Cr3+取代的磷钒铬三元杂多化合物K13PV12Cr2O42·nH2O催化H2O2分解的研究

在合成一种新的杂多化合物(K13PV12Cr2O42)的基础上,进一步考察了反应温度、过氧化氢起始浓度,以及该杂多化合物作为催化剂时的用量对过氧化氢分解反应的催化作用;并将其与同结构的杂多化合物K7PV12Mo2O42对该反应的催化作用进行了比较。在30～50℃范围内得到了催化反应的速率常数,并由Arrhenius公式计算出反应的活化能约为70.63kJ·mol-1,表明所合成杂多化合物对H2O2分解具有良好的催化性能,也说明Cr3+对V5+的取代有助于改善杂多化合物的催化性能。推导出了H2O2催化分解反应的速率方程。     

说明在催化反应中生成中间化合物的实验

均相催化的现代学说确定在催化剂与反应物相互作用时生成不稳定的中间化合物,它因为自己的不稳定性而在生成后不久即很快分解。中间化合物分解的结果放出了反应产物,而催化剂却得以再生。演示催化剂对化学反应的作用的实验必须说明催化反应的如下特征:1.生成中间化合物;2.中间化合物是不稳定的;3.当中间化合物     

空心玻璃微球附载TiO2光催化降解有机磷农药

有机磷农药废水的处理目前大多采用生化法,但是处理后的废水中有机磷的含量仍远远高于国家关于废水的排放标准。近年来,利用半导体粉末作为光催化剂降解有机污染物的研究已有许多报道^[1,2].文献[3-5]报道了利用光催化剂的悬浮体系降解有机磷化合物的研究,结果表明,有机磷在短时间内可被完全光催化降解至无机磷(PO₄^3-).但是由于半导体粉末甚细,采用悬浮体系既造成光催化剂的二次回收困难,又易造成浪费.本文在先前工作的基础上,将TiO₂附载在空心玻璃微球上形成TiO₂/beads光催化降解有机磷农药,探讨了多种因素对光催化降解的影响.     

酞菁钴界面修饰的CuχS·CdS复合硫化物光催化剂

报导了酞菁钴负载到ＣｕｘＳ和ＣｄＳ半导体办面合成的一种新型光催化剂，并对其光催化分解Ｈ２Ｓ的活性进行了考察，同时研究了酞菁 钴分子与半导体相互作用及其对催化性能的影响，实验结果表明，ＣｏＰｃ的负载能够显著提高复合硫化物催化剂光解Ｈ２Ｓ的活性，在一定条件下，能使反应速率提高２－３倍，活性的增加与ＣｏＰｃ加入量呈现非线性关系，且制备过程不同，催化剂活性的变化规律也不同。先负载到ＣｕｘＳ表面表现出更为明     

不同方法制备的Cu/HZSM-5催化剂上NO的催化分解反应

采用离子交换法、固相分散法和微波固相法等不同方法制备了Cu/HZSM-5催化剂,以BET、XRD和XPS等手段对催化剂样品进行了表征。结果表明,不同方法制备的Cu/HZSM-5催化剂上Cu物种的落位分布状态不同,离子交换法制备的催化剂Cu物种更多地落位于分子筛孔道内,微波固相法和固相分散法制备的催化剂Cu物种较多地落位分布在分子筛外表面。固相分散法制备的样品未能使铜物种完全分散于分子筛表面,在13.1°、16.8°、35.5°和38.0°等处仍存在CuO的晶相衍射峰。催化分解NO反应的活性考察结果表明,用微波固相法制备的催化剂催化分解NO的活性及稳定性明显超过另两种方法所制备的催化剂,在无氧条件下NO最初转化率高达89.2%,经反应25h后,转化率仍维持在70%以上;在富氧气氛下催化分解NO活性降低速率低于由离子交换法制备的催化剂。结合表征结果可以得出,落位于分子筛外表面以离子交换态形式存在的Cu物种对催化分解NO反应更为有利,而且催化稳定性更好。     

NOx的催化分解研究

氮氧化物(NO_x)的直接催化分解是公认的消除NO_x污染最有吸引力的方法。本文综述了NO_x催化分解研究领域深受关注的几类催化剂,包括贵金属、金属氧化物、钙钛矿及类钙钛矿型复合氧化物、离子交换的ZSM-5型分子筛、杂多化合物和水滑石类材料等六大类催化剂。介绍了相关的反应机理、反应动力学和催化性能等问题的国内外研究进展,概括了上述催化剂的优缺点,提出了未来的发展方向。     

