Recent results from parton-cascade/microscopic transport

The parton-cascade model is a microscopic transport approach in the study of the space-time evolution of the quark–gluon plasma produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions and its experimental manifestations. In the following, parton-cascade calculations on elliptic flow and thermalization will be discussed. Dynamical evolution is shown to be important for the production of elliptic flow including the scaling and the breaking of the scaling of elliptic flow. The degree of thermalization is estimated using both an elastic parton-cascade and a radiative transport model. A longitudinal to transverse pressure ratio of P _L /P _T ≈0.8 is shown to be expected in the central cell in central collisions. This provides information on viscous corrections to the ideal hydrodynamical approach.     

在Bohm模式下氘氚燃烧的等离子体温度分布

在一定的等离子体密度分布下,从电子和离子能量输运方程出发,研究了氘氚燃烧下的等离子体温度分布.研究中采用了JET适用的Bohm模式下的热传导系数,考虑了α粒子的反常扩散效应,动态反馈加热.研究结果表明,Bohm模式下的热传导率从等离子体中心到边缘逐渐增加;为了维持氘氚燃烧,必须有动态反馈加热,否则,燃烧将熄灭;α粒子的反常扩散,使得加热效率因子η_α在中心区域小于1,在外层大于1;α粒子的反常扩散越强烈,中心离子温度越高,是由于中心区域的热传导小,电子温度低,反馈加热功率增加的结果;B 关键词：     

HL-1装置脉冲送气的数值研究

本文采用一维等离子体输运模型,研究了脉冲送气对HL-1装置等离子体的影响。脉冲送气使等离子体密度提高1—2倍,能量约束时间增长50％,离子温度也有所提高;脉冲送气过程中,等离子体边缘迅速冷却,电流通道收缩,中心区域电子温度平直化。     

MM-4U中等离子体约束位形和不稳定性的实验研究

给出了MM-4u中等离子体约束位形和不稳定性的实验结果。测得的等离子体电位轴向分布表明,该装置中能够建立起负电位轴对称串级镜约束位形;测得的密度分布与电位分布有相似形式。初步探索了等离子体参数与工程参数的关系。实验还发现在低密度情况下存在低频振荡。通过对振荡信号进行线性相关分析,根据扰动的振荡和传播特性,推断出这种振荡为离子声不稳性。不稳定性产生的可能机制是由于电子束穿过低密度本底等离子体的漂移速度超过离子声速而激发起来的。 关键词：     

等离子体对含硼两相流扩散燃烧特性的影响

为排除来流空气对含硼燃气的掺混效应, 研究等离子体对含硼富燃料推进剂在补燃室二次燃烧过程的影响, 建立了含硼两相流平行进气扩散燃烧物理模型. 利用高速摄影仪拍摄了含硼燃气在补燃室二次燃烧的火焰图像, 分析了该物理模型的扩散燃烧特性和硼颗粒的二次点火距离. 采用硼颗粒的King点火模型、有限速度/涡耗散模型、颗粒轨道模型和RNG k-ε模型以及等离子体模型, 模拟了一定条件下等离子体对含硼两相流扩散燃烧过程的影响. 结果表明, 依据含硼燃气二次燃烧图像得到的硼颗粒二次点火距离, 与数值模拟结果基本一致, 保证了该物理模型和计算方法的可靠性. 含硼两相流经过等离子体区域后, 硼颗粒在运动轨迹上颗粒温度明显增加, 颗粒直径明显减小, B₂O₃的质量分数分布区域明显扩增, 70%的硼颗粒在到达补燃室2/3尺寸前燃烧效率已达到100%, 硼颗粒充分燃烧释放出更多热量导致中心流线区域温度增加近1/2, 可见等离子体可以明显强化含硼两相流的燃烧过程, 提高硼颗粒的燃烧效率.     

高密度等离子体工艺总体模型初探

介绍了与高密度等离子体工艺相关的模型和数值模拟方法,即连续流和动力学方法。在漂流－扩散方程的连续流模型和单元粒子／蒙特卡罗碰撞动力学模型的基础上,提出了一个等离子体工艺模型。讨论了对等离子体鞘层、等离子体刻蚀和淀积过程的模拟方法,提出了一个高密度等离子体工艺总体模型的初步方案。     

A Model for the Bulk Plasma in an RF Chlorne Discharge

A model has been constructed to describe the electrical characteristics of the central bulk plasma region in a 13.56-MHz parallel-plate discharge in chlorine at pressures of about 1 torr. This region is modeled as a volume-controlled plasma with the electron balance dominated by single-step electron-impact ionization and attachment and with the electron energy distribution function in equilibrium with the local instantaneous electric field. Relationships between the ionization frequency, the attachment frequency, the electron drift velocity, and the electric field are provided by solutions of the Boltzmann equation for mixtures of Cl2 and Cl which result from Cl2 dissociation. From a measured current waveform and Cl2/Cl density ratio, the model generates the local electric-field waveform, the time-varying electron density, and the power density in the central portion of the bulk plasma. The calculated time-averaged power input per unit discharge length compares well with experimentally determined values.     

