多摄像机空间交会动态测量中遮挡问题的研究

遮挡问题是现有多摄像机测量网络在进行空间交会测量时存在的一个重要问题。当测量过程中有遮挡发生时,某些特征点可能仅能被一个像机观测到,传统的前方交会测量方法将不再可行。为了解决这一问题,通过特征点的几何约束来求解特征点位在全局坐标系下的粗略位置作为进一步迭代优化的初值,并根据可用的特征点(可以是能被所有像机观测到,也可以是仅被部分像机观测到)的多光线约束来建立最优化目标函数,通过迭代算法最终解算得出被测目标可靠的位置姿态。实验结果表明,该方法在解决实际应用中遮挡问题的同时,也能提供较高的测量精度。     

基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准

提出了一种基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准方法,有效解决了二维平面靶标在深度方向信息的不足以及三维靶标空间的限制等问题。通过对靶标板进行初始成像,按照测量网络的构建原则建立初始测量网络,经过后方交会求解外方位、前方交会求解空间三维靶标点坐标,最后由光束平差优化求解相机内部参数。利用标定后内部参数求解空间点坐标,实验结果表明,采用构建初始测量网的误差平均值为0.0794,优于平面靶标和立体靶标标定的-0.2443和-0.1916。同时校准所用时间也明显小于虚拟立体校准,即该方法具有快速、精确和方便等优点,满足大空间视觉测量中相机内部参数现场校准的要求。     

三维形貌柔性测量系统标定方法及验证

为了避免机器人模型误差对三维形貌柔性测量系统手眼标定的影响,对手眼关系的标定方法进行了研究。提出了一种融合特征点拟合的手眼标定方法。将三维形貌扫描仪安装在工业机器人末端搭建三维形貌柔性测量系统。标定时,首先利用激光跟踪仪对工业机器人末端法兰盘坐标系进行测量,得到两者转换关系;然后,利用三维形貌扫描仪和激光跟踪仪对空间固定的特征点组进行测量,利用特征点约束和基于罗德里格矩阵的算法求解两者转换关系即可间接地求解出手眼关系。基于ATOS三维扫描仪、安川HP20D机器人和API公司生产的激光跟踪仪进行了手眼标定实验,并进行了精度验证。结果表明:标定后的三维形貌柔性测量系统,其重复性测量精度(3σ)不超过0.1 mm,长度测量精度的均方根误差在0.2 mm以内,点云拼接精度优于±0.7 mm。该方法有效避免了传统手眼标定过程中会引入机器人模型误差的问题,在求解手眼关系解时采用了线性的解法,并且适用于三维形貌柔性测量系统。     

视觉与倾角传感器组合相对位姿测量方法

针对视觉相对位姿测量问题,提出了一种视觉与倾角传感器组合的相对位姿测量方法,通过在相机和被测物上各放置一个倾角传感器,利用固定倾角传感器所提供的角度信息提供额外的约束来求解n点透视定位(Pn P)问题。介绍了组合相对位姿测量方法的原理,通过仿真实验验证了该方法的正确性,并与现存的Pn P问题求解方法比较,表明提出的方法具有较高精度,并且对噪声具有较强的稳健性,实验结果表明提出的方法对空间15个特征点在x方向和y方向的平均反投影误差均小于0.1 pixel,能够满足高精度位姿测量需求。     

基于中轴线像长匹配的靶场单站姿态测量方法

目前,靶场姿态测量以多台套交会测量为主,对于单站姿态测量尚没有较好的解决方案。为了解决该问题,以投影轴对称目标为例,提出了一种基于中轴线像长匹配的单站姿态测量方法。将透视投影拓展为2种等效形式,将体现目标姿态状态的中轴线向像面透视投影,可获得中轴线的投影像长或在等效物面的等效物长,根据目标中轴线的先验长度、相机内外参数及成像信息,经像长匹配即可获取目标的偏航角和俯仰角;实际工程试验验证了该算法的可行性,偏航角精度为1.7°,俯仰角精度约1°,满足靶场单站测姿需求;并对姿态测量模型关键因素进行了误差分析。该方法可适用于非投影轴对称目标。     

光电经纬仪多目标实时交会方法

为实现实时计算多个目标飞行轨迹,并引导设备跟踪目标,根据目标运动特性和光电经纬仪跟踪测量的固有特性,设计了一种多目标实时交会方法,解决了同名目标点的排序和假目标轨迹剔除问题,最终得到正确的目标轨迹.试验证明,对于跟踪目标N≤3,通信周期50ms的光电经纬仪测量系统,利用该多目标实时交会算法处理测量数据,可实时、精确、稳定引导测量设备进行跟踪工作.     

