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1.
The kinetics of formation and dissociation reactions of [Ru(CN)5L]3– with a series of heterocyclic ligands were studied in aqueous media. In this presence of an excess of heterocycle, the observed second order rate constants were calculated from the kobs versus [ligand] plot at =0.100m NaClO4. Activation parameters for the formation reactions (H=28±7kJmol–1 and S=140±35JK–1mol–1) are comparable for all systems, indicating a common mechanism. The kinetics of exchange of coordinated heterocycles for 1,3,5-triazine yielded a rate saturation typical of a limiting dissociative mechanism. Activation parameters of the limiting first order specific rate of dissociation reactions were H=85±7kJmol–1 and S=18±4JK–1mol–1. Equilibrium constants were calculated from the second order rates of formation and pseudo-first order rates of dissociation reaction.  相似文献   

2.
This paper demonstrates the potential of two natural adsorbents, vermicompost and humic acid, for preconcentration of cadmium(II) and lead(II) using flow systems coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The procedure involves the adsorption of Cd(II) or Pb(II) on these materials (using columns containing 25mg) and subsequent elution for determination by FAAS. Cadmium(II) was preconcentrated for 4min (flow rate of 4.0mLmin–1) and eluted with 220µL of 3.0molL–1 HNO3. Under these conditions, preconcentration factors of 46 and 27 were obtained for vermicompost and humic acid, respectively. Except when using 1.0molL–1 nitric acid (for humic acid), all conditions for lead(II) preconcentration were identical to those for cadmium(II), and preconcentration factors of 62 and 83 were obtained when vermicompost and humic acid, respectively, were used. The systems were stable with only slight variations in the slopes of the analytical curves (ca. 5% after 8h working period). The long-term stability shows that a minimum of 120 and 100 cycles, respectively, can be run using the same masses of vermicompost or humic acid. The detection limits for Cd(II) were 0.4 and 0.8µgL–1 for vermicompost and humic acid respectively, while the detection limits for Pb(II) were 8.8 and 12.1µgL–1, also for vermicompost and humic acid. The accuracy of the methods was checked by using spiked and real (certified and reference) samples. Due to the concomitant sorption of other metals leading to variable slopes for lead and cadmium determination, it was necessary to adopt the standard addition method for calibration purposes.  相似文献   

3.
A novel chromogenic reagent, 2-acetylmercaptophenyldiazoaminoazobenzene (AMPDAA), has been prepared by coupling 2-aminoacetylthiophenol to 4-aminoazobenzene through the –NH–N=N– group. In the presence of TritonX-100, AMPDAA reacts with Cd(II) in 1:1 triethanolamine medium to form a red complex with maximum absorption at 529nm. Under the optimal conditions, Beers law is obeyed over the range of 0.0 to 1.0µgmL–1 Cd(II), and the apparent molar absorptivity is 2.4× 105Lmol–1cm–1. Based on this, a highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for direct determination of trace cadmium. The detection limit and the quantification limit were found to be 6.5 and 9.7µgL–1, respectively. The absorbance of AMPDAA-Cd(II) complex was 0.1881± 7.5×10–3 with a 4.9% relative standard deviation for five repeated measurements of the sample containing 2µg of cadmium in 25mL solution under the same experimental conditions. Interference of foreign ions was also investigated. Except for Ag(I) and Hg(II), most foreign ions can be tolerated in considerable amounts. Interference caused by Ag(I) and Hg(II) can be reduced by adding sodium thiosulfate. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of trace cadmium in rice, grain and flour samples with satisfactory results.  相似文献   

4.
Thallium in natural water samples was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after 1000-fold enrichment by mini solid-phase extraction from a 100-mL sample solution. A Tl-pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate complex formed in a sample solution of pH 1.6 was extracted on fine particles of a cellulose nitrate resin dispersed in the sample solution. The cellulose nitrate resin was then collected on a membrane filter (25mmø) by filtration under suction using a glass funnel with an effective filtration area of 0.64cm2. As a result, a circular thin layer of the resin phase with a diameter of 9mm was obtained. Then the resin phase was carved out by an acrylate resin puncher with a 10-mmø hole to put it into a sample cup containing 100µL of 10mM HNO3 containing 0.5mM NaCl. The resin phase was suspended in the solution by ultrasonication. 1000-fold enrichment was thus attained within 15min, and the suspension was delivered to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The linear calibration graph was obtained in the range of 0–4ng of Tl in 100mL of a sample solution. The detection limit obtained by 3 method was 0.19ng. The proposed method was applied to the determination of Tl in natural water samples. The results showed the concentration of Tl in seawater was 12.1±1.8pgmL–1 for the calibration graph method and 12.6±1.4pgmL–1 for the standard addition method. A snowmelt sample contained 20.7±1.0pgmL–1 of Tl.  相似文献   