光诱导双助催化剂在半导体表面的自发形成（英文）

半导体光催化体系的助催化剂在光生电荷分离和表面催化反应过程中扮演着重要的角色.然而,在反应条件下助催化剂的化学态是否发生改变尚不清楚.本文以钽酸钠为模型光催化剂,系统地研究了镍基助催化剂在光催化分解水反应中的化学态.结果发现,在光诱导条件下半导体钽酸钠单晶表面自发形成了金属镍和氧化镍双助催化剂.首先用传统的水热法合成只暴露单一晶面的六面体钽酸钠半导体单晶光催化剂和暴露不等同晶面的二十六面体钽酸钠半导体单晶光催化剂.原位光沉积结果显示,暴露不同晶面的二十六面体钽酸钠半导体单晶光催化剂存在晶面间的电荷分离现象,进一步利用该现象可以确定不同催化活性位上镍基助催化剂的作用.XPS结果显示,半导体钽酸钠单晶表面的镍基助催化剂存在的不同价态.高分辨透射电镜结果表明,不同晶面上的镍基助催化剂具有不同的形貌,并且通过晶格衍射条纹的对比确认了不同镍基助催化剂物种的归属和作用.将表面浸渍氧化镍的二十六面体钽酸钠半导体光催化剂用于全分解水测试发现,反应开始阶段H_2:O_2比值小于2:1,说明部分光生电子被消耗掉,用于还原氧化镍,生成了金属镍.将表面还原的金属镍光催化剂进行全分解水测试发现,反应开始阶段H_2:O_2比值大于2:1,说明部分光生空穴被消耗掉,用于氧化金属镍,生成了氧化镍,金属镍和氧化镍最终在反应的过程中达到了平衡.金属镍担载在{001}晶面上,起着还原助催化剂的作用,参与质子还原,释放出H_2;氧化镍担载在其他晶面上,扮演着氧化助催化剂,参与水的氧化,释放出O_2;金属镍和氧化镍共同促进了光催化全分解水反应,使反应活性达到了最高.这种双助催化剂的自发形成现象不仅存在于二十六面体钽酸钠单晶半导体表面,在六面体钽酸钠单晶半导体表面也同样存在,是一个普适性的现象.在六面体钽酸钠半导体单晶光催化剂表面同样可以发现不同形貌的镍基助催化剂,分别归属于金属镍和氧化镍.本文说明了助催化剂的化学态在光催化反应的条件下是可以发生改变的,并且光生电荷可以在半导体表面诱导双助催化剂的自发形成.     

Pd/C催化氢化芳香族硝基化合物合成芳胺

以5%Pd/C为催化剂,芳香族硝基化合物在温和条件(30℃,H2/0.1 MPa)下还原成芳胺。研究了芳环上的取代基对催化加氢反应的影响。结果表明:对位取代的芳硝基化合物的加氢反应速率为:HCH3CO2CH3CF3FOCH3;间位取代芳硝基化合物加氢反应速率为:HCH3CF3FCO2CH3OCH3CN;邻位取代芳硝基化合物加氢反应速率为:HCF3CH3OCH3FCO2CH3CN。     

Ce、Zr双组分改性对Cu/ZSM-5催化剂催化分解NO性能的影响

采用Ce、Zr双组分对Cu/ZSM-5催化剂进行改性,利用O₂-TPD和TG等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了离子交换顺序、铈锆摩尔比以及反应条件对催化剂催化分解NO性能的影响。结果表明,铜物种是Zr-Cu-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂中催化分解NO的活性中心,是必须的催化活性组分,Ce、Zr双组分改性能显著提高催化剂在富氧条件下催化分解NO的活性,降低达到最高活性所需要的反应温度。铈锆摩尔比为1:1时,同时进行离子交换制备的Zr-Cu-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂催化分解NO的活性最好。     

高压下TiSi2可见光光热催化分解水制氢的研究

系统地研究了高压下一系列TiSi2催化剂的可见光光热催化分解水制氢行为.研究结果表明,压力增加显著提高了TiSi2催化剂光催化分解水制氢速率.添加NaOH和Na2CO3有利于水分解制氢的反应进行,在一定范围内,NaOH和Na2CO3浓度增加,放氢速率增加.研究还发现,担载贵金属Pt或Ru对反应速率没有显著影响.本文还采...     

