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《物理学进展》2016,36(2):46
固体在机械振动过程中由于材料内部原因引起的能量损耗称为内耗。晶界内耗峰是我国科
学家葛庭燧于1947 年用他发明的“葛氏扭摆” 在多晶纯铝中发现的。晶界内耗峰和相关的滞弹
性效应可以用滞弹性理论和粘滞性滑动模型给予合理的解释。这个内耗峰已被广泛地用来研究晶
界的动力学行为,杂质在晶界的偏聚,以及材料科学中相关的问题。
以往晶界内耗的研究大多数是用多晶试样进行的,其中包含了不同类型晶界的贡献。由于不
同类型晶界的结构和性质不同,因而多晶试样中的晶界内耗只能反映不同晶界的“平均效应”,
它的具体机制也难以解释清楚。
二十一世纪以来,人们对双晶试样(其中只包含单一晶界)中的晶界内耗进行了比较细致的
研究。实验结果表明,晶界内耗可以反映不同类型晶界的“个性”,因而可以应用于“晶界的设
计和控制”(或称“晶界工程”)。此外,新近还发现了晶界内耗中的“耦合效应” 和“补偿效
应”。这些发现加深了对晶界内耗机制的认识。
本文首先对以往多晶试样中的晶界内耗研究做一个简要的概述,然后介绍近年来双晶试样中
晶界内耗研究的新进展,并对晶界内耗的微观机制和应用前景进行分析和展望。 相似文献
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利用分子动力学方法研究了不同晶粒度的纳米多晶铁在冲击压缩下的结构相变过程,模拟结果表明:纳米多晶铁的冲击结构相变(由体心立方(bcc)结构 α 相到六角密排(hcp)结构 ε 相)发生的临界冲击应力在15 GPa左右.纳米多晶铁在经过弹性压缩变形后,晶界导致的塑性变形开始发生,然后大多数相变从晶界成核并最终发展为大规模相变.不同变形过程在应力和粒子速度剖面上能得到清晰的体现,并通过微观原子结构分析分辨.冲击压缩后的微观结构以晶界原子和以fcc结构原子充当孪晶界的hcp原子为主.晶粒度明显影响晶界变形及相变
关键词:
冲击相变
纳米多晶铁
冲击波
分子动力学 相似文献
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冲击波阵面反映材料在冲击压缩下的弹塑性变形行为以及屈服强度、应变率条件等宏观量, 还与冲击压缩后的强度变化联系. 本文使用分子动力学方法, 模拟研究了冲击压缩下纳米多晶铜中的动态塑性变形过程, 考察了冲击波阵面和弹塑性机理对晶界存在的依赖, 并与纳米多晶铝的冲击压缩进行了比较. 研究发现: 相比晶界对纳米多晶铝的贡献而言, 纳米多晶铜中晶界对冲击波阵面宽度的影响较小; 并且其塑性变形机理主要以不全位错的发射和传播为主, 很少观察到全位错和形变孪晶的出现. 模拟还发现纳米多晶铜的冲击波阵面宽度随着冲击应力的增加而减小, 并得到了冲击波阵面宽度与冲击应力之间的定量反比关系, 该定量关系与他人纳米多晶铜模拟结果相近, 而与粗晶铜的冲击压缩实验结果相差较大. 相似文献
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Due to the large grain boundary (GB) volume fraction in nanocrystalline materials, interactions between GB and compositional domain boundary (CDB) play an important role in determining the nanoscale-modulated domain structures during spinodal decomposition. In the present paper, the phase field crystal model is employed to investigate the interactions between GB and CDB. Simulation results show that CDB coarsening can drive the GB migration and bring the impingement of particles with different orientations; the large volume fraction of GB can increase the dislocation volume fraction in CDBs but does not change its proportion in the whole defects number; the crossover point of the coarsening dynamic comes from the block effect of GB with large volume fraction. 相似文献
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Abstract The use of hydrostatic pressure as an intensive parameter for investigation of grain boundaries (GBs) migration in bicrystals is potentially important in gaining additional information on the mechanism of GB migration. This is because an analysis of the pressure dependence of the GB mobility yields a new activation parameter of the migration process, namely the activation volume V* which quantitatively is the difference between the volumes of the system in the ground and activated states. Only a few experiments to study the pressure dependence of GB mobility are known [1,2]. These experiments were made on polycrystalline materials. They provide the average data for all GBs in polycrystal and do not permit the determination of the connection between GB structure and value of activation volume V* of GB migration. In studying the mobility of single boundaries of a given type, there is the possibility of connecting the activation volume with the GB structural peculiarities, in particular, of determining the misorientation dependence of the activation volume, that is, of determining V* for GBs having various degrees of ordering. 相似文献
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S. N. Zhevnenko D. V. Vaganov D. A. Podgornyi 《Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques》2011,5(4):683-686
A new method is proposed for measuring the chemical composition of grain boundaries (GBs) in copper-based alloys not prone
to embrittlement of boundaries. This method is based on embrittlement of copper GBs by bismuth penetrating from the gas phase
of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). Chemical analysis of the GB surface is performed via Auger-electron spectroscopy. The GB composition is measured in a solid
solution of silver (its volume concentration is 1.4 at %) and copper. The segregation annealing temperature is 570°C. The
silver concentration across the broken surface of the GB (its thickness is five to ten atomic layers) is 4.7 at %. Therefore,
the ratio between silver concentrations within the GB and the grain volume (the enrichment coefficient) is approximately 3.5. 相似文献
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Steyskal EM Oberdorfer B Sprengel W Zehetbauer M Pippan R Würschum R 《Physical review letters》2012,108(5):055504
