热喷干扰气体模型对飞行器气动特性影响分析

针对不同气体模型对高超声速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统(RCS)热喷干扰流场模拟的计算效率和准确性问题, 基于喷流燃气物理化学模型, 通过数值求解含化学反应源项的三维N-S方程, 建立了飞行器RCS热喷干扰流场数值模拟方法, 分别采用化学反应流、反应冻结流、二元异质流以及空气喷流四种气体模型开展了典型外形热喷干扰流场的数值模拟, 研究了不同气体模型对热喷干扰流场结构、飞行器气动力热特性的影响, 分析了不同马赫数、飞行高度下的变化规律. 研究表明: 化学反应流模型计算精度较高, 计算与风洞试验数据的吻合程度优于其他三种简化模型; 在本文的低空条件下, 采用简化模型进行热喷干扰流场数值模拟, 会低估分离区大小, 使飞行器气动力特性预测出现偏差, 同时也会低估表面热环境, 对防热系统设计不利, 随着马赫数增加, 简化模型对气动力热特性预估的误差进一步增大, 同时不同简化模型之间的差异也进一步增大; 飞行高度较高时, 模型之间的差异减小, 此时可采用简化模型进行计算以提高计算效率. 本文的研究结果可为飞行器热喷干扰流场数值模拟及喷流反作用控制系统设计提供参考.      

On the influence of elevated surface temperatures on hypersonic shock wave/boundary layer interaction at a heated ramp model

Although important flow parameters as Mach number, Reynolds number and total enthalpy can be reproduced in most hypersonic experiments quite well, due to different surface temperature effects in wind tunnel and flight, scaling as well as specific flow properties of shock wave/boundary layer interactions are different. This especially holds for short-duration facilities like, e.g. shock tunnels where due to short running times the models remain more or less at ambient temperature. To overcome this shortcoming, an experimental study has been conducted using a preheatable ramp model with 15° ramp angle. This allowed us to adjust the surfaces to an arbitrary temperature just before the experiment started. Pressure and heat flux measurements clearly showed the effect of varying surface and free stream temperatures. These results are supported by schlieren pictures and infrared measurements. The comparison of the measurements with theoretical and numerical results shows a good agreement. Separation bubble scaling laws proposed by Katzer and Davis have been applied and partially confirmed using the local conditions of the boundary layer at separation.     

基于三路舵机驱动的扑翼飞行模型气动特性研究

扑动而形成非定常气动现象是扑翼飞行过程中产生高升力的主要原因。本文以Ellington实验的鹰蛾翅膀为原形,设计扑翼实验及数值计算模型。通过压差传感器对翅膀模型上翼面固定位置进行测压,分析前缘涡的产生及脱落情况(考虑动压效应)。测量上下翼面固定位置处的压差,揭示扑翼飞行中产生高升力的主要原因。利用烟风洞观察扑翼模型周围流场结构及特殊涡产生变化情况。另外,根据Ellington提供的升力关系式估算了扑翼模型在一个周期内的平均升力。最后,基于三维欧拉方程对扑翼飞行气动特性进行数值模拟,计算结果与实验吻合良好。     

高超声速飞行器气动热关联换算方法研究

气动热风洞实验是地面研究和预测飞行器气动热环境的重要手段之一, 但由于风洞实验模拟能力的限制, 风洞实验的流场参数和模型的几何尺度都会与实际飞行情况存在一定的差别, 导致地面风洞实验中得到的模型表面气动加热率数据无法直接用于飞行条件下的热环境预测和热防护设计. 以往通过针对具体飞行器的试验结果进行数据拟合后外插的气动热关联换算方法指向性较强, 没有考虑到气动热的具体影响参数, 存在一定局限性, 难以外推应用于其他外形的飞行器. 为解决通过气动热风洞实验数据外推预测飞行条件下气动热的技术难题, 基于无量纲NS方程和边界层理论分析研究了影响气动热的主要参数, 并通过推导化简边界层近似解热流公式, 针对层流流态建立了气动热关联换算方法, 可以考虑当地边界层外缘参数的影响, 具有一定通用性. 在此基础上, 利用建立的方法将Reentry-F飞行器缩比模型的风洞实验数据换算到该飞行器飞行条件下的典型工况, 并与飞行测量结果进行了比较, 外推预测结果与飞行测量结果符合较好, 表明建立的关联方法可以用于气动热风洞实验数据的外推换算.      