5.
A novel electroanalytical method for the determination of physcion is described for the first time. Physcion yields an adsorption catalytic voltammetric peak at –0.74V (vs. SCE) in 0.4molL–1 NH4Cl–NH3·H2O buffer solution (pH 10.5) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The experimental results indicated that physcion is efficiently accumulated at a CPE by adsorption. In the subsequent potential scan, physcion was reduced to a homologous anthrahydroquinone compound. The compound was then immediately oxidized to physcion by the dissolved oxygen in the solution, and then physcion was again reduced at the CPE. As a result, a cyclic catalytic reaction was established. The second-order derivative peak current is proportional to the physcion concentration in the ranges of 2.0×10–104.0×10–9molL–1 (accumulation 90s) and 4.0×10–92.0×10–8molL–1 (accumulation 60s). The limit of detection is 8×10–11molL–1 (S/N=3) for a 120s accumulation time. The method was applied to the direct determination of physcion in the medicinal plant polygonum multiflorum Thumb with satisfactory results.  相似文献   

6.
A novel chromogenic reagent, 2-(2-sulfo-4-acetylphenylazo)-7-(2,4,6-trichlorophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid 1, was prepared by diazo coupling of 4-acetylaniline-2-sulfonic acid and 2,4,6-trichloroaniline to chromotropic acid through –N=N– groups. Based on this reagent, a simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of lead. In 0.20M phosphoric acid medium, lead reacts with 1 to form a 1:2 blue complex with an absorption maximum of 654nm. Beers law is obeyed in the range of 0–0.6mgL–1 of lead. The apparent molar absorptivity is 1.25×105Lmol–1cm–1. The detection limit and quantification limit were found to be 0.63µgL–1 and 2.1µgL–1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for eleven replicate measurements was of 2.6%. The interference of foreign ions was also investigated. All the other foreign ions studied did not interfere with lead determination except for Ca(II) and Ba(II). The interference caused by Ca(II) and Ba(II) can be eliminated by prior extraction of lead with potassium iodide-methylisobutylketone (KI-MIBK). The proposed method was applied to the determination of lead in certified samples with satisfactory results.  相似文献   

7.
Mixed ligand complexes involving four aminoacid dithiocarbamates (RRdtc=glydtc (R=H; R=H), methdtc (R=H; R=C3H7S), sardtc (R=Me; R=H), trydtc (R=H; R=C9H8N), substituted phosphines [PPh3, Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2(dppe)] and nickel(II) are reported. All are diamagnetic. Thermal analyses of the complexes are in keeping with the proposed formulae. Thermal decomposition of the dithiocarbamate moiety proceeds through the formation of Ni(SCN)2. PPh3 and dppe are lost in the initial decomposition stages.  相似文献   

8.
A simple and novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) method for the determination of sulfite has been developed based on the energy transfer ECL process. It was found that a weak ECL signal of sulfite was electrochemically generated on a platinum electrode in neutral aqueous solution. The signal was strongly enhanced by rhodamine B as an energy receptor and further enhanced by the neutral surfactant Tween 80. In 0.10M phosphate buffer solution (pH=7.5) containing 2.0×10–6gmL–1 rhodamine B and 0.4% (v/v) Tween 80, the ECL response to the concentration of sulfite at a potential of 0.82V was linear over a range of 1.0×10–7gmL–1 to 8.0×10–6gmL–1, and the detection limit was 5×10–8gmL–1. The relative standard deviation (n=11, 1.0×10–6gmL–1) was 3.8%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of sulfite in pharmaceutical injections and white sugar samples.  相似文献   

