等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

铜锌镁铝四元水滑石的微观结构及其姜-泰勒畸变

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),选取CASTEP程序模块,对铜锌镁铝四元水滑石[(M)-IV-LDHs(M=Cu,Zn,Mg,Al)]周期性模型进行几何全优化,从各体系的结构参数、电子排布、Mulliken电荷布居、结合能、氢键等方面,研究了体系中的姜-泰勒效应、氯离子位置对层板畸变及体系稳定性的影响.优化结果表明,姜-泰勒效应不仅存在于d轨道未排满的Cu2+中,也存在于理论上d轨道排满的Zn2+与p轨道未排满的Mg2+中.氯离子排在金属上方的体系,其金属畸变程度大于氯离子排在非金属上方的体系.同时,对于本文选取的8个CuAl-IV-LDHs体系,结合能绝对值按照1-8号逐渐降低,体系的稳定性下降,最终转变为不稳定的压扁的八面体构型.这有助于从理论上对含铜四元水滑石的姜-泰勒效应进一步认识.     

层间阴离子对四元水滑石超分子作用力的影响

构建一价阴离子(X=F^?, Cl^?, Br^?, I^?, NO₃^?, OH^?)插层铜锌镁铝四元水滑石(CuZnMgAl-X)周期性计算模型, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 选取CASTEP程序模块, 对体系进行几何全优化, 从结合能、结构参数、Mulliken布居、氢键布居、态密度等角度研究了不同层间阴离子的分布形态以及其对主客体间超分子作用的影响. 结果表明, 随着CuZnMgAl-X体系层间阴离子电负性的减弱, 电子逐渐从层间阴离子向层板发生转移, 主客体间静电作用力逐渐减小, 氢键强度逐渐降低, 禁带宽度逐渐变窄, 体系电子更易向高能级发生跃迁, 稳定性逐渐下降. 此外, Cu的掺杂使得CuZnMgAl-X 体系的价带顶向高能量处发生偏移, 禁带宽度较传统水滑石体系更窄,稳定性更低, 进一步解释了含铜水滑石较难合成的原因.     

Separation and characterization of aluminium malate species by ion chromatography

Aluminium malate complexes have a high relevance in biological systems. The anionic species present in an aqueous aluminium malate mixture can be investigated by ion chromatography coupled online with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. As malic acid is a chiral ligand, the experiments were carried out using the racemic and the enantiopure forms. In both systems four anionic complexes are observable in the model solutions. One of two crystallized and well-characterized anions, [Al(4)Malate(6)](6-) and [Al(4)Malate(4)](2-), serves as a reference anion for the assignment of one of the species occurring in the model solutions. The main species in the enantiopure aluminium malate model with biological relevance over a wide pH range is the [Al(4)Malate(4)](2-) anion. The [Al(4)Malate(6)](6-) anion is not present in the racemic model solution. This anion suffers complete species disintegration after dissolution. The kinetics of the decay is first order and the activation energy of the decomposition is 74 kJ/mol. A retention model for ion chromatography was used for the determination of the effective charges of the species. The effective charge obtained by the retention model was calibrated in relation to nominal charges of the anions by using several well-defined and differently charged anions and anionic aluminium species.     

超分子结构水杨酸根插层水滑石的组装及结构与性能研究

以锌铝水滑石ZnAl-CO3 LDHs为前体（主体），以乙二醇为分散介质，用离子 交换法组装了水杨酸根（客体）插层水滑石ZnAl-[o-HO(C6H4)COO]LDHs，并用XRD ，FT-IR，TG-DTA等手段对样品进行了表征。结果表明，能过控制离子交换条件， 水杨酸根阴离子可取代锌铝水滑石前体层间的CO3^2-离子，组装得到晶体结构良好 的水杨酸根插层水滑石。通过研究发现，主体水滑石层板与客体以静电力和氢键相 互作用，得到的超分子结构材料紫外阻隔作用增强并具有较好的稳定性，从而成为 一种集屏蔽和吸收双重功能的新型无机-有机得合紫外阻隔材料。     

Application of the method of images on electrostatic phenomena in aqueous Al2O3 and ZrO2 suspensions