Chemical shift parameters for shallow donors in semiconductors

A model for a shallow donor impurity in a semiconductor is used to calculate two relationships and several conditions involving the chemical shift parameters. The model is based on the standard effective mass form for the donor electron wave function, the existence of a potential in the chemical cell which may be real, pseudo, or rather general in nature, and a few somewhat restrictive approximations. The parameters, Δ, δ and Λ are theoretically calculated and are shown to be related if the approximations are valid. These parameters determine the 1S multiplet level structure and it is shown how properties of the central cell potential can be deduced from a knowledge of this structure. As an example, the inverted structure for Si(Li) is discussed. The often neglected parameter, Λ, is shown to be quite important. A length parameter is determined by the model and is a measure of the effective range of influence of the central cell potential. The model should be useful in determining if choices for the potential and wave function in the central cell region lead to self consistent results. The agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data from both silicon and germanium and five donor impurities from both Group I (lithium) and Group V (arsenic, phosphorus, antimony and bismuth) suggest the model is reasonable.     

Tokamak中自举电流的剖面准直性

利用Harris模型,通过求解等离子体平衡方程,计算俘获粒子份额,分别对常规剪切和中心负剪切下tokamak中的自举电流的大小和剖面准直性进行了计算和分析.自举电流分布与等离子体平衡电流分布之间的剖面准直性可以通过调整等离子体的密度、温度和电流分布参数,以及描述等离子体形状的拉长度k和三角变形因子d来获得.中心负剪切位形有利于自举电流产生,并有好的剖面准直性.通过计算比较,分别在常规剪切位形下和中心负剪切位形下获得了一组优化的等离子体参数,在这组参数下,自举电流有较大的份额和好的剖面准直性 关键词： tokamak 自举电流 剖面准直性     

Constraints for critical temperature of the phase transition into the quark-gluon plasma

Low temperature of the phase transition into the quark-gluon plasma correspond to low values of the bag model constant and to absolutely stable strange quark matter. Some of the observed pulsars are identified quite reliably as neutron stars. If strange matter is stable, the central density of these pulsars is to be smaller that critical density of the phase transition into the nonstrange quark matter. The nonstrange quark matter being formed turns to more stable strange matter on a weak interaction timescale converting neutron stars into strange stars. The requirement of stability of old and newly born neutron stars is used to constrain the bag model constant and the critical temperature of the phase transition into the quark-gluon plasma at zero chemical potential.     

Quasi-stationary stage of a nonequilibrium optical discharge in the field of a Bessel wave beam

The self-consistent stationary distributions of the field and plasma produced by Bessel wave beams in a gas with the ionization and Kerr nonlinearities are studied analytically. Using a stationary model based on the condition of a constant field amplitude in the ionized region, the structures are considered to be formed by Bessel beams of two types: with an azimuthal electric field equal to zero at the symmetry axis and a quasitrans-verse field having a maximum at the axis. A specific feature of the plasma channel formed in the first case is the presence of a nonionized region in its central part (tubular discharge), whose radius is independent of the incident power. In the second case, the channel is continuous. The relation is found between the incident radiation power and the external radius of the discharge. It is shown that the Kerr nonlinearity, which is especially important at small divergence angles of the beam, enhances the maximum plasma density and reduces the discharge radius. The parameters of plasma structures produced upon focusing a Gaussian beam by a conical lens are estimated using the model proposed.     