The grain boundary excess volume, i.e., the grain boundary expansion, e{GB}, was experimentally determined for high-angle grain boundaries in nickel using the direct technique of high-precision difference dilatometry. Values of e{GB}=(0.35±0.04)×10{-10} m and e{GB}=(0.32±0.04)×10{-10} m were obtained by measuring the removal of grain boundary volume upon grain growth for two different types of ultrafine-grained samples. The results are discussed in comparison to values obtained so far from indirect techniques and from computer simulations. It demonstrates the strength of the presented novel, direct approach for grain boundary expansion measurements. 相似文献
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Nucleation and growth of helium bubble at(110) twist grain boundaries in tungsten studied by molecular dynamics
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《中国物理 B》2019,(8)
Migration of He atoms and growth of He bubbles in high angle twist grain boundaries(HAGBs) in tungsten(W) are investigated by atomic simulation method. The energy and free volume(FV) of grain boundary(GB) are affected by the density and structure of dislocation patterns in GB. The migration energy of the He atom between the neighboring trapping sites depends on free volume along the migration path at grain boundary. The region of grain boundary around the He bubble forms an ordered crystal structure when He bubble grows at certain grain boundaries. The He atoms aggregate on the grain boundary plane to form a plate-shape configuration. Furthermore, high grain boundary energy(GBE) results in a large volume of He bubble. Thus, the nucleation and growth of He bubbles in twist grain boundaries depend on the energy of grain boundary, the dislocation patterns and the free volume related migration path on the grain boundary plane. 相似文献
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The nucleation behavior of He bubbles in single-crystal (sc) and nano-grain body-centered-cubic (bcc) Mo is simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, focusing on the effects of the grain boundary (GB) structure. In sc Mo, the nucleation behavior of He bubbles depends on irradiation conditions. He bubbles nucleate by either clustering of He atoms with pre-existing vacancies or self-interstitial-atom (SIA) punching without initial vacancies. In nano-grain Mo, strong precipitation of He at the GBs is observed, and the density, size and spatial distribution of He bubbles vary with the GB structure. The corresponding He bubble density is higher in nano-grain Mo than that in sc Mo and the average bubble size is smaller. In the GB plane, He bubbles distribute along the dislocation cores for GBs consisting of GB dislocations and randomly for those without distinguishable dislocation structures. The simulation results in nano-grain Mo are in agreement with previous experiments in metal nano-layers, and they are further explained by the effect of excess volume associated with the GBs. 相似文献
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LONG Jian ZHANG Shuai ZHAO YuLong LONG QingHua YANG Tao CHEN Zheng 《中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)》2014,57(6):1046-1056
Deformation behaviors of bicrystalline and nano-polycrystalline structures of various tilt angles and inclination angles in two dimensions are investigated in detail using a two-mode phase field crystal model.The interaction between grain boundary(GB)and dislocation is also examined in bicrystals and nano-polycrystals that both contain asymmetric and symmetric tilt GBs,with energy analysis being carried out to analyze these processes.During deformation simulations,we assume the volume of each simulation cell at every time step is coincident with that of the initial state just before deformation.Our simulation results show that the behaviors of symmetric and asymmetric GBs in bicrystals and nano-polycrystals differ from each other depending on tilt angle and inclination angle.A new dislocation emission mechanism of interest is observed in bicrystals which contain low angle symmetric tilt GBs.Low angle GB has a higher mobility relative to high angle GB in both bicrystalline and nano-polycrystalline structures,as does asymmetric GB to symmetric GB.The generation,motion,pileup and annihilation of dislocations,grain rotation and grain coalescence are observed,which is consistent with the simulation results obtained by molecular dynamics.These simulation results can provide strong guidelines for experimentation. 相似文献
