烧器上作了验证。     

煤与混合废塑料共热解固体产物中氯的赋存形态及在燃烧时的释放特性

通过红外光谱、热重 质谱及燃烧 水解实验，研究了煤与废塑料共热解固体产物中氯的赋存形态及在燃烧过程中氯的释放特性。结果表明，温度低于600℃热解的半焦中存在有机氯化合物；600℃以上热解的半焦（或焦炭）中氯主要以无机盐类存在。燃烧过程中氯的释放率与燃烧温度，煤与废塑料共热解的温度以及共热解时废塑料的加入量有关。燃烧温度越高，氯的释放率越大，900℃燃烧时，氯的释放率都在94%以上；在同一温度燃烧时，热解温度越高，氯的释放率越低。400℃热解的半焦最高释放率达99.86%，而1000℃热解的焦炭的最高释放率为94.35%。     

合成气气氛下褐煤与生物质共液化残渣的燃烧特性

利用热重研究了不同液化条件(溶剂、温度、气氛、水分)下褐煤与生物质共液化所得残渣的燃烧特性。通过比较共液化残渣燃烧的三个特征温度,着火点、燃烧峰温和燃尽温度,对比分析了液化条件对残渣燃烧特性的影响及其原因,同时研究了残渣燃烧的动力学。结果表明,四氢萘为溶剂所得残渣的燃烧特性好于甲苯为溶剂的;360℃下所得液化残渣燃烧反应性好于420℃下的;合成气气氛下所得液化残渣燃烧反应性好于氢气气氛下的;液化过程加入水后,所得残渣的燃烧反应性降低。不同液化条件下所得残渣的加氢程度和收率不同,使残渣具有不同的H/C原子比、比表面积和灰分,从而对残渣的燃烧特性产生影响。残渣的燃烧特性符合三段二级反应,大部分残渣三段活化能遵循"高-低-高"的变化规律。     

Thermogravimetric investigation on combustion characteristics of oil shale and high sulphur coal mixture

Co-combustion experiments of mixture of Huadian oil shale and Heshan coal with high sulphur content have been conducted using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The effects of five different Ca/S mol ratios on the combustion characteristics of mixture fuel are analyzed using TG and DTG curves. The results show that the initial temperature of combustion of mixture fuel is decreased with an increase in the oil shale content of mixture fuel. The combustion characteristic of mixture fuel is superior to that of Heshan coal. Adding about 20 mass% Huadian oil shale into Heshan coal is feasible for desulfurization of mixture fuel during combustion.     

O2/CO2气氛下石灰石煅烧与硫化反应研究

富氧燃烧技术是一种能够综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术。本文对O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧流化床条件下的石灰石煅烧分解特性进行了热力学分析，并与热重试验结果进行了对比，得出石灰石的起始分解温度随O2/CO2气氛中CO2分压比的增大而增加，但增幅减小。结合小型流化床试验装置上煅烧与硫化反应过程中的石灰石样品的孔结构特性和可视化SEM分析，得出空气气氛和O2/CO2＝20/80气氛在煅烧与硫化反应过程中的孔结构特性差异很大：反应温度为1 123 K时，空气气氛下石灰石迅速分解，比表面积、孔隙率增大，硫化反应发生后孔堵塞导致比表面积、孔隙率减小；1 123 K的煅烧温度还不足以使O2/CO2＝20/80气氛下的石灰石分解，硫化反应过程中还伴随着石灰石的煅烧分解。     

颗粒油页岩燃烧及含硫杂质的转化

对抚顺、茂名及约旦颗粒油页岩在热重分析仪(TGA)上进行了燃烧研究,考察了抚顺及茂名颗粒油页岩在模拟流化床快速升温条件下的燃烧性能并与恒温燃烧作了对比。结果表明,升温速度提高时,失重率(即燃烧速率)明显加剧。文中还对含碳酸盐及含硫量高的约旦颗粒油页岩在燃烧过程中硫的转化进行了研究。X射线衍射分析表明,它在燃烧过程中有较强的自脱硫能力。通过对该油页岩燃烧过程中热量的有效利用问题的讨论,认为在流化床内燃烧此类含碳酸盐较高的油页岩时宜采用短停留时间的炉型。     

煤燃烧过程生成氮氧化物前驱体的研究

对煤中氮在燃烧条件下生成NOx前驱体（HCN、NH3）进行了研究。实验采用石英玻璃管流化床反应系统，测定了神木煤、澳大利亚烟煤、澳大利亚褐煤在400 ℃～900 ℃HCN、NH3的生成，用离子色谱测定了HCN、NH3的生成量，用差热分析测定了三种煤的燃烧峰温及起始燃烧温度。实验结果表明，在燃烧条件下煤中氮转化为HCN、NH3的比例很高，这一释出过程伴随着煤燃烧过程而发生; 在400 ℃～500 ℃燃烧时HCN、NH3的生成量占煤中总氮质量分数的50%～70%,无论是煤挥发分还是半焦中的氮都在此条件下转化生成了HCN、NH3, 这一实验规律与热解条件的实验结果不同。煤样在更高的温度下燃烧（>700 ℃）时，气体产物中的HCN、NH3的质量分数很少，这是HCN、NH3进一步氧化生成了NOx的缘故。     

