Comments on the information,information gain and efficiency of self-organizing systems

Haken recently applied the slaving principle to decompose expressions for information, information gain and efficiency of self-organizing systems into two parts. The first part in each case depends on the order parameter while the second on the slaved modes. Close to the instability points the latter contribution can be ignored. In this paper we elaborate on the formulas given by Haken and find exact expressions which are analytical in the entire domain of the values of control parameters. We also find their asymptotic limits in the immediate proximity of the instability point and far away from it. Our results provide a direct way of relating information, information gain and efficiency of nonequilibrium critical systems to their control parameters.     

The convergence of the slaving principle in a simplified model

We prove the convergence of the slaving principle in a model consisting of two nonlinear equations with two variables,s andu, which represent in the linear regime the stable mode and unstable mode, respectively.We show explicitly how the stable modes becomes increasingly dependent on the unstable modeu and approaches a definite power series ofu regardless of the initial condition fors. This power series is called slaving function and is shown to be absolutely and uniformly convergent on a closed disc, which contains the point describing the asymptotic behavior of the system. For some finite time, we show that the approximation involved in the substitution of the slaving function for the original stable modes decreases exponentially with time.     

Problems for the elimination of atomic variables and the single-mode dye laser equations

The stochastic generalization of the adiabatic approximation has been developed earlier by Wunderlin and Haken [6] and recently by Schöner and Haken [7] and the authors [8]. Using these theories, a complex field amplitude equation for the single-mode dye laser is derived based on a set of semiclassical single-mode laser equations. An effective Fokker-Planck equation in which the laser intensity is decoupled from the phase variable is obtained. The relations between our theory and the phenomenological single-mode dye laser equation are discussed.     

Applications of the Stochastic Adiabatic Approximation

In the previous paperi^[1], we have studied a class of nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems using the stochastic adiabatic approximation. A closed evolution equation for the slow variable u^t is obtained. In the present study, we use the methods proposed by the authors in Refs. [2] and [3] to treat the closed u^t equation which is derived by means of the new eliminating technique developed in Ref. [1] recently. Two important stochastic dynamical models, the simplified single-mode laser model and the stochastic Haken model, are treated concretely. The coupling effect of the additive and the multiplicative noise is found.     

Divergence of the quark self-energy in the second quantized chiral bag model

When summing over the intermediate quark states of a spherical cavity, the quark self-energy of the chiral bag model, in lowest order of the pion coupling, is shown to generate a series of terms, each one growing linearly with the angular variable κ. However, there is a cancellation between terms for different κ, which finally leads to an overall linearly divergent series.     

Travelling waves in microstructure as the exact solutions to the 6th order nonlinear equation

The travelling wave solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equation of 6th order are obtained for a solid having two different spatial scales introduced in the microstructure. The slaving principle method is applied, and the exact explicit solution is found in terms of the doubly periodic Weierstrass elliptic function for the corresponding ODE. Several particular cases are discussed for various parameter values, e.g., the solitary “mexican hat” pulse is found with polarity, depending on microstructure parameters.     

A self-organizing network in the weak-coupling limit

We prove the existence of spatially localized ground states of the diffusive Haken model. This model describes a self-organizing network whose elements are arranged on a d-dimensional lattice with short-range diffusive coupling. The network evolves according to a competitive gradient dynamics in which the effects of diffusion are counteracted by a localizing potential that incorporates an additional global coupling term. In the absence of diffusive coupling, the ground states of the system are strictly localized, i.e. only one lattice site is excited. For sufficiently small non-zero diffusive coupling , it is shown analytically that localized ground states persist in the network with the excitations exponentially decaying in space. Numerical results establish that localization occurs for arbitrary values of in one dimension but vanishes beyond a critical coupling _c(d), when d> 1. The one-dimensional localized states are interpreted in terms of instanton solutions of a continuum version of the model.     

On spectral methods for solving nonlinear acoustics equations

Two very efficient methods for obtaining approximate solutions to nonlinear acoustics equations are discussed. I proposed these methods earlier, but they are still little known. The first method is based on expanding an unknown function into a Taylor series with respect to the coordinate (evolution variable) and on approximate summation of the terms of this series in all orders up to the infinite order. This series can be summed completely only in particular cases, e.g., for a simple wave. It has been noted that the partial summation technique is implemented more easily if all the terms of the series are represented as corresponding topological diagrams. The second method is based on introducing a “nonlinear” phase delay (proportional to the wave amplitude) for the temporal variable in linear solutions of the problem. The application technique of these methods is illustrated by obtaining approximate solutions of the Burgers equation.     

