反-4-(4-R-苯乙烯基)吡啶光二聚反应的研究

通过反-4-(4-R-苯乙烯基)吡啶[R=H(Ⅰa),Me(Ⅰb),OMe(Ⅰc),OH(Ⅰd),Me2N(Ⅰe)］在稀盐酸中的光二聚反应合成了4个r-1,c-2,t-3,t-4-1,3-双(4-R-苯基)-2,4-二(4-吡啶基)环丁烷[R=H(Ⅱa),Me(Ⅱb),OMe(Ⅱc),OH(Ⅱd)］,除Ⅱa外,其余为新化合物.光二聚反应具有高度立体选择性且几乎是定量完成的.研究发现,随着取代基供电子能力的提高,光二聚反应速率下降.反应的高度立体选择性以及该反应不受空气中氧气影响的事实表明光二聚反应是按激发单重态历程进行的.研究还发现Ⅰa～Ⅰd在有机溶剂中主要发生反-顺异构化反应,随着溶剂极性增加,反-顺异构化速度加快,表明其反-顺异构化反应亦经激发单重态历程.本文检测到了Ⅰa在稀盐酸溶液中的激基缔合物荧光.     

立体选择性合成2-(a-噻吩甲酰基)-3-取代苯基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-反式-2,3-二氢呋喃

溴化(a-噻吩甲酰基)甲基三苯鉮1与3-取代苯甲叉基-2,4-戊二酮 2以碳酸钾为碱,在苯中55℃条件下反应,可以较好的收率、高立体选择性地生成反-2-(a-噻吩甲酰基)-3-取代苯基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-2,3-二氢呋喃3。产物结构均经波谱予以确定。本文还提出了生成产物的可能机理。     

反-1,2-双[2-(5-取代苯基噁唑基)]乙烯的结构与光性能及光二聚反应机理的研究

测试了反-1,2-双[2-(5-苯基 唑基)]乙烯(POEOP)类化合物在1,4-二氧六环中的荧光寿命及其在不同溶剂中的光二聚量子产率,计算了其荧光辐射速率常数和非辐射速率常数,研究了取代基效应及溶剂性质对该类化合物光二聚反应的影响。结果发现,溶剂的极性增加有利于光二聚反应,但重原子溶剂对光二聚反应不利,表明该类化合物经单重态历程进行光二聚.     

嘧啶的研究:2-酮-1,2,3,4-四氫化嘧啶的合成:乙醯基丙酮與醛類對尿素的反應

1.本文成功地縮合了(1)尿素,(2)乙醯基丙酮和(3)各種醛類;而成一系列的2-酮-5-乙醯基-1,2,3,4-四氫化嘧啶。此種反應類似Biginelli的縮合反應;而酸催速縮合作用。 2.脂肪族醛中的庚醛和異戊醛用於此縮合反應中,並未按照上述規律起作用,所生的反應不是所希望的;當有酸存在时,乙醯基丙酮与尿素在乙醇中縮合生成4-脲基-2-酮-4,6-二甲基-1,2,3,4-四氫化嘧啶;而所引用的庚醛或異戊醛並未進入化學反應。     

1,4-双(取代苯乙炔基)苯及反,反-1,4-双(β-取代苯乙烯基)苯的电子光谱的研究

测定了1,4-双(取代苯乙炔基)苯(Ⅰ)和反,反-1,4-双(β-取代苯乙烯基)苯(Ⅱ)的紫外光谱、荧光光谱.用CNDO/S-CI和HMO方法对苯乙炔、二苯乙炔和(Ⅰ)及苯乙烯、1,2-二苯乙烯和(Ⅱ)的激发能进行了计算和研究.讨论了化合物结构对光谱的影响.     

立体选择性合成2-呋喃甲酰基-3-芳基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-反式-2,3-二氢呋喃

溴化呋喃甲酰基甲基三苯鉮1与2-乙酰基-3-芳基丙烯酸乙酯2以碳酸钾为碱，在四氢呋喃中室温反应，可以较好的收率、高立体选择性地生成反-2-呋喃甲酰基-3-芳基-4-乙氧羰基-5-甲基-2,3-二氢呋喃3。产物结构均经波谱予以确定。本文还提出了生成产物的可能机理。     

反-1,2-二(苯并噁唑-1′3′-基-2′)乙烯及其衍生物的合成及光性能的研究

本文合成了反-1,2-二(苯并噁唑-1′3′-基-2′)乙烯及其衍生物共14种,确认了产品的结构,测试了它们的紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱、激光转换效率,计算了它们的荧光量子产率,并观察了这类化合物在光照下发生的二聚反应。     

