混沌：是新的科学范式──还是新闻媒介造就的科学？

混沌：是新的科学范式─－还是新闻媒介造就的科学？ＭａｘＤｒｅｓｄｅｎ纽约州立大学荣誉教授１序幕，背景，概要１９９０年春，混沌领域的一位中国专家￣１）［１］正为再版他就此学科写的一本书而收集材料。在修订版中，他罗列了１２５部书和会议报告，找到了２５０篇...     

Ⅰ—Ⅲ混合型裂纹相变增韧分析

本文采用压力敏感准则和权函数法对相变增韧陶瓷Ⅰ－Ⅲ混合型裂纹的增韧效应进行了理论预测。分别给出了静止裂纹和定长扩展裂纹相变塑性屏蔽的理论表达式，结果表明：相变对静止裂纹有负屏蔽效应，并随ＫⅢ／ＫⅠ比值的增大而趋于零，对扩展裂纹的增韧结果除与材料的弹性模量，相变尾区高度和相变体积分数有关外，还与ＫⅢ／ＫⅠ的比值有关。     

非线性周期参激系统的1：3共振分叉

本文从群的观点出发，建立了Ｚ３－等变的奇点理论。利用这个结果，我们讨论了非线性参数激励系统－－Ｍａｔｈｉｅｕ方程的１：３共振分叉。给出了非退化民政部下的全体分 图。数值模拟验证了我们的理论结果。     

Ⅱ-Ⅲ混合型裂纹相变增韧分析

本文采用压力敏感准则和松函数法对相变增韧陶瓷Ⅱ-Ⅲ混合型裂纹的增韧效应进行了理论预测。分别给出了静止裂纹和定常扩展裂纹相变塑性屏蔽的理论表达式。结果表明：相变对静止裂纹有甚微的负屏蔽效应，并随KⅢ/KⅡ的比值而波动；相变对定常扩展裂纹的增韧结果除与材料弹性模量、相变尾区高度和相变体积分数有关外，还与KⅢ/KⅡ的比值有关。     

旋涡诱发振动中的次谐,超谐和主共振问题

本文利用尾流－结构振子模型去研究弹性结构的旋涡诱发振弱和强的相互作用下的共振动力学特性。我们借助于多重尺度法和范式方法，得到次谐、超谐和主共振周期运动和呼种定量和定性结果。     

Ce—TZP结构陶瓷相变塑性区实验研究

用云纹干涉法对ＺｒＯ＿２相变多晶体三点弯曲梁切口周围应力诱导的相变塑性区进行了实验研究，得到了三点弯曲梁切口周围相变塑性区的形状及相变塑性分布。实验结果表明：Ｃｅ－ＴＺＰ结构陶瓷切口周围存在一个较长的扩展相变塑性区，相变塑性区内拉伸应力方向的塑性应变远大于垂直于拉伸应力方向的塑性应变。所得实验结果为进一步深入研究相变本构关系和相变增韧机理提供了重要的实验依据。     

温度对冲击相变波传播的影响

冲击加载下,相界面的传播是一热力耦合过程。相变波阵面不仅是力学和物质间断面,也是温度界面。为考虑温度对相变波传播的影响,本文首先建立了相界面上的热传导方程和热力耦合的相变本构方程,然后采用一维特征线理论和有限差分数值计算相结合的方法,分析了温度界面和相变波的基本相互作用规律,进而给出了连续温度梯度下和绝热冲击下相变波传播规律。结果表明,温度对相变波传播的作用主要体现在两个方面,一方面是作为温度界面将与各类间断面相互作用,另一方面冲击相变波阵面后区域热力学状态变化影响卸载波结构。其原因在于相变方式（可逆、不可逆）和相变阈值应力具有强烈的温度相关性。     

考虑半覆水圆弧相变场地特征的地下多点地震动模拟方法与程序开发

建立了同时引入土壤介质相变和半覆水圆弧地形因素的场地模型，并给出了地下多点地震动模拟的理论框架，开发了依据本文理论的程序并予以可靠性验证。首先，基于探明的波场分布得到了SV波入射半覆水圆弧相变场地的频域解；其次，获得依据频域解的场地传递函数并求解出地下自功率谱，建立了基于所得到的地下相干函数的地下互功率谱，由此构建出地下功率谱矩阵；最后，实现频域模型向时域信号转化（即多点地震动时程曲线），进而基于上述理论进行可视化程序开发。通过数值算例进一步阐明了本研究的意义，结果表明，（1）地下与地表多点地震动在能量分布上存在显著差异，说明了研究的必要性；（2）生成地震动的拟合功率谱和拟合相干函数与理论值吻合较好，表明了结果的合理性；（3）可视化程序界面简洁，参数输入及调整方便，后处理结果显示清晰，反映出程序的便捷及适用性。     

智能复合材料的热力学特性

由形状记忆合金丝或颗粒增强的智能复合材料具有特殊的力学性能，本文从理论上预测了智能复合材料的热力学特性。利用Ｅｓｈｅｌｂｙ的等效夹杂原理与Ｍｏｒｉ－Ｔａｎａｋａ的平均场理论导出了本构列式和相变条件，揭示了形状记忆合金在弹性介质约束下的相变机理与过程。     

焊接结构应力场计算中的一类五面体可变节点等参单元

本文应用三维有限元理论，构造了一类五面体６－１５节点等参单元的形函数，提出了在五面体单元内的Ｇａｕｓｓ积分处理方法，建立了相应的单元刚度矩阵，这类单元的节点可以在６－１５之间任意选择，将其与ＡＳＰ５中的六面体８－２１节点等参单元匹配，计算了对接板接头的理论应力集中系数，经有与有关文献结果比较表明：这类单元适合于计算焊接结构的应力场，并且具有良好的精度。     

力学系统混沌的主动控制

对混沌进行控制是将非线性科学应用于工程技术的新研究领域．本文首先综述对力学系统混沌运动进行控制的各种策略，然后讨论了实现中的关键问题，介绍了成功的实验．最后，指出了该领域中值得注意的若干问题．     

Relativistic time effects in financial dynamics

Financial time series have a complex dynamic nature. Many techniques were adopted having in mind standard paradigms of time flow. This paper explores an alternative route involving relativistic effects. It is observed that the measuring perspective influences the results and that we can have different time textures.     