Theory of damping and fluctuations of the polariton due to its interaction with lattice vibrations

We present a model which describes the influence of lattice vibrations on the excitonpolariton. We solve the density matrix equation for the coupled photon-exciton-phonon system where the model of Haken and Strobl is used to describe the exciton phonon coupling which is responsible for the incoherent part of the motion. Our model allows us to calculate the dispersion relation of the damped polariton. Furthermore we may understand the optical absorption of crystals in the polariton picture. Our solution also exhibits the phenomenon of nonclassical light absorption.     

Solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation in detailed balance

The solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation in detailed balance are investigated. Firstly the necessary and sufficient conditions obtained by Graham and Haken are derived by an alternative method. An equivalent form of these conditions in terms of an operator equation for the Fokker-Planck Liouville operator is given. Next, the transition probability is expanded in terms of an biorthogonal set of eigenfunctions of a certain operatorL. The necessary and sufficient conditions for detailed balance leads to a simple operator equation forL. This operator equation guarantees that on!y half of the biorthogonal set needs to be calculated. Finally the dependence of the eigenvalues on the reversible and irreversible drift coefficient is discussed.     

On a multistable competitive network model in the case of an inhomogeneous growth rate spectrum: With an application to priming

A stability analysis of a network model proposed by Haken is carried out for the case of an inhomogeneous spectrum of growth rates. The degree of multistability as a function of the coupling strength between network units is determined. An application to priming shows that the network can reconstruct the fundamental phenomenon that primed items have shorter recall latencies than non-primed items when assuming that learning affects the inhomogeneity of the growth rate spectrum.     

照相物镜径向畸变模型的再商讨

基于径向半径偶次幂级数的相对畸变表达式在相机校准中被广泛地采用.对于一个具体镜头,它的物理精确性却没有可靠的理论做依据.基于自变量(径向半径和视场角)不同项数和幂次的组合多项式作为相对畸变的拟合函数,以Zemax软件平台上的一组已知镜头的栅格畸变结果为已知数据,借助于Matlab的最优化工具箱进行数据拟合.结果表明,包含径向半径2、3次幂的表达式在精度上更有益;基于视场角幂次的展开式可以提供更为精确的畸变描述;多项和高阶的拟合函数反而不利于提供一个精准的畸变表达.     

Two-state model of a general Heun class with periodic level-crossings

A specific constant-amplitude periodic level-crossing model of the semi-classical quantum time-dependent two-state problem that belongs to a general Heun class of field configurations is presented. The exact analytic solution for the probability amplitude, generally written for this class in terms of the general Heun functions, in this specific case admits series expansion in terms of the incomplete Beta functions. Terminating this series results in an infinite hierarchy of finite-sum closedform solutions each standing for a particular two-state model, which generally is only conditionally integrable in the sense that for these field configurations the amplitude and phase modulation functions are not varied independently. However, there exists at least one exception when the model is unconditionally integrable, that is the Rabi frequency and the detuning of the driving optical field are controlled independently. This is a constant-amplitude periodic level-crossing model, for which the detuning in a limit becomes a Dirac delta-comb configuration with variable frequency of the levelcrossings. The exact solution for this model is derived, the Floquet exponents are determined and study of the population dynamics in the system for various regions of the input parameters is done.     

Effects of time-delay in a model of intra- and inter-personal motor coordination

Motor coordination is an important feature of intra- and inter-personal interactions, and several scenarios — from finger tapping to human-computer interfaces — have been investigated experimentally. In the 1980s, Haken, Kelso and Bunz formulated a coupled nonlinear two-oscillator model, which has been shown to describe many observed aspects of coordination tasks. We present here a bifurcation study of this model, where we consider a delay in the coupling. The delay is shown to have a significant effect on the observed dynamics. In particular, we find a much larger degree of bistablility between in-phase and anti-phase oscillations in the presence of a frequency detuning.     

