Synthesis of an anionically substituted nitroindoline-caged GABA reagent that has reduced affinity for GABA receptors

A 7-nitroindolin-1-yl amide of the neuroactive amino acid γ-aminobutryate (GABA) has been synthesised with two phosphate groups attached to the indoline nucleus at 4-alkoxy substituent. The compound is designed to release GABA on a sub-microsecond time scale in response to flash photolysis with near-UV light. The presence of the high negatively charged substituent shows evidence that interaction of the GABA conjugate with ionotropic GABA receptors is much reduced in comparison with an earlier nitroindoline-GABA compound that had no charged groups on the indoline nucleus. In experiments to develop the eventual synthetic route, an unusual reductive cleavage of a TBDMS ether was observed as a significant side reaction during reduction of an indole to an indoline with NaBH₃CN in glacial acetic acid. In the eventual synthetic route, the primary amine of GABA was masked as an azide until the final stage of the synthesis, which overcame significant problems with other forms of amine protection.     

Synthesis of Nonracemic Tetrazole GABA Analogs

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - Nonracemic 3-substituted 4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)butanoic acids, analogs of the neurotropic drugs phenibut, tolibut, and baclofen, were synthesized by a...     

γ-氨基丁酸与其突变受体的相互作用

采用同源建模技术构建了大鼠γ-氨基丁酸a型受体(GABAaR)模型及β97Tyr突变受体模型. 采用分子对接技术研究了γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)与突变前后受体的相互作用. 计算结果显示, 突变及未突变受体之间在氢键作用和对接能量方面存在显著差异, 配体与突变受体的结合能力随突变残基中氟原子数目的增加而降低.     

Stabilization of zwitterions in solution: GABA analogues

The solution-phase structures of a number of conformationally restricted gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues are investigated at the MP2/6-31+G* level of theory, using both explicit water molecules and the conductor-like screening solvation model (COSMO) to model solvation. GABA analogues constrained in a cis conformation by either a double bond or cyclopropane ring have the potential to attain either folded, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded, or partially folded conformations in solution. Systems constrained in a cis conformation by a cyclopentane or cyclopentene ring are more conformationally restricted and exist only in a folded, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded form. GABA analogues constrained in a trans conformation by either a double bond or cyclopropane ring have the potential to adopt either partially folded or fully extended conformations in solution. Due to a lack of conformational flexibility, analogues that are constrained in a trans conformation by a cyclopentane or cyclopentene ring attain only partially folded conformations. Like GABA, conformationally flexible GABA analogues possess a large number of stable rotamers, and may exist in any or all of these conformations in aqueous solution. The structures of these analogues provide an essential foundation for subsequent structure-activity analysis of ligand binding at GABA receptors and transporters. This work is therefore expected to facilitate the design and development of new biologically active GABA analogues to treat GABA-related neurological disorders.     

氨基酸突变对GABAa受体结合能力的影响

采用同源建模技术构建了大鼠γ-氨基丁酸a型受体(GABAaR)模型, 并将氨基酸残基β157Tyr和β205Tyr突变为相应的突变受体模型. 使用分子对接方法计算了γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)与突变前后受体的相互作用. 对接计算结果显示, Tyr突变为Phe后, 两种突变受体的对接能量大幅提高, GABA生物活性降低; 当Phe的对位引入氟原子后, 对接能量与未突变受体相比更低. 另外, 与β205Tyr突变相比, 与配体距离较近的β157Tyr突变, 对受体与配体作用的影响更大.     

作用于离子型γ-氨基丁酸受体的异噁唑啉类杀寄生虫剂

离子型GABA受体是一类重要的杀虫剂靶标,异噁唑啉类化合物是作用于该靶标的一类新型杀虫（寄生虫）剂。基于异噁唑啉类衍生物高效的杀虫活性和出色的安全性,自首个该类杀寄生虫剂氟雷拉纳被发现后,阿福拉纳、沙罗拉纳、洛替拉纳和氟噁唑酰胺等化合物相继被报道。本文主要综述了异噁唑啉类化合物在杀虫剂领域的最新研究进展,重点在化学结构、杀虫活性、作用机制、生物代谢和安全性等方面进行了总结和评述,同时探讨了异噁唑啉类杀虫（寄生虫）剂在应用上的局限性,对该类化合物在农业病虫害防治的应用前景和发展趋势作了展望。     

Endogenous synthesis of taurine and GABA in rat ocular tissues

The endogenous production of taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat ocular tissues was investigated. The activities of taurine-producing enzyme, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), and GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), were observed in the retina, lens, iris-ciliary body and cornea. The highest specific activity of CSAD was in the cornea and that of GAD in the retina. The discrepancy between CSAD activity and taurine content within the ocular tissues indicates that intra- or extraocular transport processes may regulate the concentration of taurine in the rat eye. The GAD activity and the content of GABA were distributed in parallel within the rat ocular tissues. The quantitative results suggest that the GAD/GABA system has functional significance only in the retina of the rat eye.     