9.
2,3-Dihydroxypyridine loaded (via –N=N–linker) Amberlite XAD-2 (AXAD-2-DHP) was prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, TGA and FT-IR spectra. It (1g packed in a column of 1cm diameter; surface area 135.5m2g–1) was found to be an effective solid phase sorbent for enriching Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ at pH 3.5 to 7.0 using flow rates between 1.0–5.0mLmin–1. For desorption (recovery 97.0–99.8%) of the metal ions, 8 to 10mL of 2.0molL–1 HCl or 1.5molL–1 HNO3 at a flow rate of between 2.0 and 4.0mLmin–1 were found most suitable. The t1/2 (time for 50% sorption) is between 2 and 10min when a 50mL solution (containing a total amount of metal of 2mg) was equilibrated with 0.5g of resin. Sorption of all metal ions except Pb2+ follows the Langmuir model, whereas for Pb the data fits with the Freundlich model. The sorption capacity is between 60.7 (for Cd) and 406.7 (for Cu) µmolg–1. The resin can withstand an acid concentration of 6molL–1 and can be reused for thirty cycles of sorption–desorption. The preconcentration factor varies between 100 and 300. For Cd, Ni and Cu the sorption capacity of 2,3-dihydroxypyridine loaded cellulose is lower than that of the present resin. The tolerance limits of electrolytes, humic acid, complexing agents, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the enrichment of all metal ions are reported. The limits of detection are 3.88, 5.37, 8.72, 13.88, 4.71, 1.24, 0.59 and 0.30µgL–1 for Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Co2+, respectively. The calibration curves for flame AAS determination were linear in the ranges 0.018–1.0, 0.067–5.0, 0.2–5.0, 0.9–20, 0.028–2.0, 0.077–5.0, 0.19–10 and 0.1–3.5µgmL–1, respectively. All the eight metal ions in river and synthetic water samples, Co in vitamin tablets and Zn in milk samples have been quantitatively enriched with Amberlite XAD-2-DHP and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.  相似文献   

10.
A microcolumn on-line preconcentration and separation system was developed for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determination of trace levels of gold and palladium. The analytes were selectively adsorbed onto the microcolumn packed with 2-mercaptothiazole immobilized silica gel (MBTSG) in an acidity range of 0.1 to 6.0M HCl at a sampling flow rate of 4.0mLmin–1. The analytes adsorbed could be desorbed by a thiourea solution with a flow rate of 2.0mLmin–1. Most of the common coexisting metal ions at a concentration of 25.0mgmL–1 and anions at a concentration of 50.0mgmL–1 did not interfere with the preconcentration and determination of Au and Pd. The limits of detection (LOD), defined as three times the standard deviation of the blank (3), of Au and Pd are 10ngmL–1 and 26ngmL–1, respectively, with a preconcentration time of 60s. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is about 2.0% for 0.20µgmL–1 Au and 0.30µgmL–1 Pd. With a sample loading time of 30min, 6.7ngmL–1 Au and 10ngmL–1 Pd can be preconcentrated quantitatively. A geological sample, an anode slime and a secondary nickel alloy were successfully determined with the proposed method, and the results obtained showed good agreement with the certified values.Received December 23, 2002; accepted May 14, 2003 Published online August 8, 2003  相似文献   

11.
Six transition metal(II) complexes with 8-acetyl-4-methyl umbelliferone (AMUH), ML2 (L=AMU; M=Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductance, i.r., 1H-n.m.r. and u.v. spectroscopic techniques. The e.s.r. spectra show that CuL2 is anisotropic, with g2.05 and g2.26. The MnL2 species is characterized by a very broad g2 centered resonance without manganese hyperfine structure. The antioxidative and other biological activities of selected complexes were also investigated, indicating that both the ligand and complexes exhibit a scavenging effect on the superoxide radical (O2 –·) and a suppressing effect on the hydroxyl radical (·OH). The suppressing effect on ·OH is greater than the scavenging effect on O2 ·. The Cu and Mn complexes exhibit very significant suppression ratios for both radicals. However, the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxides results show that, in the initial stage, the Cu and Mn complexes exhibit obvious inhibitory effects on lipid peroxides, but after one hour, they begin to accelerate the lipid peroxides. Lower catalytic activity and instability when the complexes react with active oxygen may be responsible for this dual nature. The ligand and four transition metal(II) complexes selectively, obviously, inhibit the growth of HCT-8 and HL-60 tumour cell lines. They also exhibit a minor influence on the proliferation of B cells in higher concentration (10–5m), but only a weak effect on the proliferation of T cells of the BALB/C (nude rate) spleen cells.  相似文献   