近景大视场角分区域标定方法研究

针对飞行试验测量视场大相机标定精度低的问题,提出一种高精度CCD相机分区域标定方法。该方法首先通过将标靶均匀布置在摄像机视场内,使得标靶尽可能均匀错落地充满整个视场范围,再结合人眼判读的方式求解靶标的像面位置,最终与全站仪三维坐标形成精确的空间标定点集。接着,将像平面按横向方向等间距分割成Ｎ个区域,并结合后方交会的方法分别对每个子区域进行相机参数的计算。实验结果表明：经过分区域标定,相机采集点的总误差比单区域标定法降低了4％(Ｎ＝3)。算法可实现指定区域的相机参数计算,基本满足中高等精度的工业测量要求。所本文研究可应用于位置相对固定不变的工业视觉测量,特别是大工件测量领域。     

大视场摄影测量相机的相对定向

为了提高大视场摄影测量系统的测量精度和稳定性,提出一种基于局部迭代搜索算法的相机相对定向方法,仅需要两幅图像间匹配的像面坐标信息,就可以计算相机之间精确的相对外方位参数。通过闭环多项式解法获得两图像之间本质矩阵的初值;将本质矩阵进行局部迭代,计算正交矩阵和外极线约束误差方程;利用两图像上所有匹配点的像面坐标,通过多次迭代获得本质矩阵的全局最优解;分解本质矩阵获得图像之间的相对外方位参数,并结合Cheirality约束条件确定外方位参数的唯一真实解。通过6m×4m×3m可展开桁架微波天线面形测量场的定向实验,验证了提出方法的测量精度和可靠性。相比于传统的相对定向方法,基于局部迭代搜索算法的相对定向方法具有较高的初始定向精度和稳定性,平移向量误差小于5mm,旋转角度误差小于0.1°,而且消除了对于参照物的依赖,对于提高摄影测量系统的性能具有重要意义。     

基于影像实时处理的加油对接段辅助对准技术北大核心CSCD

针对空中加油试飞中加油对接困难的问题,设计了一种基于影像实时处理的加油对接段辅助对准系统,通过影像测量技术计算受油头与加油锥套中心的精确相对位置,实现位置参数与视频画面实时同步显示,用于空中加受油对接辅助对准。并对复杂光学条件下锥套跟踪技术、基于约束的像机标定技术和加受油组件相对位置实时测量等关键技术进行研究。实验结果表明,该算法可实现空中复杂环境下锥套图像快速、稳定识别与跟踪;采用双目视觉前方交会测量实时计算加油锥套与受油头相对位置,与事后处理结果对比分析,精度优于0.1 m,可辅助飞行员进行空中加油对接操作,提高加受油对接成功率。     

移动视觉测量中基于空间交会的匹配方法

移动视觉测量中大量非编码点粘贴在被测物表面。由于图像点在不同站位图像中形状相似,因此无法提供足够多的信息来对其进行分类识别,匹配不同图像间的非编码点是移动视觉测量中的一项重要任务。大量研究证明,极线匹配方法是实现图像点匹配的有效方法。然而移动视觉测量的相机是未经过标定的,在利用极线匹配方法时,图像畸变会使基本矩阵求解精度较低,从而导致大量误匹配情况出现。为了解决该问题,提出一种基于空间交会的非编码点匹配方法。该方法通过不同图像间编码点的自动匹配,结合平差优化算法初步获取各站位的内外参数。然后利用这些参数将二维图像点重投影成对应的三维空间直线,在空间中利用直线间的交会关系确定图像匹配点。大量实验证明,该方法可以比极线匹配方法寻找更多的匹配点,更适合用于移动视觉测量。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.