New Procedure for the Preparation of the Tetrazole Analogue of GABA

The hydrochloride of the tetrazolyl bioisostere of the neurotransmitter GABA can be easily prepared by means of three simple steps: a Gabriel-type substitution on 4-bromobutyronitrile with Boc₂NH, a tetrazole formation by action of azidotributyltin on the cyano group and a deprotection step using gaseous HCl.     

Specific GABA(A) agonists and partial agonists

The GABA(A) receptor system is implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases, making GABA(A) receptor ligands interesting as potential therapeutic agents. Only a few different classes of structures are currently known as ligands for the GABA recognition site on the hetero-pentameric GABA(A) receptor complex, reflecting the very strict structural requirements for GABA(A) receptor recognition and activation. Within the series of compounds showing agonist activity at the GABA(A) receptor site that have been developed, most of the ligands are structurally derived from the GABA(A) agonists muscimol, THIP, or isoguvacine, which we developed in the initial stages of the project. Using recombinant GABA(A) receptors, functional selectivity was demonstrated for a number of compounds, including THIP, showing highly subunit-dependent potency and maximal response. In light of the interest in partial GABA(A) receptor agonists as potential therapeutics, structure-activity studies of a number of analogs of 4-PIOL, a low-efficacy partial GABA(A) agonist derived from THIP, have been performed. In this connection, a series of GABA(A) ligands has been developed that exhibit pharmacological profiles from moderately potent low-efficacy partial GABA(A) agonist activity to potent and selective antagonist effects. Very little information is available on direct-acting GABA(A) receptor agonists in clinical studies. However, the results of clinical studies on the effect of the partial GABA(A) agonist THIP on human sleep patterns show that the functional consequences of a direct-acting agonist are different from those seen after the administration of GABA(A) receptor modulators, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates.     

A study of GABA and its analogues using the molecular orbital method

GABA is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Data on GABA and its analogues calculated by using the ab initio and the MNDO method were compared with data obtained experimentally. The structures of GABA analogues calculated by the ab initio method agree well with the experimental data. This finding suggests the high reliability of this method. However, the structures of GABA analogues calculated by the MNDO method reflect only some aspects of the experimental data. Therefore the MNDO method should be used only for carefully selected chemical compounds.

The amino group in GABA and its analogues was proved to be the major active site. The electrostatic potential around the amino group in these compounds seems to be related to their biological activity. The difference in the electrostatic potential between the receptor binding molecules and the neuronal uptake molecules suggests that the structure of post-synaptic receptors might differ from that of uptake receptors. This finding suggests that there are at least two GABA-A receptors. GABA molecules seem to have a high potential for binding to the two receptors because they are highly flexible and can readily change their conformation. These results indicate a high reliability of the data calculated by the molecular orbital method and suggest that this method provides us with useful information that cannot be obtained experimentally.     

Stabilization of zwitterions in solution: phosphinic and phosphonic acid GABA analogues

The influence of treatment of electron correlation, size of basis set and choice of solvation model on the predicted stabilization of zwitterionic phosphinic and phosphonic acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues is investigated using ab initio molecular orbital methods and density functional theory. Density functional theory with the B3LYP functional and a composite basis set composed of the 6-31+G(2df) basis for phosphorus atoms and the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set for all other atoms is found to give an acceptable tradeoff between accuracy and computational expense. Either directly optimizing zwitterionic conformers within the conductor-like screening solvation model (COSMO) or pre-optimizing as dihydrates and then applying the COSMO solvation model give an acceptable treatment of solvation in terms of determining stable solvated structures, although directly optimizing within COSMO is simpler and less computationally expensive. With this protocol, cis-constrained phosphinic and phosphonic acid GABA analogues, which exhibit lower affinities for GABAC receptors, are found to possess only folded, intramolecularly hydrogen bonded low energy conformers. Trans-constrained analogues, on the other hand, exhibit higher affinities for GABAC receptors and are found to exist only as partially folded stable conformers. Conformationally flexible analogues can attain folded, partially folded or fully extended conformations and also have high biological activity. These results imply that the partially folded conformation is likely to be the most biologically active.     

Molecular orbital studies on the conformation of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)

In distinction to Extended Hückel Theory which predicts as the most stable conformation of free zwitterionic GABA a totally extended form, PCILO and SCF ab initio studies show that the intrinsically preferred conformation of the isolated molecule is a highly folded one, resulting from strong interactions between the two charged ends. Computations are also carried out for hydrated GABA in the supermolecule approach allowing moreover for the flexibility of binding of some of the water molecules of the first hydration shell. They predict the coexistence in solution of a large number of conformations showing different degrees of folding (or extension), a result confirmed by recent NMR studies. This and a number of similar results show that we have to adapt our thinking on the role of conformations in pharmacological activity to this situation, which was frequently obscured by the more abundant results of X-ray crystallography yielding a single conformation.     

家蝇与大鼠GABA受体抑制剂的药效团模型及其3D-QSAR研究

采用DISCOtech方法,用7个大鼠γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A受体抑制剂和11个家蝇GABAA受体抑制剂分别建立了其药效团模型;用CoMFA方法建立了22个大鼠GABAA受体抑制剂和29个家蝇GABAA受体抑制剂的3D-QSAR模型,模型的交叉验证相关系数分别为0.526和0.679,验证了药效团模型的合理性,为设计更高活性和更高选择性的化合物提供了参考     

A rigid GABA analog from a [4+3]-cycloaddition

A rigid GABA analog has been prepared from the adduct obtained from the [4+3]-cycloaddition of pentachloroacetone and a 2-substituted furan.     

A New Synthesis Method and GABA Transporters Inhibitory Activities of Tiagabine and Its Analogues

IntroductionγAminobutyricacid(GABA)isrecognizedasthe principalbraininhibitoryneurotransmitter.GABAup takefromthesynapticcleftisoneoftheimportant mechanismsintheregulationofGABAactivity.Inhibi tionoftheuptakeofGABAbypotentandselectivein hibitorsoftheGABAt…     

Synthesis of Octyl β-D-Glucopyranoside-aminobutyric (GABA) and Aminohydroxybutyric (GABOB) Conjugates

Abstract

The syntheses of octyl β-D-glucopyranoside-GABA and GABOB conjugates are presented. The selectively protected octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and γ-aminobutyric acids were coupled with N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy were used to verify the proposed structures.     

Synthesis and characterization of an electroactive surface that releases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

We report the synthesis and characterization of a new electroactive surface capable of releasing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) upon reduction. The GABA was anchored to an alkanethiol via electrochemically active quinone (abbreviation, TM-GABA). The quinone unit, upon reduction to the hydroquinone, cyclizes to release GABA into solution. The half-life is 99 s. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of TM-GABA on gold was prepared and characterized with several surface sensitive techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) explored the SAM formation of TM-GABA on Au surfaces. Cyclic voltammograms showed the ability to electrochemically control the quinone unit at the distal end of the chain. GABA was selectively released upon electrochemical reduction at a potential of -700 mV. The functional GABA terminal group was detected by surface plasmon resonance measurements of anti-GABA antibody binding.     

Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesis

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is believed to mediate the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, in the brain. Between the two types of MAO, MAO-B has been believed to be involved in dopamine degradation, which supports the idea that the therapeutic efficacy of MAO-B inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to an increase in extracellular dopamine concentration. However, this belief has been controversial. Here, by utilizing in vivo phasic and basal electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and multiple-cyclic square wave voltammetry and ex vivo fluorescence imaging of dopamine with GRAB_DA2m, we demonstrate that MAO-A, but not MAO-B, mainly contributes to striatal dopamine degradation. In contrast, our whole-cell patch-clamp results demonstrated that MAO-B, but not MAO-A, was responsible for astrocytic GABA-mediated tonic inhibitory currents in the rat striatum. We conclude that, in contrast to the traditional belief, MAO-A and MAO-B have profoundly different roles: MAO-A regulates dopamine levels, whereas MAO-B controls tonic GABA levels.Subject terms: Neurotransmitters, Biosensors, Astrocyte, Inhibition, Transporters in the nervous system     

CoMFA validation of the superposition of six classes of compounds which block GABA receptors non-competitively

Summary Thirty-six compounds, representing six different structural classes of insecticides which are known to act at the -aminobutyric acid receptor/chloride ionophore, have been superimposed by methods which maximise the commonality of steric and electrostatic fields. Maximal steric and electrostatic alignment was derived by pairwise comparisons of the different chemical classes with picrotoxinin. To test the validity of the combined superposition, a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) was carried out within SYBYL, using recently published in vivo and in vitro binding data for insecticides. The resultant partial least-squares (PLS) analysis of sampled steric and electrostatic fields showed a significant statistical correlation with the published biological data. The predictive model obtained was shown to have a greater than 95% chance of significance.