Photoactivity of kynurenine-derived UV filters

Quantum yields of photodecomposition and triplet state formation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions are determined for kynurenine (KN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKN), xanthurenic acid (XAN), and kynurenine adducts of glutathione (GSH-KN), cysteine (Cys-KN), histidine (His-KN), and lysine (Lys-KN) in aqueous solutions. The highest yields of anaerobic photodecomposition were obtained for GSH-KN and His-KN adducts, which correlates with the highest triplet yields for these compounds. In aerobic conditions, the photodecomposition yields for all compounds under study increase; the highest decomposition rates were observed for His-KN and 3OHKN. The fast decomposition of the latter is attributed to the dark autoxidation of the starting compound.     

Silver nanoclusters doped in X and mordenite zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts for the decomposition of carbamate pesticides in solution

Ag(I) nanoclusters doped in X and mordenite zeolites were prepared and analyzed using spectroscopy. Both experimental and theoretical studies of the prepared compounds show the presence of silver nanoclusters with various sizes and environments. The presence of Ag(I) nanoclusters doped in X and mordenite zeolites with high silver loadings enhanced the photodecomposition rate of carbofuran 215-and 184-fold, respectively, while the photodecomposition of carbaryl in the presence of these catalysts show room temperature rate constants that are 182-and 168-times faster than the photodecomposition of carbaryl in the absence of the silver-doped zeolite catalysts. The reaction rates were found to be dependent on the amount of silver loaded into the zeolite.     

Synthesis of methacrylate-functionalized phosphonates and phosphates with long alkyl-chain spacers and their self-aggregation in aqueous solutions

Abstract  Polymerizable amphiphilic organophosphorous compounds were synthesized and their self-aggregation behavior was investigated. The studied molecules contain a hydrophilic phosphorus end group, an alkyl chain spacer with a variable length from 3 to 11 CH₂ groups and a polymerizable methacrylic group at the other chain end. Thus, the molecules represent a class of polymerizable surfactants. Two different reaction methods were used; either unsaturated alcohols or bromine-containing alcohols were applied as starting compounds for the preparation of the organophosphorous surfactants. The self-aggregation and micelle formation of the prepared compounds were investigated in aqueous solution by dynamic light scattering measurements. The critical micelle concentration of the P-containing amphiphiles was in all cases smaller than 0.040 mol/l and strongly dependent on the polarity of the phorphorous head group and the chain length of the spacer. Graphical abstract   The synthesis of organophosphorous amphiphiles as surface active monomers for the modification of metal oxide surfaces is presented. The spacer between the phosphorous head group and the methacrylate group was varied with regard to their length and composition. The self-aggregation behavior of these methacrylate-functionalized phosphates and phosphonates surfactants was investigated.     

The Photodecomposition of 1,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis(5′-chloro-2′-methoxyphenyl)ethylene (MPE), an Analogue of DDE

The solution-phase photodecomposition of l, l-dichloro-2,2-bis(5′-chloro-2′-methoxy-phenyl)ethylene (MPE) has been studied at an excitation wavelength of 313 nm in the presence of O₂ as well as in vacuum-degassed solutions. Only two non-volatile compounds are produced: 2,5-dichloro-3-(5′-chloro-2′-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran (BFD) and a minor product which was not identified. The BFD represents approximately 90% of the total non-volatiles. The volatile products were identified as CH₃Cl, CH₄ and HC1, with CH₃C1 being approximately 99.9 % of the total volatiles. Photolyses were carried out in C₆H₁₂ and CCI₄ solvents, the same products being observed in both solvents. Variation of MPE concentration has little or no effect on the relative quantum yield of decomposition. The photodecomposition of MPE does not follow the same pathway as the photodecomposition of DDE.     