TATB基非均质炸药预冲击减敏的数值模拟

为了对一种TATB基非均质炸药的预冲击起爆现象展开数值模拟研究,将基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型耦合进二维结构网格拉氏弹塑性流体力学程序。利用炸药及其产物的冲击雨贡纽实验数据校验了未反应炸药及产物的状态方程参数,通过一维冲击起爆的模拟,标定了反应速率模型参数。模拟了炸药在弱冲击0.45 μs后跟随的强冲击波的二次冲击实验,结果表明,受预压缩区域的炸药反应变慢,到爆轰距离增长了约1 mm,与该炸药二次冲击实验减敏现象相符。模拟拐角效应时,爆轰波经过拐角后,在拐角附近形成稳定的不起爆区域,与主要成分相同的LX-17炸药的拐角效应实验的死区特征相符。数值模拟结果表明,基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型可以较好地模拟非均质炸药预冲击减敏问题。     

Coupling Relation Between Air Shockwave and High-Temperature Flow from Explosion of Methane in Air

After a methane-in-air explosion in a coal mine tunnel, a secondary explosion of coal dust is prone to happen. The shockwave in the gas explosion produces a coal dust suspension, and the peak temperature band may detonate that suspension. This secondary detonation depends on the space-time relation between the shockwave and the peak temperature band. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the coupling relation between the air shockwave and high-temperature flow from the explosion of methane in air. The commercial software package AutoReaGas was used to carry out the numerical simulation for the explosion processes of methane in air in the tunnel. Based on the numerical simulation and its analysis, the coupling relation between the leading shock wave and high-temperature flow was demonstrated for a methane-in-air explosion in a tunnel. In the near field of the ignition point, the deflagration wave transmits energy by heat, and the temperature load is in the front of the pressure wave. With development of deflagration and deflagration-to-detonation transition, the corresponding mechanism of energy transmission is changed from heat conduction to shock compression, and a precursor pressure wave is formed gradually. The time interval between the precursor pressure wave and high-temperature flow behind the wave increases with distance. Attenuation of the precursor shock wave and high-temperature flow depends on the length of the methane-in-air space in a tunnel. Beyond the methane-in-air space, the quantitative relation of the time interval between the precursor shock wave and high-temperature flow with axial distance from ignition and the length of methane-in-air space was proposed.     

激波风洞内超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道流场实验观测

主要进行了超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道的实验观测。利用来流马赫数4.5的直通式激波风洞,考察了三组具有不同压缩角度的进气道模型内部的流场情况。实验观测手段为油流法、丝线法和高速纹影,同时,辅以数值模拟以有助于流场细节分析。纹影照片展示了进气道内部以激波边界层相互作用为主要影响因素的流场复杂结构,数值模拟也显示了相近的结果。油流技术与丝线法显示了近壁面处的流动图像,照片中可见激波、分离线、再附线等分界线位置。根据实验结果,可以推测唇口激波与进气道内边界层的相互作用及其引起的壁面分离是影响进气道内流动的主要因素。同时,尝试了利用抽吸方法减弱激波与边界层相互作用诱发的壁面流动分离,并取得一定结果。     

An experimental investigation of hypervelocity flow in a conical nozzle

The flow in a conical nozzle is examined experimentally for a range of hypervelocity conditions in a free-piston shock tunnel. The pitot pressure levels compare reasonably well with an inviscid numerical prediction which includes a correction for the growth of the nozzle wall boundary layer. The size of the nozzle wall boundary layer seems to be well predicted by semi-empirical expressions developed for perfect gas flows, as do data from other free-piston shock tunnels.     

激波风洞高低压段钢膜片破裂特性研究

激波风洞是用于高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化的常用地面试验装置,基于爆轰驱动技术,激波风洞能够在短时间(毫秒级)内产生高温、高压的驱动气体来模拟高超声速试验气流.主膜片位于激波风洞中的爆轰驱动段和激波管段之间,试验时膜片在爆轰脉冲压力下打开,膜片的打开状态和脱落情况对激波风洞气流品质有很大的影响. 同时,膜片也是形成激波的先决条件. 传统的风洞采用铝质膜片进行试验,在激波风洞中需要承压能力更强的膜片, 此时铝质膜片不再适用, 需要采用钢质膜片.因此, 对激波风洞中的钢膜片破裂特性进行研究很有必要.将数值计算结果与试验结果进行比较, 发现数值计算结果与试验结果吻合得比较理想,计算结果具有可靠性. 基于膜片的应力-应变模型, 建立了膜片打开的动力学模型,根据CJ爆轰理论, 采用有限元软件计算模拟了膜片破裂的过程,分析总结了膜片破裂的机制和力学特性规律.采用控制变量法对不同厚度和凹槽长度的膜片进行分析研究,得到了膜片破膜压力和有效破膜时间的变化规律. 在激波风洞试验中,根据膜片总破膜时间设计了适用于JF-12复现风洞的膜片参数.      