微波输出窗内表面闪络击穿3维全电磁等离子体流体模拟北大核心CSCD

通过建立电磁场等离子体流体耦合物理模型,基于自主研发的3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE3D,编制了3维电磁场与等离子流体耦合程序模块,对1.3GHz高功率微波窗内表面闪络击穿物理过程进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:微波窗内侧表面形成的等离子体构型与初始种子电子分布形式密切相关。中心点源分布下,等离子体发展为"蘑菇"形状,输出微波脉冲缩短并不严重,等离子体吸收微波功率大于反射微波功率;面源分布下,等离子体发展为"帽子"形状,输出微波脉冲缩短严重,输出微波完全截断,开始阶段等离子体吸收微波功率占优,待等离子体密度增加到一定程度后,反射微波功率占优。通过降低窗体表面场强、表面释气率及初始种子电子密度等方法,可不同程度地延长输出微波脉冲宽度。窗体表面不同气体层厚度对闪络击穿下的输出微波脉冲宽度影响不大。     

Model for the Error Field Effect on Resistive Wall Modes

A semianalytic multimode model that includes the instantaneous influence of a static error field on the resistive wall mode (RWM) is presented. The asymptotic behavior of the RWM as the marginal stability is approached, including the influence of the error field, is discussed. The influence of neighboring modes on the central harmonic modes is explored, allowing a less destabilizing error field spectrum to be proposed. The model has been applied to a plasma surrounded by a HBT‐EP tokamak type feedback system. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Energy distributions of dimuons and diphotons in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The energy distributions of dimouns and diphotons in the high energy heavy ion collisions are calculated with the hydrodynamical model. It is shown that the formation of quark-gluon plasma in the central region opening up after the collisions can be tested by the present results on the production rates.     

Threshold effects in the interaction of a plasma with injected pellets in the T-10 tokamak

Sharp changes (peaks and dips) of the radiation signal from carbon pellets injected into the plasma in the tokamak are related to the level of introduced disturbances. The threshold size (near 0.3 mm) is determined beginning with which a pellet in the ohmic plasma of the T-10 tokamak initiates tearing processes in a region with q < 2 and Kadomtsev reconnection in the central region with q = 1. A model describing ablation under the conditions of pellet-induced reconnections is proposed. This model satisfactorily describes the observed shape of the ablation rate curve.     

电磁波在径向非均匀球对称等离子体中的衰减

提出了一种计算任意入射角的电磁波在径向非均匀球对称等离子体中的传播和吸收的模型.在此模型中，把非均匀等离子体球分成若干个同心等离子体球壳，并且假定每一个同心壳层内等离子体密度均匀分布.采用几何光学近似方法，考虑相位系数和衰减系数的矢量性，分别研究了几种典型的非均匀密度分布形式的等离子体在不同碰撞频率、中心等离子体密度和电磁波入射角条件下对入射电磁波的传播和衰减特性，获得了一些有意义的结果. 关键词： 电磁波 碰撞频率 等离子体球 能量衰减     

Collisionless electron heating by capacitive rf sheaths

High-frequency plasma discharges are often sustained by collisionless heating of electrons; the nature of these mechanisms is a central problem in the theory of such discharges. In capacitive discharges, collisionless heating occurs near boundaries, and is usually attributed to inelastic collisions of electrons with oscillating plasma sheaths, regarded as moving rigid barriers. We show that, when current conservation is required, such heating necessarily vanishes, and we conclude that this model of the heating process is not correct. We develop an alternative view that associates the heating with acoustic disturbances in the electron fluid. An analytic model, based on moments of the Vlasov equation, gives results in good agreement with particle-in-cell simulations. In terms of individual particle dynamics, this acoustic heating may be interpreted as a transit-time effect.     

Modeling of plasma behavior in a plasma electrode Pockels cell

We present three interrelated models of plasma behavior in a plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC). In a PEPC, plasma discharges are formed on both sides of a thin, large-aperture electro-optic crystal (typically KDP). The plasmas act as optically transparent, highly conductive electrodes, allowing uniform application of a longitudinal field to induce birefringence in the crystal. First, we model the plasma in the thin direction, perpendicular to the crystal, via a one-dimensional fluid model. This yields the electron temperature and the density and velocity profiles in this direction as functions of the neutral pressure, the plasma channel width, and the discharge current density. Next, me model the temporal response of the crystal to the charging process, combining a circuit model with a model of the sheath which forms near the crystal boundary. This model gives the time-dependent voltage drop across the sheath as a function of electron density at the sheath entrance. Finally, we develop a two dimensional MHD model of the planar plasma, in order to calculate the response of the plasma to magnetic fields. We show how the plasma uniformity is affected by the design of the current return, by the longitudinal field from the cathode magnetron, and by fields from other sources. This model also gives the plasma sensitivity to the boundary potential at which the top and bottom of the discharge are held. We validate these models by showing how they explain observations in three large Pockels cells built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory