FFT动态相位重建算法的滤波窗影响分析

为了优化相位重建算法,针对波面干涉图的傅里叶频谱,分析了不同滤波窗口的分布特征和频谱响应,通过计算机仿真和实验测试,确定了FFT动态相位重建算法的最佳滤波窗口类型。其中处理仿真干涉图重建的波面与原始波面的波面峰谷值残差为0.008 5λ,波面均方根值残差为0.000 1λ;处理实验干涉图获得的波面与移相干涉测量法获得的波面峰谷值残差为0.009 3λ,波面均方根值残差为0.000 5λ。结果表明:选取Hamming窗进行滤波处理并重建的相位经拟合后得到的波面较参考波面的面形残差最小,相位重建精度优于0.01λ,可进一步应用于大口径光学元件的测量中。     

动态干涉仪干涉图位置配准及移相误差校正

为抑制动态干涉仪系统中存在的干涉图空间位置匹配误差以及移相误差,采用相位相关算法和载频交叠重构干涉术,前者以光斑边缘为匹配特征,通过配准测试光斑,实现对4幅移相干涉图在空间位置上的像素级配准;后者按列交叠重构4幅载频移相干涉图,实现相位谱与误差谱在傅里叶频谱中相分离,滤取相位谱即可抑制移相误差对测量结果的影响。实验结果显示,两种方法均可以有效抑制干涉图的位置配准误差以及移相量误差,其结果与干涉仪结果相吻合,均方根值和峰谷值分别相差0.0057λ和0.0235λ。相位相关算法不受光强畸变等因素的影响,而载频交叠重构干涉术可以同时抑制由移相器件造成的两倍频相位误差和由光强畸变引入的一倍频相位误差。     

点衍射干涉检测技术

本文介绍了点衍射干涉仪不同发展阶段的特点和应用。点衍射干涉仪由波长量级的针孔产生高质量的球面波作为参考波前,能够得到衍射极限性能的分辨率。按照不同的光路特点,点衍射干涉仪可分为点衍射共路干涉和点衍射非共路干涉两种结构,主要应用于高精度波前检测和面形检测。共路干涉结构简单紧凑,对环境振动不敏感,对光源相干度要求不高,可利用光束偏振态及光栅衍射分束的特性对传统点衍射板进行改造,在全共路点衍射干涉仪中引入时间相位调制技术和干涉对比度可调技术,可进一步提高波前检测精度。采用反射式针孔和各种光纤结构发展了非共路点衍射干涉仪,实现了大口径、高精度球面反射镜面形的测量。本文重点阐述了用于极紫外光刻投影物镜中高精度球面反射镜面形检测的反射式针孔点衍射干涉仪,并展望了点衍射检测技术在生物检测等领域的应用前景和发展趋势。     

基于波长移相剪切干涉的准直波前重构技术

为了实现干涉仪出射准直波前的重构,提出了基于波长调谐移相的横向剪切干涉技术。干涉仪出射波前分别经楔板的前后表面反射,通过角锥棱镜返回后在干涉仪CCD上形成剪切干涉条纹。采用波长移相方法提取剪切干涉条纹的相位信息从而实现准直波前重构。分析相对剪切比对波面重构精度的影响,推导相对剪切比和其影响因素间的关系公式,给出波长移相中光程差常数分量的估算方法。测量干涉仪的三组出射波前,波前的峰谷值分别为3.22λ、2.10λ、0.83λ。该方法简化了传统测量干涉仪准直波前的横向剪切干涉装置,提高了测量精度,特别适合于测量波长移相干涉仪的出射波前。     

点衍射波前无镜头干涉测量中横向偏移误差校正方法

为了最大程度减少误差环节,点衍射球面波前精度的干涉测量中通常采用无镜头测量方式。点衍射干涉波前在大数值孔径与大横向偏移量情况下存在的结构误差将严重影响测量精度,且无法利用传统方法加以校正。针对该问题,提出了一种基于三坐标重构以及对称偏移补偿的点衍射干涉波前测量中结构误差的高精度校正方法,以实现对大数值孔径及大横向偏移点衍射球面波前无镜头成像测量中的结构误差校正。该方法首先采用三坐标重构方法对系统误差进行预校正,再针对干涉中点源横向偏移引入误差存在的对称性,采用对称横向偏移补偿对由三坐标重构误差而引入的残余结构误差进一步校正。分别进行了数值仿真和测量实验对所提出方法的可行性进行了验证。结果表明,该方法达到了λ/10000的校正精度,对于点衍射球面波前高精度测量标定以及非镜头成像干涉检测中结构误差的高精度校正具有重要的应用意义。     