12.
The fabrication and electrochemical characteristics of a penicillamine (PCA) self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode were investigated. The self-assembled electrode shows obvious electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of epinephrine (EP). In phosphate buffer (pH 7.73), a sensitive oxidation peak was observed at 0.190V with the PCA modified Au electrode. The peak current is proportional to the concentration of EP in the range of 2.0×10–56.0×10–4molL–1 and 5.0×10–6 2.0×10–4molL–1 for cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with the detection limits of 1.8×10–7 and 1.3×10–7molL–1, respectively. The possible reaction mechanism is also discussed. The PCA self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode is highly stable and can be applied to the determination of EP in practical injection samples. Application is simple, rapid and produces accurate results.  相似文献   

13.
A simple and reliable electrochemical method for the determination of bismuth in water and nickel metal samples using a sodium montmorillonite (SWy-2) modified carbon paste electrode was described. Due to its strong cation-exchange ability and adsorptive characteristics, SWy-2 significantly enhances the sensitivity of determination for Bi3+. Bi3+ is firstly preconcentrated and then reduced on the modified electrode surface at –0.50V. After that, reduced bismuth is stripped from the electrode surface during the positive potential sweep of –0.50V to 0.20V, and a well-defined stripping peak at –0.12V appears. The stripping peak current is proportional to the concentration of Bi3+ from 4×10–9molL–1 to 1×10–6molL–1. The detection limit (signal-to-noise=3) is 1×10–10molL–1 after 5min. accumulation. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of bismuth in water and nickel metal samples.  相似文献   

14.
This paper presents a new simple and rapid procedure for the preconcentration and determination of platinum. It is based on the adsorption of the metal ion and preconcentration on a micro-column (3cm×3mm) placed in the injection valve of a flow injection (FI) manifold and packed with 1,5-bis[(2-pyridyl)-3-sulphophenyl-methylene]thiocarbonohydrazide (PSTH) immobilised on an anion-exchange resin (Dowex 1X8-200). The metal was eluted from the column using a solution of 2M HNO3. Various parameters and chemical variables affecting the preconcentration and determination of this metal by ICP-AES were evaluated. Five variables (sample flow rate, eluent flow rate, nebulizer flow rate, buffer concentration and mixing coil length) were considered as factors in the optimisation process. Interactions between analytical factors, and their optimal levels were investigated using two level factorial and central matrix designs. The optimum conditions established were applied to the determination of platinum by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (FI-ICP-AES). The method has a linear calibration range of 25 to at least 200ngmL–1 with a detection limit of 7.4ngmL–1 (S/N=3) and a throughput of 10 samples h–1 using 5min. preconcentration time. The precision of the method (RSD) was 3.06% ngmL–1 at the 50ngmL–1 level of Pt(IV) and 2.93% at the 150ngmL–1 level. The accuracy of the method was examined by determining the analyte content in spiked waters and by analysing an automobile catalyst standard reference material. The results show good agreement with the certified value and sufficiently high recoveries.  相似文献   

15.
A rapid and simple method for the determination of a cationic surfactant is described. The method is based on the formation of an ion associate with tetraphenylporphinetetrasulfonic acid (TPPS) and zephiramine as an example of a cationic surfactant. The ion associate was adsorbed on the inner wall of the vessel by vigorous shaking. After complete removal of the solution in the tube, the ion associate was dissolved with 50% ethanol and measured spectrophotometrically. The proposed method is simple and rapid. The apparent molar absorption coefficient for zephiramine using 20mL of sample and 5mL of eluent was estimated to be 9.01×104Lmol–1cm–1 at 415nm. The coefficient of variation for 20.2µg of zephiramine was 5.9% (n=10).  相似文献   

