相对论重离子碰撞与夸克物质

介绍了相对论重离子碰撞与夸克物质研究领域的有关最新进展.讨论了QCD热力学与量子输运理论,对于与QCD相变紧密联系的几个热点问题作了评述,最后分析了该研究领域在近期发展前景.     

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions and Quark Matter

The recent progress in the field of relahvistic heavy ion collisions and quark matter is reviewed. Especially, the QCD thermodynamics, quantum transport theory, and some hot topics related to the QCD phase transitions are analyzed in detail. The outlook for thes field is also briefly discussed.     

相对论重离子碰撞中的重味产生

重味粒子是新的物质形态——夸克胶子等离子体的敏感探针。 利用相对论流体力学描述夸克胶子等离子体的时空演化, 采用输运方程模拟重味粒子在夸克胶子等离子体中的运动, 既考虑重味粒子的热胶子离解, 也通过细致平衡原理包含重味粒子在热密媒质中的重产生。 正是由于离解与重产生之间的竞争以及竞争对于碰撞能量、 横动量和快度的依赖性, 自然解释了在RHIC能区的J/ψ疑难, 预言了在LHC能区由于重产生取得主导地位, J/ψ的核修正因子在中心和半中心碰撞中将随着参与反应核子数的增大而升高, 同时其平均横动量会受到强烈的压低。 Heavy quarkonium is a sensitive signature of the new state of matter-quark gluon plasma produced in high energy nuclear collisions. We describe the space time evolution of the quark gluon plasma by relativistic hydrodynamic equations and the quarkonium motion by transport equation. We found that the competition between the gluon dissociation and regeneration can explain naturally the J/ψ puzzles at RHIC energy. We predict the increase of the nuclear modification factor in semi central and central collisions and the related transverse momentum suppression at LHC energy.     

相对论重离子反应的热化过程

本文从相对论BUU理论出发研究了1GeV/n能区重离子反应全局(global)和局域(local)平衡性质,计算表明在该能区平均场对反应动力学过程仍有相当的作用;对有限核系统的反应动力学过程的时间演化的研究表明,有限核系统无论全局的还是局域的平衡均未能达到完全平衡,因而对有限核系统重离子反应基于完全热平衡概念的适用性值得怀疑.     

相对论重离子碰撞中Λ粒子产生和Λ/p比率

利用强子输运–弦碎裂模型研究了200A GeV重离子碰撞中Λ多重产生和Λ/p比率.研究了它们随反应系统大小和碰撞中心度的变化.研究表明Λ和p多重数都随反应系统增大和随碰撞中心度提高而增大,但它们的比率基本保持不变.Λ的湮没截面大小变化对Λ的多重数产生有一定影响,但对Λ/p比率影响不大.结果很好地再现了pp反应中Λ/p比率.并获得这一比率在AA反应中是pp反应中的3—5倍.     

Photoproduction of Light Vector Meson in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

We calculate the hard photoproduction of light vector meson from the fragmentation of photon in Pb Pb col- lisions. Using the perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculation, we rigorously derive the electromagnetic fragmentation production for p, co and Ф in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions by the photoproduction pro- cesses. It is shown that the differential cross section of photoproduction processes of light vector meson cannot be negligible in relativistic heavy ion collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies.     

Hydrodynamic Evolution of Spherical Fireball in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Evolution process can be calculated from the relativistic hydrodynamic equation with certain estimatedinitial conditions about a single spherical fireball here. So one can estimate a kind of initial condition qualitatively witha possible energy density about ε0 ≈ 1.9 GeV/fm3, and to fit the experimental data at thermal freeze-out based on thisprocess. The evolution from a cylindrical fireball is discussed simply.     

Observation of the Antimatter Nuclei in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Recently antimatter hyper-triton nuclei ${(_{\bar{\Lambda}}^3\bar{H})}$ and antimatter helium nuclei ${(_2^4\bar{He})}$ are discovered with the Solenoidal Tracker At Rhic detector in relativistic heavy ion collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) (STAR Collaboration in Science 328(5974):58–62, 2010; STAR Collaboration in Nature 473:353–356, 2011). In this presentation, discoveries of antimatter particle are historically scanned and the recent observations at RHIC are reported in details as well as potential possibilities of discovery of antimatter nuclei at ALICE.     

Hydrodynamic Evolution of Spherical Fireball in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Evolution process can be calculated from the relativistic hydrodynamic equation with certain estimated initial conditions about a single spherical fireball here.So one can estimate a kind of initial condition qualitatively with a possible energy density about ε0≈1.9 GeV/fm^3,and to fit the experimental data at thermal freeze-out based on this process.The evolution from a cylindrical fireball is discussed simply.     

Estimation on Local Energy Density in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Energy density for the central region in relativistic heavy ion collisionscan be estimated via the pseudora-pidity distribution of transverse energy. The way to estimate the local energy density for the centralregion in relativisticheavyion collisions is proposed, in which only final state particles emitted from the same source are included. Thcarrived energy density in NA49 experiments is about 1.03 GeV/fm3.     

相对论重离子碰撞中的线性背景与非线性效应

系统分析了p-A,¹⁶O-A和³²S-A过程快度分布的靶核依赖性.指出:将核子-核,核-核碰撞看成核子-核子碰撞的线性叠加的几何模型只能得到靶核指数α(η) 0.4.靶核碎裂区α(η)→1的实验数据表明,目前能量下的高能重离子碰撞中,非线性效应已不可忽略.流体动力学模型计算的结果能很好地描述不同射弹过程的靶核依赖性.     

