一种稀疏约束的图正则化非负矩阵光谱解混方法

由于受到高光谱遥感图像传感器平台的限制,图像的空间分辨率受到一定影响,这导致高光谱遥感图像的像元通常是多种地物的混合, 也叫做混合像元。混合像元的存在制约了高光谱遥感图像的准确分析和应用领域。采用高光谱解混技术可将混合像元分解为纯净的物质光谱（Endmember, 端元）和每种物质光谱所对应的混合比例（Abundance, 丰度）,为获取更多更精细的光谱提供了可能。这对高精度的地物分类识别、目标检测和定量遥感分析等研究领域具有重要的意义。因此,解混技术成为高光谱遥感图像领域的一个研究热点。基于线性光谱混合模型(linear spectral mixing model, LMM),提出了一种端元丰度联合稀疏约束的图正则化非负矩阵分解（endmember and abundance sparse constrained graph regularized nonnegative matrix factorization, EAGLNMF）算法。该算法通过研究基于非负矩阵分解(nonnegative matrix factorization, NMF)的方法,结合图正则化理论来考虑高光谱数据内部的几何结构,将端元光谱稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束应用于其中,从而能够对高光谱数据的内部流形结构进行更为有效的表达。首先,构造了EAGLNMF算法的损失函数,采用VCA-FCLS方法进行初始化,然后,设定相关参数,包括图正则化权重矩阵参数、端元光谱稀疏约束因子和丰度矩阵稀疏约束因子,最后,通过推导得到了端元矩阵与丰度矩阵的迭代公式,并且设置了迭代停止条件。该方法不受图像中是否有纯像元的限制。实际上,在现行高光谱遥感传感器平台情况下,高光谱遥感图像中几乎不存在纯像元,因此,EAGLNMF方法为高光谱遥感图像的实际应用提供了一种思路。采用合成的高光谱数据,构造了4个实验来分析该方法的可行性和有效性,实验将该算法与VCA-FCLS,标准NMF及GLNMF等经典的解混算法进行比较,通过光谱角距离(spectral angle distance, SAD)和丰度角距离(abundance angle distance, AAD)这两个度量标准来进行比较。实验1是总体分析实验。在固定的信噪比和固定端元数目的情况下,用以上三种经典方法与EAGLNMF同时进行解混。实验2是SNR影响分析实验。在固定端元数目和不同信噪比的情况下,用这四种方法进行解混。实验3端元数目分析实验。在固定信噪比和不同端元数目的情况下,用四种方法进行解混,并且将结果进行对比。实验结果发现提出的EAGLNMF方法在提取端元精度和估计丰度精度上都更为准确。同时,实验4是稀疏因子分析实验。对端元稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束之间的影响因子进行分析,实验结果表明引入的端元稀疏约束对于解混结果也具有较好的影响,并且端元稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束之间的影响因子也对解混结果具有一定影响。最后,将该算法应用于AVIRIS所采集的真实高光谱图像数据,将其解混结果与美国地质勘探局光谱库中光谱进行匹配对比,其提取的平均端元精度相比于其他三种方法要稍好。     

端元提取技术在高光谱图像压缩中的应用

高光谱图像海量数据如何实现大比例有效压缩是限制其应用的主要问题之一,而现有有损压缩方法存在大压缩比与光谱特性信息准确保留的矛盾,即使现有最优有损压缩方法也不能够得到令人满意的结果。文章基于混合像元分解的思想提出基于端元提取技术的数据有损压缩方法来解决该矛盾,首先用顶点成分分析(VCA)方法提取场景中地物的端元光谱,根据各端元与观测像元之间的光谱间余弦角相似性度量方法估计各端元的丰度,接着对端元光谱及丰度数据进行无损压缩,最后利用JPEG2000有损压缩方法对高光谱图像的所有单波段图像进行空间维大比例有损压缩。AVIRIS高光谱图像的仿真结果表明,压缩比得到大幅度提高,光谱信息得到有效恢复。在实现压缩比为50∶1时,大部分像元的光谱角误差在2%左右。     