Generalization of the rotated parabolic equation to variable slopes

The rotated parabolic equation [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 1035-1037 (1990)] is generalized to problems involving ocean-sediment interfaces of variable slope. The approach is based on approximating a variable slope in terms of a series of constant slope regions. The original rotated parabolic equation algorithm is used to march the field through each region. An interpolation-extrapolation approach is used to generate a starting field at the beginning of each region beyond the one containing the source. For the elastic case, a series of operators is applied to rotate the dependent variable vector along with the coordinate system. The variable rotated parabolic equation should provide accurate solutions to a large class of range-dependent seismo-acoustics problems. For the fluid case, the accuracy of the approach is confirmed through comparisons with reference solutions. For the elastic case, variable rotated parabolic equation solutions are compared with energy-conserving and mapping solutions.     

Reply to: “Comment on: ‘Spherical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation and nebulons for dust ion-acoustic waves with symbolic computation’ ” [Phys. Lett. A 361 (2007) 520]

Dusty plasmas exist almost everywhere in the Universe and relevant nonlinear studies are encouragingly going to non-planar geometry. On our recent construction of a spherical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili model for the dust-ion-acoustic waves in a cosmic dusty plasma [B. Tian, Y.-T. Gao, Phys. Lett. A 340 (2005) 243], Hong [W.P. Hong, Phys. Lett. A (2006), doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2006.11.021, in press] comments that certain interesting coordinate transformations exist, with presentation of a transformed equation (TE) and nebulon solutions. In this Reply, we point out that the TE is valuable to the studies on both cosmic plasmas and applied mathematics. We obtain an auto-Bäcklund transformation on the TE and more general nebulons. With series of pictures, we discuss nebulon structures out of the TE, and address that there are cosmic plasma systems for which the TE is valid. We remove a constraint set in that Comment so that the TE can be useful for the Saturn-F-ring-typed dusty plasmas as well.     

A new numerical solution for the MHD peristaltic flow of a bio-fluid with variable viscosity in a circular cylindrical tube via Adomian decomposition method

In this Letter, we considered a numerical treatment for the solution of the hydromagnetic peristaltic flow of a bio-fluid with variable viscosity in a circular cylindrical tube using Adomian decomposition method and a modified form of this method. The axial velocity is obtained in a closed form. Comparison is made between the results obtained by only three terms of Adomian series with those obtained previously by perturbation technique. It is observed that only few terms of the series expansion are required to obtain the numerical solution with good accuracy.     

Optimisation of self-similar factor approximants

The problem is analysed for extrapolating power series, derived for an asymptotically small variable, to the region of finite values of this variable. The consideration is based on the self-similar approximation theory. A new method is suggested for defining the odd self-similar factor approximants by employing an optimisation procedure. The method is illustrated by several examples having the mathematical structure typical of the problems in statistical and chemical physics. It is shown that the suggested method provides a good accuracy even when the number of terms in the perturbative power series is small.     

Normal modes of a continuous system with quadratic and cubic non-linearities

A power series solution is presented for the free vibrations of simply supported beams resting on elastic foundation having quadratic and cubic non-linearities. The time-dependence is assumed harmonic and the problem is posed as a non-linear eigenvalue problem. The spatial variable is transformed into an independent variable that satisfies the boundary conditions. This permits a power series expansion of the beam motion in terms of the new variable. A recurrence relation is obtained from the governing equation and used in conjunction with the Rayleigh energy principle to compute the natural frequencies. The results show that, for a first order approximation, only the lower frequencies and first mode shape are significantly affected by the cubic non-linearity.     

Theory of multiple scattering

Consideration is given to problems of obtaining exact and approximate solutions of kinetic equations in the multiple scattering problem. For cross sections which are rational functions of χ² (χ = 2sin(δ/2), δ is the scattering angle) exact solutions are obtained as a series in terms of Legendre polynomials. The limits of validity of the kinetic equation for the distribution function in terms of the variable q = 2sin(?/2) are refined [1] and the solutions of this equation are compared with the exact solutions of the Rutherford and Mott cross sections. The problem of convergence of approximate solutions in the form of a series in terms of Legendre polynomials and a series in powers of 1/B is solved. These approximations are obtained and their limits of validity are determined.