反-丁烯二酸酯与环戊二烯的不对称加成反应

本文考察了反-丁烯二酸酯与环戊二烯的不对称加成反应、发现双环[2,2,1]-庚-5-烯-2,3-反二甲醇(Ⅲ)在不同的溶剂中发生旋光数值及旋光符号的改变。通过对这一反应的研究,也发现双环[2,2,1]-庚-5-烯-2,3-反二羧酸(Ⅳ)的文献旋光值报导是错误的。为了测定产物的光学纯度,我们又制备了光学纯的Ⅳ,并且用核磁共振手性位移试剂的技术进行了验证。     

6-取代-l,4-环辛二烯的单重态氧反应——合成顺式-5,8-和反式-5,6-二取代-1,3-环辛二烯含氧衍生物的方便途径

以竹红菌甲素作敏化剂匹配高压钠灯产生单重态氧,在甲醇溶液中,氧化6-取代-1,4-环辛二烯(1),(2),并经亚硫酸钠还原,得到顺-5,8-二取代-1,3-环辛二烯和反-5,6-二取代-1,3-环辛二烯发。化合物(3)是在三氯乙烷溶液中,未经还原得到过氧化氢基取代-1,3-环辛二烯。基态分子的稳定构象决定了反应产物的立体选择性。这类反应为用光氧化方法合成顺-5,8-二取代和反-5,6-二取代-1,3-环辛二烯含氧衍生物提供了方便的途径。     

嘧啶的研究:氯对硫醇嘧啶的作用2-酮-4-氨基-5,6-二甲基-1,2-二氢-嘧啶的合成

1.甲醇鈉對於2-乙硫醇基-4,5-二甲基-6-氯代嘧啶在甲醇溶液中生成相應的乙硫醇基嘧啶甲醚。 2.氯對於2-乙硫醇基-4,5-二甲基嘧啶衍生物(I),在水溶液中的作用是特殊的,嘧啶中的不飽和現象不被氯化反應改變而硫醇基團被氧化,形成穩定相應嘧啶碸的衍生物(II),因此製備了2-乙磺醯基-4,5-二甲基-6-甲氧基嘧啶和2-乙磺醯基-4,5-二甲基-6-氯代嘧啶. 3.2-乙硫醇-4,5-二甲基-6-甲氧基嘧啶在甲醇中進行氯化反應,現象甚複雜,並且嘧啶碸的產量很低,2-乙硫醇-4,5-二甲基-6-甲氧基嘧啶在甲醇中被氯氧化,首先形成嘧啶碸,後者並不穩定,再與氯作用形成乙磺醯氯和2-氯代-4,5-二甲基-6-甲氧基嘧啶。 4.嘧啶碸與鹼作用,乙磺醯基被羥基取代,同時在嘧啶環6位上的乙氧基保留,因此2-乙磺醯基-6-甲氧基-4,5-二甲基嘧啶與鹼作用,形成2-酮-5,6-二甲基-4-甲氧基-1,2-二氫嘧啶。 5.酒精-氨的溶液作用在氯代乙磺醯基嘧啶得到氨基-乙磺醯基嘧啶,在氯代乙磺醯基嘧啶中,嘧啶環上2位的乙磺醯基仍保留,而6位土的氯被氨基取代。 6.本文敘述了合成4,5-二甲基-2-氧代-6-氨基嘧啶(或2-酮-4-氨基-5,6-二甲基-1,2-二氫化嘧啶)的新方法。     

PHOTOOXIDATION AND ELECTRON-TRANSFER PROCESSES IN FREE-BASE TETRAPHENYLPORPHIN PROBED BY RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract
We report here the resonance Raman studies of photooxidation of free base tetraphenylporphin (H₂TPP) in the presence of external electron acceptors such as CCl₄ and chloranil under selective laser irradiation. From the dependence of photooxidation on the concentration of electron acceptors, polarity of solvents, excitation lines and temperatures, we have inferred that a weak triplet exciplex formed between the excited H₂TPP and electron acceptor in non-polar solvents serves as transient species and the light-induced intermolecular charge transfer from H₂TPP to the electron acceptor is the primary process involved in photooxidation. Observation of partial photooxidation in the rigid matrix at low temperatures has been interpreted to be due to long-range quantum mechanical electron tunneling process. Almost complete photooxidation is observed in a soft matrix as the donor and acceptor molecules can attain favorable relative orientation and separation for electron transfer during the excited state lifetime of the exciplex.     

PHOTOOXIDATION AND ELECTRON-TRANSFER PROCESSES IN FREE-BASE TETRAPHENYLPORPHIN PROBED BY RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract —We report here the resonance Raman studies of photooxidation of free base tetraphenylporphin (H₂TPP) in the presence of external electron acceptors such as CCl₄ and chloranil under selective laser irradiation. From the dependence of photooxidation on the concentration of electron acceptors, polarity of solvents, excitation lines and temperatures, we have inferred that a weak triplet exciplex formed between the excited H₂TPP and electron acceptor in non-polar solvents serves as transient species and the light-induced intermolecular charge transfer from H₂TPP to the electron acceptor is the primary process involved in photooxidation. Observation of partial photooxidation in the rigid matrix at low temperatures has been interpreted to be due to long-range quantum mechanical electron tunneling process. Almost complete photooxidation is observed in a soft matrix as the donor and acceptor molecules can attain favorable relative orientation and separation for electron transfer during the excited state lifetime of the exciplex.     