高光谱遥感分区混合端元提取计算海洋溢油覆盖度

溢油覆盖度的估测是海洋溢油探测与灾害评估的重要内容,受航空航天传感器地面分辨率的限制,准确探测溢油覆盖度比较困难。在海洋风浪及破碎波作用下,溢油往往呈条带状分布。获取的高光谱数据中存在大量的油、水混合像元;传统图像分割方式计算溢油面积存在偏差,且受传感器角度、高度等影响,光谱变异明显,传统端元提取方法很难找到纯像元光谱。提出了一种通过分区混合端元计算海洋溢油覆盖度的探测方法。首先对影像进行分区并使用N-FINDR算法进行端元预选;然后再利用独立分量分析（ICA）方法进行端元精选,按照负熵最大输出得到候选端元,并将地面同步参考光谱作为约束引入相似性溢油端元识别;最后基于非负矩阵分解方法(NMF)求取端元丰度,通过太阳耀斑区的修正,得到真实的溢油覆盖度。分区混合端元的提取较好的解决了全局端元变异及环境适应性差的问题,使精选后的端元具有更好的环境鲁棒性。为更好地衡量该算法精度,采用仿真数据与真实高光谱影像数据相结合进行实验验证。仿真实验中,人工设定溢油丰度,使用均方根误差（RMSE）和丰度估计误差对比评估估计丰度与设定丰度之间的差别,并设计了算法适应性和抗噪实验。结果表明采用MNF和ICA两种高光谱压缩方法,丰度估计误差均低于3%,重构图像的最小均方根误差RMSE最高为0.030 6,且具有较好的抗噪能力,验证了该算法的有效性。真实实验中,使用2011年山东长岛溢油8景机载高光谱影像数据为真实测试数据,由于真实遥感数据往往缺失地面同步丰度数据,导致对算法精度进行评价比较困难,使用仿真数据交互验证与目视解译数据相结合的方法进行精度评价,通过耀斑区修正后估测的机载高光谱成像总的溢油覆盖面积为1.17 km2,溢油覆盖度为22.85%,与现场人工估测面积偏差为2.15%,明显高于传统方法。受海洋破碎波、光谱变异性影响,和航空航天遥感器地面分辨率的限制,海洋溢油遥感中单个像元进行丰度解析是一个难题。基于亚像元丰度分解思想,讨论了海洋溢油覆盖度的问题,提出一种较为完善的海洋溢油覆盖度的计算办法,通过仿真数据和实际的高光谱溢油数据进行了方法的验证,实现了较为客观的自动化溢油覆盖度（丰度）探测方法,可以较为准确的估测海洋溢油的覆盖度,对溢油遥感面积的业务化探测具有积极意义。     

基于线性光谱模型和支撑向量机的软硬分类方法

针对硬分类方法中无法解决的混合像元问题及软分类方法中全图共用一套端元进行混合像元分解所带来的弊端,提出了一种新的软硬分类方法。该方法通过分析目标地物在图像中的分布情况,自动计算判别阈值,将图像分为目标地物纯净区域、目标地物混合区域和非目标地物区域。对于目标地物纯净区域和非目标地物区域采用硬分类方法(支撑向量机)快速提取分类信息;对于目标地物混合区域采用软分类方法(端元可变的线性混合像元分解)提取目标地物丰度信息,最后得到目标地物软硬分类结果。通过对北京地区ALOS图像的应用试验,并将新方法与支撑向量机、线性光谱混合模型进行比较,新方法的RMSE值为0.203,总量精度达到95.48%,高于支撑向量机和线性光谱混合模型。实验结果表明,新方法能够有效解决混合像元问题,提高图像分类精度。     

小波包分解支持下的高光谱混合像元盲分解

提出将小波包辅助下子带分解的独立成分分析用于高光谱混合像元盲分解.利用小波包分解改进独立成分分析技术,并考虑到高光谱数据的特点提出了高光谱混合像元盲分解方法,该方法能克服独立成分分析方法要求端元光谱统计独立带来的问题.利用两组合成数据和三组室内实测数据对本算法进行测试,证明了本算法能较为准确的提取端元光谱波形和端元丰度...     

小波包分解支持下的高光谱混合像元盲分解

提出将小波包辅助下子带分解的独立成分分析用于高光谱混合像元盲分解.利用小波包分解改进独立成分分析技术,并考虑到高光谱数据的特点提出了高光谱混合像元盲分解方法,该方法能克服独立成分分析方法要求端元光谱统计独立带来的问题.利用两组合成数据和三组室内实测数据对本算法进行测试,证明了本算法能较为准确的提取端元光谱波形和端元丰度,其准确度明显优于独立成分分析方法.该方法为高光谱遥感影像的盲分解提供了一条新的途径.     