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Seung Wha Lee Sang Hoon ChaHwan Hoon Chung Kee Hwan KimSuk Keu Yeom Bo Kyung SeoBo Kyung Je Baek Hyun Kim 《Magnetic resonance imaging》2014
Purpose
To describe the patterns of bile distribution in the biliary tree, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach, and to determine the gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) by using functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) with gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) in healthy volunteers.Materials and Methods
Forty subjects were included in this study. After conventional MRC, pre-fatty meal MRC (PRFM) was obtained at 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after contrast agent injection. Then, post-fatty meal MRC (POFM) was obtained every 10 min for 1 h. We assessed the PRFM and POFM for opacification of contrast agent in the first- and second-order intrahepatic ducts (IHDs) and the common bile duct (CBD). Contrast agent opacification in the cystic duct was assessed, and the percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the gallbladder (GB) was calculated on PRFM. We calculated the GBEF and assessed the presence of contrast agent in the GB, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach.Results
Thirty-six (90%) subjects showed grade 3 CBD opacification (visible contrast and well-defined bile duct border) on 60-min PRFM. Thirty-four (85%) subjects showed grade 3 first-order IHD opacification on 60-min PRFM. All (100%) subjects showed cystic duct opacification of contrast agent, and the average percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the GB was 68.81% ± 16.84% on 60-min PRFM. The GBEF at 30-min POFM was 35.00% ± 18.26%. Ten (25%) subjects had no contrast agent in the stomach and small bowel on all PRFMs. Twelve (30%) subjects had contrast medium in the stomach on PRFM and/or POFM.Conclusions
Functional MRC with Gd-EOB-DTPA can allow determining the distribution of bile in the biliary tree and small intestine, as well as the GBEF. 相似文献19.
《Solid State Ionics》2006,177(1-2):159-163
8 mol% Yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) powder was prepared by coprecipitation. ZnO (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 wt.%) was added to the YSZ powder through a mechanical mixing method. The densification , microstructure and electrical properties of the YSZ ceramics sintered at 1300 °C for 2 h, were investigated. It was found that the small addition of ZnO was effective in reducing the sintering temperature and promoting the densification rate of the ceramics. The 5.0 wt.% ZnO-doped YSZ has ∼ 96% relative density, as compared to ∼ 89% relative density for the undoped sample. The total conductivity of 8YSZ was evidently increased by doping small amount of ZnO. For the 0.5 wt.% doped sample, the total conductivity of 2.89 × 10− 2 Ω− 1 cm− 1 and an increase of 120% in conductivity were observed at 800 °C, as compared to that of the undoped one. We also found that the grain boundary (GB) conductivity could be improved by small addition of ZnO. At intermediate temperature (∼ 300 °C), the maximum enhancement of GB conductivity was observed with 5.0 wt% ZnO dopant. Finally, the volume percentage of GB in the ceramics was estimated by the brick layer model. The possible mechanism related to the improved GB conduction of the YSZ due to the ZnO additions was discussed. 相似文献
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Grain boundary extra free volume (GB EFV) can be considered as fundamental microstructural parameter for polycrystalline or nano-crystalline materials. Here, we present a systematic first principles study on a group of representative symmetric tilt grain boundaries of Al with various EFVs subjected to vacancy formation and Mg segregation. All grain boundaries were constructed using the coincident site lattice (CSL) and the structural unit (SU) models. It was found that the SU model is superior to the CSL in describing FCC-Al GBs, the same as we previously revealed for BCC-Fe. The predicted relation between GB misorientation angle and EFV, and the predicted EFV criteria for a stable GB, both agree with available experimental observations. Vacancy formation and Mg segregation show stronger preference to those GBs with high EFV values, due to the resultant high levels of atomic disorder. These findings not only provide a new, atomistic perspective on the significance of EFV, but also suggest a viable means of predicting GB properties based on direct experimental characterisation of GB EFVs. 相似文献