利用红外温度测量方式预测微管内流动沸腾流型

本文利用红外热成像仪对不锈钢微管内水的流动沸腾的壁面瞬态温度场进行了测量。结果表明,相比传统的热电偶测量方式,在微尺度实验中采用红外温度测量瞬态温度场具有更高的可靠性。利用红外温度测量的显示特点,预测不锈钢微管内流动沸腾的流型变化情况,在本文的实验条件下,不锈钢微管内水的流动沸腾流型变化基本上是以单相流、汽塞流和环状流的交替产生为主。     

水平管内油水两相流流型及其转换规律研究

本文对水平放置圆管内的油水液液两相流的流型及其转变特性进行了实验研究,定义了不同流动条件下油水两相流的流型,并由实验所得数据给出了水平圆管内油水液液两相流的流型图。进而讨论了各流型之间的转变机理,并考察了影响流型的因素。采用无量纲准则数以及半理论公式对流型转变进行了预测,结果与实验数据基本吻合。并与他人的实验数据也进行了比较。     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

微圆管内流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文对水平微圆管内凝结两相流流型进行了可视化观察,对流动和换热特性进行了实验研究。实验中只观察到 三种流型:柱塞状流、环状流和毛细泡状流。柱塞状流在质量小流量时才出现,流量较大时,流型以环状流和毛细泡状流 为主。实验的Nu数在某一Re数下具有最大值,而流动凝结的压降随Re数的增大单调增大。     

高热流作用下微通道内的周期性射流特性

在低质量流速和高热流密度下,对深度为30μm的微通道内的流动沸腾进行了实验研究,发现了毫秒级周期性喷射流型、液膜的波动及液丝的断裂现象.分析表明,喷射周期的长短与沸腾数(Bo)有关,界面非平衡蒸发导致液丝失稳及液膜波动;微通道宽度方向上的Marangoni效应引起液膜和液丝的收缩、波动及断裂.     

R134a卧式螺旋管内沸腾流型与阻力特性实验研究

在蒸发温度为5～15℃,热流密度范围为5～20 kW·m~(-2),工质质量流速变化范围为50～500kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和干度范围为0.01～0.9的条件下,对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型及阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用可视化技术对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型进行了观察分析,发现了两种新流型,对卧式螺旋管的上升段和下降段分别建立了流型图。获得了阻力特性的基础数据,通过对实验数据回归分析,发展了摩擦阻力系数计算关联式。     

蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热的研究

为研究板式换热器内(蒸发-冷凝器)两相换热机理及流型特征,建立单侧蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化实验系统,并进行实验研究。结果表明:在窄通道换热中,以核态沸腾换热机理更为活跃,流动沸腾受到抑制,表面换热系数最大值出现在核态沸腾区域;随着入口温度越高,表面换热系数最大点往左迁移,随着质量流量的增大,过冷段增加,沸腾起始点升高,表面换热系数最大点往右移;矩形窄通道主要出现泡状流、合并汽泡流、搅拌流和环状流四种流型;将实验数据与现有流型图进行对比,发现流型转变与质量流量、通道尺寸及加热方式有关。该研究为更好的设计板式换热器提供了理论依据。     

小通道内液氮流动沸腾的可视化研究

通过高速CCD可视化实验,在气体表观速度0.01～26.5m/s,液体表观速度0.01～1.2m/s范围内,对内径为1.931mm垂直向上圆管内液氮流动沸腾的流型特性进行了研究.所观测的主要流型为:泡状流,弹状流,搅拌流和环状流.并绘制了流型图,发现环状流占了大部分的区域,干度大于0.15的区域基本上都是环状流.分析了流量对流型转变的影响,流量越大,相应的流型转变干度越低,而且流量大于820kg/m2s时,没有发现泡状流.通过与相同水力直径的空气-水的流型图比较,发现本文中的弹状流区域要小很多.通用的流型转变模型预测结果与实验结果相差较大.     

重力热管喷涌不稳定性调控判据

重力热管内的两相流型对其工作特性有着至关重要的影响.本文借鉴垂直圆管内两相流型转变的实验研究结果和近饱和自由降膜流始发沸腾的观测结论,通过简化分析,给出重力热管蒸发段内由泡状流向弹状流过渡的流型转变判据.在低饱和蒸汽压和高过冷度下,这种流型转变将导致周期性振荡的两相流不稳定性,这就是喷涌不稳定性;因此,流型转变判据也就是喷涌不稳定性调控判据.文中还结合数值计算实例,指出影响流型转变的重要因素.     

开式并联微通道中流动沸腾换热的实验研究

针对常规闭式并联微通道内流动沸腾换热存在气泡生长受限产生的堵塞效应以及不同通道内气泡核化生长不同步导致的并联通道传热不稳定性等问题,设计了一种顶部联通型开式并联微通道蒸发器。采用无水乙醇为工质,在入口过冷度为15℃、质量流速为175 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)及热流密度270～761 kW·m~(-2)条件下,开展了该新型微通道冷却器中流动沸腾换热的实验研究,发现了传热系数随干度的增加呈现三类典型趋势,即传热系数单调上升、传热系数先上升后下降再上升、传热系数先上升再保持基本不变;结合高速可视化流型研究,发现了与流型密切关联的三类传热机理,即:1)以气泡核化为主的核态沸腾换热;2)上游核态沸腾为主,下游两相强制对流换热主导;3)偏离核态沸腾后的膜态沸腾换热。分析表明,沸腾数Bo是主导三类传热模式的主要无量纲数。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.