ASTM Kinetics of Oil Shales

Thermal analysis is increasingly being used to obtain kinetic data relating to sample decomposition. In this research differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the combustion kinetics of three (Çan, Himmetoglu and Mengen) oil shale samples by ASTM and Roger &; Morris methods. On DSC curves two reaction regions were observed on oil shale sample studied except Çan oil shale. In DSC experiments higher heating rates resulted in higher reaction temperatures and higher heat of reactions. Distinguishing peaks shifted to higher temperatures with an increase in heating rate. Three different kinetic models (ASTM I-II and Rogers &; Morris) were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the oil shale samples studied. Activation energies were in the range of 131.8-185.3 kJ mol-1 for ASTM methods and 18.5-48.8 kJ mol-1 for Rogers &; Morris method.     

Influence of waste products from electricity and cement industries on the thermal behaviour of Estonian clay from Kunda deposit

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The influence of two different oil shale ashes formed, respectively, at pulverized firing and at circulated fluidized bed combustion of Estonian oil...     

差热分析测定水煤浆的燃烧特性

水煤浆具有燃烧效率高、燃烧温度低、环境污染少等特点,是当前国内、外广泛研究的课题之一,具有广阔的发展前途。通常水煤浆含有30—35%的水,0.1—1%的添加剂,这大量水和少量添加剂的存在对水煤浆的燃烧过程所产生的影响以及它与煤粉的直接燃烧的差别是我们共同关心和感兴趣的问题。本文利用差热分析仪直接测定两种煤粉及由三种不同添加剂制得的水煤浆在空气流中燃烧时的特性。     

茂名油页岩流化床燃烧排放SO2的实验研究

在间歇式流化床反应器中进行了茂名油页岩的燃烧脱硫实验，考察了床温、油页岩粒度、油页岩含水量、钙硫摩尔比和外加灰分／页岩重量比等因素对ＳＯ２排放指标的影响程度。实验结果表明，在本实验范围中，上述因素对二氧化硫排放量影响的强弱程度为：油页岩含水量＞钙硫比＞灰岩比＞床温＞油页岩粒度。通过对实验现象的分析，本文发现工业流化床固硫要求Ｃａ／Ｓ摩尔比远大于１的另一个重要原因是：油页岩热解、挥发分燃烧释放二氧化硫的本征速率远大于石灰石固硫的本征速率。     

Effects of retorting factors on combustion properties of shale char

For obtaining high shale oil yield as well as treating shale char efficiently and in an environmentally friendly way in a new comprehensive utilization system of oil shale, a series of fundamental experiments have been conducted for exploring the effects of retorting factors on shale oil yield and shale char characteristics. Based on these previous studies, in this article, combustion experiments of shale chars obtained under various retorting conditions were performed with a Q5000IR thermogravimetric analyzer and a Leitz II-A heatable stage microscope and the effects of retorting factors were discussed on the combustion characteristics of shale char. Among four studied retorting parameters, retorting temperature and residence time exert very significant influence on the combustion characteristics of shale char. Either elevating the retorting temperature from 430 to 520 °C or lengthening the residence time at a low retorting temperature will largely decrease residual organic matters within shale char, resulting in decreasing mass loss in the low-temperature stage of combustion process of shale char, an elevation of ignition temperature and a shift of ignition mechanism from homogeneous to heterogeneous. One set of retorting condition was also recommended as a reference for designing the comprehensive utilization system of oil shale studied in this work: retort temperature of 460–490 °C, residence time of 20–40 min, particle size of <3 mm, and low heating rate of <10 °C/min.     

TG–FTIR analysis of oxidation kinetics of some solid fuels under oxy-fuel conditions

A possible technology that can contribute reduction of carbon dioxide emission is oxy-fuel combustion of fossil fuels enabling to increase CO₂ concentration in the exhaust gas by carrying out the combustion process with oxygen and replacing air nitrogen with recycling combustion products to obtain a capture-ready CO₂ stream. The laboratory studies and pilot-scale experiments discussed during the last years have indicated that oxy-fuel combustion is a favorable option in retrofitting conventional coal firing. Estonian oil shale (OS) with its specific properties has never been studied as a fuel in oxy-fuel combustion, so, the aim of the present research was to compare thermo-oxidation of OS and some coal samples under air and oxy-fuel combustion conditions by means of thermal analysis methods. Experiments were carried out in Ar/O₂ and CO₂/O₂ atmospheres with two oil shale and two coal samples under dynamic heating conditions. FTIR analysis was applied to characterize evolved gases and emission dynamics. Kinetic parameters of oxidation were calculated using a model-free kinetic analysis approach based on differential iso-conversional methods. Comparison of the oxidation characteristics of the samples was given in both atmospheres and it was shown that the oxidation process proceeds under oxy-fuel conditions by all studied fuels with lower activation energies, however, it can last longer as the same temperatures are compared.