Shock wave standoff distance for a sphere slightly above Mach one

This paper describes a numerical simulation of bow shock formation ahead of a sphere at steady supersonic flow in the Mach number range of 1.025–1.20. Turbulent viscous flow results are presented using the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model. The purpose of this study is to determine the shock standoff distance for a spherical projectile at slightly supersonic free flight speeds. Results are compared to experimental data, including double exposure holographic interferograms obtained from a 40 mm polycarbonate sphere launched by a light gas gun. The shock standoff distance was determined from the interferograms. The present numerical simulations were found to agree with previously published data, and reached down to M = 1.025—a range where almost no previously published data exists. The computed flow structure and shock wave locations agree well with recently obtained free-flight interferograms.     

Hypersonic flow in an MHD-acceleration facility and under full-scale conditions

A formulation of the problem, a method of solution, and calculated results are considered for flow past the windward side of a sphere under conditions of an aerodynamic facility (a wind tunnel) with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) acceleration of the air flow and the corresponding full-scale flight conditions in the Earth's atmosphere. Calculations were performed on the basis of numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations taking into account thermochemical nonequilibrium of air and catalytic properties of the body surface. Results of the mathematical simulation of flow around a sphere in an MHD-acceleration wind tunnel are compared with experimental data obtained at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). The problem of recalculation of experimental data for full-scale conditions is analyzed. Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, Zhukovskii 140160. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 91–102, March–April, 1998.     

Thermochemical nonequilibrium viscous shock layer studies of the orbital reentry experiment (OREX) vehicle

In 1994, the Orbital Reentry Experiment (OREX) was conducted by the National Aerospace Laboratory and National Space Development Agency of Japan. During this experiment aerodynamic heating and saturated ion current were successfully measured. In this paper, the thermochemical nonequilibrium shock layer of the OREX vehicle has been reconstructed using a VSL (Viscous Shock Layer) numerical simulation. In addition, heating to the OREX vehicle and electron density have been calculated and compared with the flight data. The numerical simulation has been made for the flight conditions at altitudes ranging from 96.7 km to 59.6 km, using a three temperature model composed of translational-rotational, vibrational and electron-electronic temperatures. The catalytic efficiency of the coating material on the nose of the vehicle was determined by comparing the flight data for heat flux with the numerical result for the finite catalytic wall. The calculated electron density values were in approximate agreement with the flight values. Received 17 June 2001 / Accepted 23 September 2001     

Measurement and imaging of supersonic combustion in a model scramjet engine

Results of tests performed in a free-piston shock tunnel on a model scramjet engine are presented. Two conditions which differed in Mach number were tested. Flow at the lower Mach number condition was achieved using a variable-angle diffuser. Shadowgraph images and floor static pressure measurements were obtained, the latter used as the basis of a finite-difference calculation of flow properties in the scramjet. Received 9 May 1998 / Accepted 30 September 1998     

双目视觉技术在高超声速颤振风洞试验中的应用

以验证高超声速颤振风洞试验技术为目标,为了获取试验模型在风洞流场激励下的位移形貌,运用风洞试验的方法研究了某翼面模型的颤振特性。采用一种基于双目视觉系统的试验方法,系统主要由CCD相机、图像采集卡和控制计算机组成,通过立体视觉标定和数字图像处理技术解算出模型变形的形貌。试验结果表明,该方法应用成功,与CFD/CSD数值计算结果比对良好,验证了该技术在高超声速风洞试验中应用的可行性。     

On the interference of a weak and a strong shock wave in a dissociating nitrogen flow