A new solution for the Poisson equation for the diffuse part of the double layer around spherical particles will be presented. The numerical results are compared with the solution of the well-known DLVO theory. The range of the diffuse layer differs considerably in the two theories. Also, the inconsistent representation of the surface and diffuse layer charge in the DLVO theory do not occur in the new theory. Experimental zeta potential measurements were used to determine the charge of colloidal Al2O3 and ZrO2 particles. It is shown that the calculated charge can be interpreted as a superposition of independent H+ and OH- adsorption isotherms. The corresponding Langmuir adsorption isotherms are taken to model the zeta potential dependence on pH. In the vicinity of the isoelectric point the model fits well with the experimental data, but at higher ion concentrations considerable deviations occur. The deviations are discussed. Furthermore, the numerical results for the run of the potential in the diffuse part of the double layer were used to determine the electrostatic interaction potential between the particles in correlation with the zeta potential measurements. The corresponding total interaction potentials, including the van der Waals attraction, were taken to calculate the coagulation half-life for a suspension with a particle loading of 2 vol%. It is shown that stability against coagulation is maintained for Al2O3 particles in the pH region between 3.3 and 7 and for ZrO2 only around pH 5. Stability against flocculation can be achieved in the pH regime between 4.5 and 7 for Al2O3, while the examined ZrO2 particles are not stable against flocculation in aqueous suspensions.     

Cationic latex formation by ionic modification

Stable cationic latices were prepared by charge inversion of anionic styrene-acrylic copolymer latices upon binding Al3+ and Fe3+ ions. This is achieved by stabilizing the latices with a high-HLB (hydrophile-lypophile balance) nonionic surfactant that imparts strong steric stability to the latex, even in the presence of high concentrations of multivalent counterions while these are bound to the latex anionic sites. The cationic latices thus prepared have good stability properties, and the same procedure should be applicable to essentially any latex-carrying anionic sites. Analytical ESI-TEM images show that particle-bound iron is concentrated at the particle borders, but it is also found in the particle bulk.     

有机紫外吸收剂插层锌铝水滑石的制备及表征

采用离子交换法，以去离子水或乙二醇为分散介质，制备了层间为磺基水杨酸、4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸和2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮-5-磺酸等紫外吸收剂阴离子插层的锌铝水滑石。利用XRD、IR、TG-DTA等技术对样品结构进行表征，采用UV-Vis吸收光谱研究产物的光化学特性，并用Gaussian-98软件包中ab initio分子轨道法(HF/6-31G)计算了3种有机紫外吸收剂的分子结构和电荷分布，提出了合理的客体分子在主体层间的排列方式，分析了其结构与光化学行为的关系。研究表明，由于有机紫外吸收剂进入层间，不仅客体与主体层板存在静电力和氢键相互作用，而且在限域空间中有利于客体之间的相互作用，从而使插层产物的紫外吸收范围和能力显著增强，是一类具有潜在应用价值的无机-有机超分子复合结构的紫外吸收材料。     

Solvation of ions in hydrophilic layer of polyoxyethylated nonionic micelle. Cooperative approach by electrophoresis and ion-transfer voltammetry

Electrophoretic measurements of micellar mobility have revealed that polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactant micelles have negative zeta potential in various electrolytes, indicating that the partition of anions into the micelle dominates the entire electrolyte partition and the induced surface potential of the micelle. Although an excess of a negative charge is thus revealed in the micelle, it is uncertain whether anions are preferably solvated in the micelles or cations are expelled from the micelles. To determine the solvation energies of single ions in the hydrophilic layer of the micelle, we have performed ion transfer voltammetric measurements at microinterfaces between nitrobenzene and aqueous tetraethyleneglycol solution, which acts as a model for the palisade layer of the micelles. The cooperative utilization of these different methods has allowed us to determine the Gibbs free energy of transfer of a single ion without an extrathermodynamic assumption. On the basis of the resulting values, the partition of ions and the zeta potential induced by the imbalance of anionic and cationic partition have been quantitatively explained.     

镍镁铝类水滑石的超分子结构、电子性质及稳定性

以Ni²⁺同晶取代Mg²⁺的方式构建镍镁铝类水滑石(HT)的周期性计算模型, 通过进行密度泛函理论计算,研究了含镍水滑石的的超分子结构、电子性质及稳定性. 结果表明, 随着镍离子逐渐取代镁离子, 金属离子之间的平均距离逐渐减小, 层间距逐渐增大, 与实验结果一致. 与此同时, 电子逐渐从主体层板向客体阴离子传递,导致主客体之间的静电作用力及整体超分子作用力逐渐增强, 结合能的绝对值逐渐增大, 体系的稳定性增加.在微观结构上, 电子传递行为使层板中平均金属―氧键键长逐渐减小, 且金属配位角的畸变情况得到一定程度的缓解, 这些变化都有利于形成更稳定的体系, 说明镍铝类水滑石在理论上比镁铝水滑石更稳定.