Simultaneous separation and determination of eight organophosphorous pesticide residues in vegetables through molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction coupled to gas chromatography

How to determine the multipesticide residues in vegetables is an important problem. In this study, a new molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized using O,O‐dimethyl thiophosphoryl chloride, an intermediate for the manufacture of organophosphorous pesticides, as the template. Characterization test indicated that the synthesized polymer exhibited good recognition and selectivity for dichlorvos, methamidophos, acephate, folimat, monocrotophos, parathion‐methyl, phosphamidon, and malathion. A molecularly imprinted SPE coupled to GC for simultaneous separation and determination of eight organophosphorous pesticides residues was developed. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 0.001–10.0 mg/L. The LOD of this method was in the range of 0.13–0.90 μg/kg. With a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min for loading 100 mL, the enrichment factor in the range of 25–480 for the eight organophosphorous pesticides was obtained. The RSD of the eight organophosphorous pesticides based on five replicates was from 1.50 to 4.09%. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by recovery measurements on spiked samples, and good recovery rates ranging from 80.11 to 97.70% were achieved. Moreover, this method was evaluated for the quantitative detection of eight organophosphorous pesticide residues in leek and pakchoi samples.     

Molecular modeling of organophosphorous agents and their aqueous solutions

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we modeled solvation and diffusion in aqueous solutions of organophosphorous compounds, including nerve G-agents sarin and soman (methylphosphonofluoridates) and their common simulants DMMP (dimethyl methylphosphonate) and DIFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate). The aqueous solutions of the organophosphorous compounds were found to display complex molecular scale structures and dynamic properties due to competing interactions between strongly hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. The mixing of agents with water was proved to be exothermic with negative excess mixing volume, indicating a strongly hydrophilic solvation. This effect was confirmed in a specially performed experiment. We discuss to what extent DMMP and DIFP are suitable simulants for G-agents in experimental studies, as far as their interactions with water are concerned. We also focus on the relevance of the structural features and mobilities of agents in water to their interactions with permselective polyelectrolyte membranes that may be employed as protective barriers against chemical warfare agents.     

Large-scale synthesis of uniform silver orthophosphate colloidal nanocrystals exhibiting high visible light photocatalytic activity

Silver orthophosphate nanocrystals with controlled particle size have been synthesized using a simple, reproducible and easily scaled up route based on the reaction between silver ions, oleylamine and phosphoric acid. The obtained nanocrystals are highly uniform in size and exhibit high visible light activity for the photodecomposition of organic compounds.     

Luminescent sensing of organophosphates using europium(III) containing imprinted polymers prepared by RAFT polymerization

Molecularly imprinted polymers capable of sensing organophosphorous compounds by luminescence have been prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymer contained a dithiobenzoate substituted tris(β-diketonate) europium(III) complex which served as a polymerization substrate and as a luminescent binding site for pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman. The resultant polymer allowed quantitation of PMP in the low ppb range with minimal interference from similar compounds. Polymers were characterized by luminescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.     

介孔氧化铝净化-气相色谱法同时测定蔬菜、水果及茶叶中16种有机磷农药残留

利用气相色谱检测技术,建立了能应用于白菜、生菜、南瓜、洋葱、番茄、白萝卜、苹果、梨及茶叶等不同基质中16种有机磷农药残留的检测方法。样品采用乙酸乙酯提取,经以合成的介孔氧化铝作吸附剂的固相萃取柱净化,DB-1701毛细管柱分离,气相色谱-火焰光度检测器检测。结果表明,蔬菜、水果及茶叶基质中16种有机磷农药在10~2000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系（R²>0.997）;平均回收率为83.2%~103.8%,相对标准偏差为2.0%~9.9%。该方法灵敏度高、准确度高、重复性好,可适用于蔬菜、水果及茶叶基质中16种有机磷残留量的同时测定。     

Photodegradation of polyethylene in the presence of ferric salt: Influence of ferric acetylacetonate on model compounds

The influence of ferric acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)₃] on the photodegradation of model compounds of polyethylene (PE) was examined. By studying electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectra of photoirradiated compounds such as 1-octene and 1,7-octadiene, which contain carbon double bonds, Fe(acac)₃ was found to accelerate the formation of allyl radical by contact with them. On the other hand, Fe(acac)₃ suppressed the radical formation based on Norrish type I reaction in a carbonyl group of compounds such as 2-octanone and 3-octanone. Based on the study of ultraviolet (UV) spectra as well as ESR spectra on photoirradiated samples, the influence of Fe(acac)₃ on the photodecomposition of model compounds of PE was discussed. Finally, the discussion turned to the mechanism of photodecomposition of PE in the presence of ferric salt.