The influence of the nitrogen dissociation on the interactions due to the interference of two planar shock waves in a hypersonic high enthalpy flow is theoretically investigated for infinite reaction rates. The two limiting cases of infinitely slow and infinitely fast reactions are modelled as a perfect gas and an ideal dissociating gas in chemical equilibrium.To investigate the influence of finite reaction rates on the interactions of shock waves, experiments are performed in the high enthalpy shock tunnel Göttingen (HEG) with a wind tunnel model consisting of a wedge type shock generator and a transversally mounted cylinder. The pressure and heat transfer loads resulting from the shock wave interferences are measured and the flow field is visualized by means of interferograms. The experimental results are compared with the results of a numerical simulation for a dissociating nitrogen flow and with the experimental results for a perfect gas flow.     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

Calculation of Ionization and Radiative Characteristics of Air in the Shock Layer on the Basis of Various Models of Vibration–Dissociation Interaction

Models of vibrationdissociation interaction are verified on the basis of results of numerical simulation of nonequilibrium air flow in the shock layer near vehicles flying in the atmosphere and data of inflight and windtunnel experiments on measurement of ionization and radiative characteristics of the shock layer.     

Plasma mitigation of shock wave: experiments and theory

Two types of plasma spikes, generated by on-board 60 Hz periodic and pulsed dc electric discharges in front of two slightly different wind tunnel models, were used to demonstrate the non-thermal plasma techniques for shock wave mitigation. The experiments were conducted in a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel. (1) In the periodic discharge case, the results show a transformation of the shock from a well-defined attached shock into a highly curved shock structure, which has increased shock angle and also appears in diffused form. As shown in a sequence with increasing discharge intensity, the shock in front of the model moves upstream to become detached with increasing standoff distance from the model and is eliminated near the peak of the discharge. The power measurements exclude the heating effect as a possible cause of the observed shock wave modification. A theory using a cone model as the shock wave generator is presented to explain the observed plasma effect on shock wave. The analysis shows that the plasma generated in front of the model can effectively deflect the incoming flow; such a flow deflection modifies the structure of the shock wave generated by the cone model, as shown by the numerical results, from a conic shape to a curved one. The shock front moves upstream with a larger shock angle, matching well with that observed in the experiment. (2) In the pulsed dc discharge case, hollow cone-shaped plasma that envelops the physical spike of a truncated cone model is produced in the discharge; consequently, the original bow shock is modified to a conical shock, equivalent to reinstating the model into a perfect cone and to increase the body aspect ratio by 70%. A significant wave drag reduction in each discharge is inferred from the pressure measurements; at the discharge maximum, the pressure on the frontal surface of the body decreases by more than 30%, the pressure on the cone surface increases by about 5%, whereas the pressure on the cylinder surface remains unchanged. The energy saving from drag reduction is estimated to make up two-thirds of the energy consumed in the electric discharge for the plasma generation. The measurements also show that the plasma effect on the shock structure lasts much longer than the discharge period.

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气相爆轰波正反射激波加速研究

实验采用压力传感器测量了指定点压力时间曲线。数值模拟基于二维反应欧拉方程和基元反应模型,采用二阶附加半隐的龙格-库塔法和5阶WENO格式分别离散时间和空间导数项,获得了指定点数值压力时间曲线。理论分析基于爆轰理论和激波动力学,分析了气相爆轰波反射过程所涉及的复杂波系演变并获得了反射激波速度。结果表明:本文数值模拟和理论计算定性上重复并解释了实验现象。气相爆轰波在右壁面反射后,右行稀疏波加速反射激波。其加速原因是:尽管激波波前声速减小,但激波马赫数增大,波前气流速度减小。在低初压下,可能还由于爆轰波后未反应或部分反应气体的作用,导致反射激波加速幅度比高初压下大。     

近爆下泡沫混凝土复合结构在地下洞室的抗爆特性数值研究

为研究近爆作用下带泡沫混凝土复合结构的地下洞室的抗爆性能,基于LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件,建立了TNT炸药-围岩-锚杆-衬砌结构-空气的爆炸效应全耦合模型。应用ALE多物质流固耦合算法对比分析了普通衬砌结构洞室和带泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌结构洞室的重要控制测点的应力、空气层压力和位移。测点峰值应力与TM5-855-1的经验公式吻合良好,证明了数值模拟的可靠性。数值研究结果表明,相比普通混凝土夹层,泡沫混凝土夹层能够有效地削弱爆炸冲击波的传播,大幅降低洞室内部空气的压力峰值,降低超压对人体器官的损伤,提高洞室内部人员的生存几率;采用泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌需加强拱顶区域的刚度以降低顶底板相对位移差。研究结果为地下洞室抗爆设计提供了参考依据。