16.
A sub-micrometer thin-layer DNA modified carbon fiber microcylinder electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of ct-DNA at 1.5V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The voltammetric behavior of dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) was investigated at the modified electrode. It was found that the modified electrode exhibits a highly electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for determination of dopamine in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. A linear response of the peak current versus the concentration was found in the range of 4×10–6 to 10–4molL–1 at 10–4molL–1 AA (ascorbic acid) coexistence (R=0.9959) and the range of 6×10–5 to 10–3molL–1 at 10–3molL–1 AA (R=0.9960). The presence of a high concentration of ascorbic acid did not interfere with the determination. The proposed method exhibited good recovery and reproducibility. This method can be applied to the detection of DA in real samples.  相似文献   

17.
A method for the determination of Fe(III), Co(II) and Cr(III) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) after preconcentrating on a column containing S. carlsbergensis immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4 has been developed. The optimum values of pH, amount of adsorbent, elution solution and flow rate of the sample solution were determined for the quantitative recovery of the analytes. The effect of interfering ions on the recovery of the analytes was also investigated. Under the optimum conditions, recoveries of Fe(III), Co(II) and Cr(III) by S. carlsbergensis immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4 were 99±2, 100±2 and 98±2% at 95% confidence level, respectively. The limit of detections for Fe(III), Co(II) and Cr(III) were 2.8, 3.9 and 7.4ngmL–1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the analytes in various water samples. The validity of the method was checked with spiked water samples. Fe(III), Co(II) and Cr(III) was determined with a relative error of less than 5%.  相似文献   

18.
A new method for the simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions in Chinese herbal medicine by microwave digestion and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been developed. The Chinese herbal medicine samples were digested by microwave digestion. Lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc, and tin ions in the digested samples were pre-column derivatized with tetra-(4-chlorophenyl)-porphyrin (T4-CPP) to form the colored chelates which were then enriched by solid phase extraction with C18 cartridge and eluted from the cartridge with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The chelates were separated on a Waters Xterra RP18 column by gradient elution with methanol (containing 0.05molL–1 pyrrolidine-acetic acid buffer salt, pH=10.0) and THF (containing 0.05molL–1 pyrrolidine-acetic acid buffer salt, pH=10.0) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5mLmin–1 and detected with a photodiode array detector in the range of 350–600nm. In the original samples the detection limits of lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc and tin are 4ngL–1, 3ngL–1, 6ngL–1, 5ngL–1, 2ngL–1, 6ngL–1, and 4ngL–1, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc and tin in Chinese herbal medicine samples with good results.  相似文献   

19.
NMR imaging and spatially resolved diffusometry have been used to study the distribution of water within swollen cellophane and measure its diffusion coefficient. Water concentration and diffusion coefficient were found to be essentially constant across most of the film thickness. However, significantly slower diffusion was indicated for water near the film surface (D=0.5×10–9m2s–1) compared with water in the centre of the film (D=0.88×10–9m2s–1). This was also reflected in lower T 2 values at the edge of the film indicating water with more restricted motion. These observations were interpreted in terms of dense surface regions of cellulose (skin) over a more porous interior (core).  相似文献   

20.
Ten transition metal cluster complexes with parent and substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands, [(5-C5H4 CH2CH2)2O][MFeCoS(CO)8]2 (2 M=Mo; 3 M=W), (5-C5H5)(5-RC5H4)MFeNiS(CO)5 (5 M=Mo, R=Me; 6M= W, R=H), (5-C5H5)[5-C5H4C(O)CH2]2[WFeNiS(CO)5][WFeCoS(CO)8] (8), (5-C5H5)2[5-C5H4 C(O)CH2]2[WFeNiS(CO)5]2 (9), (5-RC5H4)[(5-C5H4CH2CH2)2O][Mo2FeS(CO)7][MoFeCoS (CO)8] (10R=MeCO; 12 R=MeO2C), (5-RC5H4)2[(5-C5H4CH2CH2)2O][Mo2FeS(CO)7]2 (11 R=MeCO; 13 R=MeO2C), were synthesized through single and double isolobal displacements and characterized by elemental analyses, i.r., 1H-n.m.r. and MS techniques.  相似文献   

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