Search for Exotic Strange Dibaryon in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

The exotic strange dibaryon particle (ΩΩ)0 with S = -6 can be produced in relativistic heavyioncollisions. The yields of this kind of exotic strange dibaryon particles can increase significantly soon as the formation ofQGP does exhibit after the collision. If there is no phase transition after the collision, the upper bound of the productionof this diomega can be estimated from the free hadronic gas model for nuclear matter. The relative yield ratio of diomegato deuteron is less than 0.000205, this means that if there is no QGP creation it is difficult to observe the production ofdiomega in relativistic heavy ion collisions.     

Search for Exotic Strange Dibaryon in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

The exotic strange dibaryon particle (ΩΩ)0 with S = -6 can be produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The yields of this kind of exotic strange dibaryon particles can increase signitlcantly soon as the formation of QGP does exhibit after the collision. If there is no phase transition after the collision, the upper bound of the production of this diomega can be estimated from the free hadronic gas model for nuclear matter. The relative yield ratio of diomega to deuteron is less than 0.000205, this means that if there is no QGP creation it is difficult to observe the production of diomega in relativistic heavy ion collisions.     

The Effect of Secondary Collisions in the Rapidity Distribution in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Based on the participant model the effect of secondary collisions in relativistic heavy ion collisions is analyzed by introducing additional contributions in fragmentation regions. The rapidity distributions of n of NA35 and WA80 groups are well reproduced. Special improvement is shown in the target fragmentation region.     

Diagnostics of hot dense matter produced in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

We study, in a pQCD calculation augmented by nuclear effects, the jet energy loss needed to reproduce the measured π ⁰ spectra in Au+Au collisions at large p _T , measured by PHENIX at RHIC at $\sqrt s = 200$ AGeV. Averaged energy loss obtained in the GLV formalism is applied in our recent calculation based on NLO pQCD (including shadowing and multiscattering). The method of jet tomography is capable to measure the opacity of the produced hot dense matter at RHIC energy in heavy ion collisions.     

相对论重离子碰撞手征电荷分离效应的研究

相对论重离子碰撞的拓扑荷作用破坏作用平面两侧不同手征性的夸克数目的平衡,从而引起P和CP破坏特征。本工作主要分析RHIC和LHC能区的手征电荷分离作用,分析手征电荷分离随碰撞中心度、碰撞能量和核屏蔽等依赖关系。并未发现手征电荷分离效应与碰撞能量大小有非常紧密的依赖关系,但发现核屏蔽效应对手征电荷分离有重要的影响,与不考虑屏蔽效应相比,考虑屏蔽效应会使手征分离效应明显压低,由于屏蔽效应出现,使得a₊₊（a_--）的分布与a_+-（a_-+）分布并不对称。并且还发现手征分离效应主要发生在碰撞参量较大的周边碰撞,越接近中心碰撞,手征分离效应几乎可以忽略。The topological charge interactions in relativistic heavy ion collisions cause quark chirality imbalance, resulting in charge separation under the strong magnetic field and local P and CP violation. In this paper, the chiral charge separation at RHIC and LHC energies is systematically analyzed as functions of the collision centrality, the collision energy and the nuclear shielding factor. It is found that there is not a very close dependence of the chiral charge separation effect on the collision energies, but that has an important dependence on nuclear shielding factor. Compared with the non-shielding effect, the shielding effect can reduce the chiral separation effect obviously. Due to the shielding effect, the distribution of a₊₊(a_--) and the distribution of a_+-(a_-+) are asymmetric. One also finds that chiral separation effect, which is almost negligible when more close to the central collision, occurs mainly in the peripheral collision for larger impact parameter.     

相对论重离子碰撞中集合流的横向运动关联

本文对1.2AGeV Ar+BaI₂和2.1 AGeV Ne+NaF碰撞的Bevalac流光室4π实验数据进行了集合流横向运动关联特性的研究.研究表明,末态粒子的横向运动不仅存在粒子分布的方位角关联,而且还存在横向动量模的关联;Ar+BaI₂碰撞实验中粒子分布的方位角关联、横向动量模关联和横向运动关联都分别强于Ne+NaF碰撞实验中相对应的各种关联;对于这两组碰撞实验,粒子分布的方位角关联相对横向动量模关联在横向运动关联中起着主要作用.     

相对论重离子碰撞中π对相对动量分布

在π源动量分布的高斯分布下,给出了相对论重离子碰撞中非关联π对和关联π对的相对动量分布.用关联π对的相对动量分布得到球形高斯分布π源参数与椭球形高斯分布π源参数的解析关系,与相对论重离子中心碰撞1.8A GeV Ar+Pb的实验结果进行了对比.当π源温度更高时,应当用p₁(p)=N·exp(–m2+p2/T)进行计算.     

相对论非对称重离子碰撞中小相对动量区域2π干涉学

用小相对动量区域2π干涉学分析方法研究了相对论非对称重离子碰撞中π介子的吸收存在时对2π干涉学分析所得π源参数的影响,得到了不考虑和考虑π的吸收情况下所得到的源的参数的解析关系.与相对论非对称重离子碰撞1.8A GeVAr+Pb的实验结果进行了对比.