Inhibition of photooxidation of iron(II) by some semiconductors

The photooxidation of iron(II) in aqueous ethanol is less in presence of TiO₂, ZrO₂, V₂O₅, CeO₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃, CdO, PbO, SnO₂, CdS, ZnS and Al₂O₃ than in their absence. The photogeneration of iron(III) was studied at different [Fe²⁺], amounts of semiconductors suspended, airflow rates, light intensities, solvent compositions and wavelengths of illumination. The catalysts show sustainable photocatalytic activity. The metal oxides and sulfides reduce iron(III), formed by the homogeneous photooxidation of iron(II). TiO₂, CeO₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃, CdO, PbO, SnO₂ and Al₂O₃ effectively suppress the photooxidation of iron(II); ZrO₂, ZnS and CdS also suppress but not completely. At high catalyst-loading V₂O₅ catalyses the photooxidation of iron(II). The mechanisms of the photocatalytic processes are discussed.     

微晶碳电活化过程中离子尺寸效应研究

以石油焦基微晶碳作为电极材料,并由N2吸附,X射线衍射(XRD)表征其孔结构和微晶结构.研究了4种电解液Et4NBF4/PC(四乙基铵四氟硼酸盐/碳酸丙烯酯)、Et4NBF4/AN(四乙基铵四氟硼酸盐/乙腈)、Bu4NBF4/PC(四丁基铵四氟硼酸盐/碳酸丙烯酯)和Bu4NBF4/AN(四丁基铵四氟硼酸盐/乙腈)的微晶碳电容器特性.结果表明:电解质离子与溶剂AN的溶剂化半径较小,容易嵌入类石墨微晶碳层,其于AN的电活化电位比在PC中的低,致使电活化程度更深,材料的表面利用率更高,电容量较大.电解质阳离子(Et4N+,Bu4N+)大小对电活化影响不大.电活化使材料类石墨微晶层间距(d002)变大,离子尺寸越大,层间距增加越明显.     

Amphiphile bilayer films from DPPC: bilayer lipid membranes and Newton black films

Amphiphile bilayer films are obtained from 1,2 dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC): bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) and Newton black films (NBF), through thinning of the respective thin liquid films, thus allowing for a very precise determination of the moment of their formation. Stability (or rupture) and formation of BLM and NBF are considered from a unified point of view with the microscopic theory of Kashchiev–Exerowa [J. Colloid Interface Sci., 77 (1980) 501–511], based on the formation of nanoscopic holes in them. BLM and NBF are obtained and studied with the microinterferometric method of Scheludko–Exerowa in its contemporary version. The equivalent thickness of both BLM (in benzene solution between two water phases with 0.1 M NaCl) and NBF in aqueous DPPC solution (in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl) is determined as being h_w = 7.0 nm for BLM and h_w = 7.8 nm for NBF. By means of the dependences: BLM lifetime versus DPPC concentration and probability for BLM formation versus DPPC concentration, it is established that there exist metastable BLM and stable NBF. The good fit between the experimental results of τ(C) dependence and theory in the case of BLM allow to determine the three constants: pre-exponential factor A = 1.5 × 10⁻³ s, related to the process kinetics; constant B = 20.2 ± 0.2, related to the specific hole energy γ = 1.7 × 10⁻¹¹ J/m and the equilibrium concentration C_e = 6 × 10⁻⁴ ± 7.2 × 10⁻⁶ m/l. The specific hole linear energy γ = 1.7 × 10⁻¹¹ J/m determined as well as the binding energy Q between first neighbor molecules in the bilayers Q = 1.48 × 10⁻¹⁹ J (36 kT) are lower than the ones determined for DPPC foam bilayer in gel state γ = 9.1 × 10⁻¹¹ J/m and Q = 55 kT. This means that interaction is weaker in the case of BLM. The critical concentration C_c at which bilayer formation starts is: for BLM C_c = 30 μg/ml and for NBF C_c = 70 μg/ml. This concentration characterizes quantitatively the formation of the amphiphile bilayer and is a very useful parameter that can be used for various purposes.     