基于深度自编码网络的高光谱影像解混研究

高分系列卫星的发射和无人机高光谱技术的发展,高光谱可用数据进一步扩展。为了提升高光谱数据的精细利用价值,高光谱影像混合像元解混成为当前至关重要的任务。随着人工智能技术的快速发展,深度学习理论被引入遥感图像处理领域。自编码网络具有较强的特征提取能力,已经开始应用于高光谱影像解混方面。以自编码网络为基础对其结构进行改进,提出一种深度堆栈自编码网络(DSAE)用于高光谱图像解混研究。该网络包含两个部分：端元识别网络(EDSAE)和丰度求解的网络(ADSAE)。首先,通过添加批标准化处理、稀疏约束、“和为一”约束以及删除网络偏置项构建EDSAE网络,开展非监督训练进行高光谱影像端元识别。其次,将获取的端元光谱数据依据HAPKE非线性混合模型和LINEAR线性混合模型开展数据增强,生成多元混合的带有丰度标签的模拟高光谱数据集。最后,在堆栈自编码网络基础上,设置最后一层自编码器的激活函数为Softmax函数,构建监督训练网络ADSAE,把模拟数据集作为训练数据,高光谱影像作为测试数据,求取真实高光谱影像的丰度矩阵。对Samson、 Jasper Ridge和Urban公共的高光谱影像开展端元识别和...     

基于有效端元集的双线性解混模型

光谱解混是用于定量分析高光谱图像中成分含量的一项重要技术方法,主要包括线性解混模型和非线性解混模型。线性解混模型构造简单,但并未考虑不同成分光子间的相互影响,导致解混结果在很多实际图像上不够精确。常用的非线性混合模型中的双线性解混算法,随着图像中端元数量增加,虚拟端元的数量也随之快速增加,计算精度受到很大的影响。论文报道改进了双线性解混的模型,并提出一种有效端元子集的选择算法。首先结合欧氏距离和光谱夹角,按照与混合像元的距离,将所有端元排序;然后利用排序结果和误差变化情况选择实际参与混合的端元子集。从而降低了未参与特定混合像元混合的端元对解混结果的影响,提高了解混精度。对模拟图像的测试效果证明了该算法可以减小光谱的重构误差,对实际航拍高光谱溢油图像的分析结果也进一步说明了算法的有效性。     

利用光谱吸收深度定量反演碳酸盐矿物的影响因素及应用分析

光谱吸收特征是矿物识别与定量反演的重要指标。为提高利用光谱吸收特征定量反演矿物精度,以方解石为代表,以线性混合光谱模型与连续统去除方法为基础,以连续统去除吸收深度(CRBD)为分析对象,按端元光谱在2.33 μm附近有无吸收特征对光谱进行分类,并分析每类数据与方解石混合光谱CRBD随丰度、反射率以及光谱特征等影响因素的变化规律,进而非线性拟合其变化范围并提出一种新的矿物含量表示方法。研究结果表明,端元丰度对CRBD值影响较大,方解石丰度越大,吸收特征越明显,CRBD值越大。同样,混合端元反射率与光谱特征对混合光谱CRBD值影响也较明显,当混合端元光谱在2.33 μm附近为无特征时,端元光谱反射率越小,CRBD随碳酸盐丰度变化上凸越明显,为反射峰特征时,端元光谱反射率越大,下凹越明显;混合端元在2.33 μm附近为吸收谷特征时,CRBD随碳酸盐丰度接近线性变化。通过交叉分析与多端元混合光谱CRBD变化分析发现,混合光谱CRBD随碳酸盐矿物丰度及混合端元反射率变化受限于一定范围,其上限拟合方程满足指数函数变化,下限拟合方程为三次多项式函数,且拟合精度较高,R2均高于0.99,RMSE低于0.005。为实现矿物含量的精确预测,根据拟合方程提出一种以变化范围替代定量值来表示碳酸盐矿物丰度分布的方法,实现碳酸盐矿物含量反演的范围表示。通过影响因素分析及范围表示法可为矿产监测、定量评估等提供新的表达方法,为建立具有普适性的地物定量反演模型提供理论参考。     

基于双鸟群优化的高光谱图像非线性解混

针对高光谱图像像元中端元物质非线性混合的特点,借鉴生物群智能现象,提出一种基于双鸟群优化的高光谱图像非线性解混算法。为进一步提高非线性解混算法的精度,通过模拟鸟群中觅食、警惕以及飞行等行为得到非线性问题的最优解。算法通过双鸟群的迭代优化来交替更新目标函数中的最优解以及非线性模型参数,最终得到高光谱图像端元丰度的最佳估计。仿真实验和光谱数据实验结果表明:双鸟群优化算法迭代收敛,能克服局部最小值问题;相比于同类算法,该算法解混结果的丰度重建误差、平均光谱角距离和像元重建误差3项指标均较小,该算法解混精度高,像元重构效果好,能有效提高高光谱图像非线性解混的精度。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.