全视场外差长腔干涉测量技术

提出了一种适用于长焦光学镜片面形测量的新型激光干涉仪。利用全视场外差移相技术能有效抑制振动和大气等环境因素对长腔干涉测量的影响,采用Twyman-Green干涉仪结构,实现测量波面和参考波面的外差相干测量。搭建了实验验证系统,实验证明该方案能较好地抑制外界振动和大气湍流对测量精度的影响,实现了较高精度的长腔干涉测量,仪器的RMS(Root Mean Square)重复测量精度达到0.45‰λ。该技术可以作为长腔干涉测量的可选方案之一。     

基于相位复原技术测试高数值孔径光学成像系统

干涉测量的方法已被广泛应用于光学系统的波前测试中。但是由于高数值孔径的标准具加工成本高、风险大,使用干涉测量的方法对高数值孔径光学系统进行测试存在困难。运用相位复原技术对高数值以小孔衍射光束作为高精度测试基准波前进行孔径光学系统波前测试,可以解决上述问题。对不同频率波前形成的点扩散函数模拟,分析了实际测试所需的实验条件。由于缺乏高精度的对比实验条件,引入一种新的误差分析方法,搭建检测平台完成对显微镜光学系统的波前测试。通过验证实验,证明了该测试方法的可靠性。     

基于偏振移相的环路径向剪切干涉

只需要一幅干涉图就能得到被检波面信息的径向剪切干涉,适于动态波前的测量。将便于干涉图像处理的同步移相技术引入径向剪切干涉中,基于环路径向剪切干涉,利用一个正交的二维光栅分光,采用偏振移相法,能同时得到相移间隔π/2的四幅移相干涉图。运用传统的四步移相算法,结合波面迭代算法复原波面。通过理论公式的推导、计算机的模拟分析,以及初步的实验测试,验证了偏振移相应用于径向剪切干涉的可行性,模拟结果显示均方根精度优于λ/100。具有抗振特点的光栅分光偏振移相的同步移相方案,不仅能够克服剪切干涉的单幅干涉图处理复杂的缺点,更有利于提高剪切干涉的抗干扰能力。     

非球面条纹扫描式剪切干涉检验法

本文论述用横向剪切干涉仪精确测量光学非球面波象差的方法。用计算机控制干涉相位测量技术,可进行高精度的检测和实时数据分析。本系统主要由有平行平板的横向剪切干涉仪、压电式驱动反射镜、象探测器和具有图象显示的微处理机组成。剪切干涉仪产生与波面导数相应的条纹图,用条纹扫描方法进行分析。对所得数据积分,便可求出波象差。对相对孔径为f/4的非球条面反射镜进行测量,测量精度为1/32λ均方根。     

基于双频激光干涉相位检测的高精度波片测量

波片精度对偏振光学系统性能有着重要的影响,故需要对其相位延迟量和快轴方位角进行高精度测量。提出了一种新型基于双频激光干涉相位检测的高精度波片测量方法,采用双频激光外差干涉光路,利用一个可旋转半波片和一个角锥反射棱镜测量待测波片,可实现任意波片的相位延迟量和快轴方位角的高精度同时测量。所提方法不受波片、偏振片等双折射器件的方位角精度的影响,从原理上避免了该类系统误差。所设计的系统具有共光路结构,测量稳定性高,信号处理采用相位检测方式相对于一般的光强检测方式测量精度更高。此外,所设计的测量系统中元件很少,结构简单,测量过程快捷。误差分析表明,在现有实验条件下,测量系统的波片相位延迟量的测量不确定度约为3.9′,快轴方位角的测量不确定度约为5′′。实验比对结果表明,所提方法的测量结果与其他方法测量结果的一致性很好。重复性测量实验表明,测量结果的标准偏差约为2′。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.