O2>-DEPENDENT and -INDEPENDENT PHOTOOXIDATION OF QUERCETIN IN THE PRESENCE and ABSENCE OF RIBOFLAVIN and EFFECTS OF ASCORBATE ON THE PHOTOOXIDATION

Abstract— The self-sensitized photooxidation of quercetin was not suppressed by superoxide dismutase (SOD), but suppressed by ascorbate. During the suppression of quercetin photooxidation, ascorbate was oxidized. These results suggest the reduction of oxidized quercetin to quercetin by ascorbate. Quercetin photooxidation in the presence of both riboflavin and EDTA was suppressed by SOD by about 90%. The result suggests the participation of O₂^- in the photooxidation of quercetin. The participation of O₂^- in the quercetin oxidation was confirmed by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Based on these results the physiological and pharmacological functions of quercetin are discussed.     

PHOTOOXIDATION OF EPINEPHRINE SENSITIZED BY METHYLENE BLUE—EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF SINGLET OXYGEN AND OF SUPEROXIDE

Abstract— The photooxidation of epinephrine, sensitized by methylene blue or by chlorophylls, excited with red light, involves the reduction of two molecules of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide per molecule of epinephrine oxidized to adrenochrome. The initial rates of these reactions are not affected by low concentrations of catalase. In 99 mol % D₂O, rates of methylene blue sensitized photooxidations are accelerated as much as 5.2 times over rates in ordinary water. Azide anion is a more effective inhibitor of this reaction in D₂O than in H₂O. Half maximal inhibitions are obtained by 1.3 mM azide in H₂O and by 0.1 mAf azide in D₂O. Isotope effects and azide sensitivities point to photooxidation of epinephrine in D₂O primarily by a singlet oxygen pathway; in H₂O, non-singlet oxygen pathways become more predominant. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) markedly inhibits rates of the photooxidations in H₂O and in D₂O; about 25% at 10^-9 M SOD, and 50% at 10^-6 M SOD in H₂O. In the photooxidation in H₂O, both by non-singlet and singlet oxygen mechanisms, the amount of superoxide produced is equivalent to the amount of O₂ consumed in the photooxidation of epinephrine; the superoxide thus formed participates in the oxidation of epinephrine.     

石墨负极在Et4NBF4+LiPF6/EC+PC+DMC电解液中的电化学行为

在PC+EC+DMC复合溶剂体系中, 研究了Et4NBF4(四氟硼酸四乙基铵)与LiPF6组成的复合盐电解质对石墨负极材料界面性质的影响. 用循环伏安和恒电流充放电测试方法研究了电解液与石墨负极的相容性, 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对固体电解质中间相膜(SEI)的成分变化进行了研究. 结果表明, 电解液中的Et4NBF4参与了SEI膜的形成; 当Et4NBF4浓度为0.2 和0.5 mol·L-1时, 电池首次充放电不可逆容量损失明显减少, 循环效率分别上升到76.0%和81.6%. Et4NBF4/LiPF6复合盐电解质改善了PC基电解质与石墨负极的相容性.     

FUROCOUMARIN-PHOTOSENSITIZEDHYDROXYLATION OF GUANOSINE IN RNA AND DNA

Abstract— Guanosine hydroxylation was used as a marker for assessing photooxidation of DNA and RNA sensitized by monofunctional and bifunctional furocoumarins. DNA or RNA, treated with sensitizer and UVA light, was enzymatically hydrolyzed, dephosphorylated and then analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. Hydroxylated guanosine, i.e. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) or 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), was quantitated. 3-Carbethoxypsoralen (3-CP) was found to be an efficient photosensitizer for oxidation of guanosine in DNA, resulting in conversion of up to 0.4% of guanosine residues to 8-OHdG. In contrast, dramatically lower levels of guanosine hydroxylation were observed in 3-CP-photosensitized RNA. Psoralen was found to be a more efficient photosensitizer than angelicin in both DNA and RNA. Additional studies of oxidation of 3-CP-photosensitized DNA indicated that double-stranded DNA is 10 times more susceptible to photooxidation than single-stranded DNA, implicating 3-CP binding to DNA as an important mechanistic step in photooxidation of guanosine. The effects of D₂O and degassing with argon on photooxidation of guanosine in DNA sensitized by 3-CP were inconsistent with a mechanism involving ¹O₂. In addition, chelation of adventitious metal ions present in preparations of DNA photosensitized by 3-CP had no effect on hydroxylation of guanosine.     

ON THE REACTION OF SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN WITH N-ALLYLTHIOUREA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Abstract— Experiments on the photooxidation of N -allylthiourea, thiourea, and N-allylurea sensitized by the dye phenosafranine show that in N -allylthiourea the thiourea group is the site of singlet oxygen attack, while the allyl moiety neither reacts with nor quenches this metastable form of O₂ (in neutral aqueous solutions). Low concentrations of N^-₃ (a known quencher of singlet oxygen) strongly reduce the photooxidation of allylthiourea by a mechanism which apparently obeys simple competition kinetics. From these results the rate constant of the reaction between allylthiourea and singlet oxygen is obtained ( k = 4 × 10⁶ M ^-1 s^-1; pH = 7.1).