水凝胶多场耦合计算力学

作为一种具有多场耦合特性的智能柔体材料,水凝胶的制备技术、性能表征与结构应用得到迅速发展。本文在分析水凝胶本构理论和结构设计的基础上,提出了水凝胶多场耦合计算力学的基本方法和范式,包括微观粗粒化分子动力学模拟和宏观耦合有限元方法等,计算了化学-力学耦合作用下水凝胶材料与结构的变形和应力,给出了多个数值算例与结果比较。研究指出多场耦合计算力学将成为水凝胶材料和结构分析的主要手段,并推动水凝胶等这类智柔材料的性能设计与工程应用。     

应用力学方法初探

应用力学在二十世纪初期，大放异彩，大获成功。力学在解决现代工程问题的过程中，创造性地发展了一套行之有效的应用力学方法。本文对应用力学在中国的传播与发展、有关应用力学的论述、应用力学方法的范例、应用力学方法的意义与特点、以及应用力学与数学力学、应用力学与有限元法之间的联系等方面作了介绍和讨论。阐明了应用力学方法必然产生的实际背景和理论根源。并指出：深刻探究与理解应用力学的范例是学习与掌握应用力学方法的有效途径。     

Requirements and system design for a robot performing selective cleaning in young forest stands

Cleaning is a silvicultural tending operation, primarily aimed at improving the growing conditions of the remaining trees in young stands (ca. 3 m of height). The cost of cleaning has increased in comparison to other forest operations, and the annually cleaned area has decreased in Sweden. Therefore, cleaning with robots might be the key to improve profitability. This paper aims at assessing some design requirements, and suggesting an architecture for a robot cleaning in young forest stands, based on reviewed literature and our own research. The results of cleaning performed by robots have to reach acceptable results and be done at a competitive cost. The robot has to find, select, and handle trees in the whole assigned area according to given instructions. Furthermore, it must be safe for humans, capable of moving safely within the forest environment, and be able to handle snow and other prevalent boreal weather conditions. The vehicle’s size and mass are of importance, and bear on its ability to manoeuvre among remaining stems. Generally, the robot must be capable of operating independently and unattended for several hours in a dynamic and non-deterministic environment. Obstacle avoidance and target identification are identified as the most difficult problems. Machine vision, radar, and laser scanners are promising techniques for both obstacle avoidance, tree identification, and tool control. The proposed architecture is based on a hybrid between the reactive and the hierarchical robot paradigms.     

Unkeyed hash function based on chaotic sponge construction and fixed-point arithmetic

Chaotic maps have various properties that mirror the security requirements of cryptographic algorithms. As such, researchers have utilized them in the design of algorithms such as hash functions. Although there exist a wide range of chaos-based hash functions in literature, most of them are designed in an ad hoc manner rather than relying on well-established design paradigms. In addition, they are commonly implemented using floating-point operations which are inefficient as compared to their bitwise counterparts. The combination of convoluted designs and floating-point representation also leads to hash functions that are difficult to analyze; therefore, claims of security cannot be verified easily. These issues are some of the reasons why chaos-based hash functions have not seen widespread use in practice. This paper proposes a new unkeyed hash function based on a chaotic sponge construction and fixed-point arithmetic to overcome the aforementioned problems. The use of a sponge construction provides provable security justifications, whereas the use of fixed-point arithmetic allows chaotic map operations to be implemented using bitwise operations. The combination of these design elements leads to a design that is both efficient and facilitates future cryptanalysis for security verification. Security and performance evaluations indicate that the proposed hash function has near-ideal diffusion, confusion, collision resistance, and distribution properties in addition to a hashing speed that is at least on par with the current state of the art in chaos-based hash functions.

     

Experimental Investigation of Dynamics and Bifurcations of an Impacting Spherical Pendulum

Since Newton first considered the motion of a spherical pendulum over 200 years ago, many researchers have studied its dynamic response under a variety of conditions. The characteristic of the problem that has invited so much investigation was that a spherical pendulum paradigms much more complex phenomena. Understanding the response of a paradigm gives an almost multiplicative effect in the understanding of other phenomena that can be modeled as a variant of the paradigm. The spherical pendulum has been used to damp irregular motion in helicopters and on space stations as well as for many other applications. In this study an inverted impacting spherical pendulum with large deflection was investigated. The model was designed to approximate an ideal pendulum, with the pendulum bob contributing the vast majority of the mass moment of inertia of the system. Two types of bearing mechanisms and tracking devices were designed for the system, one of which had low damping coefficient and the other with a relatively high damping coefficient. An experimental investigation was performed to determine the dynamics of an inverted, impacting spherical pendulum with large deflection and vertical parametric forcing. The pendulum system was studied with nine different bobs and two different base configurations. During the experiments, the frequency of the excitation remained between 24.6 and 24.9 Hz. It was found that sustained conical motions did not naturally occur. The spherical pendulum system was analyzed to determine under what conditions the onset of Type I response (a repetitive motion in which the pendulum bob does not traverse through the apex. The bob strikes the same general area of the restraint without striking the opposite side of the restraint.), sustainable Type II response (this is the repetitive motion in which the pendulum bob traverses through the apex. The bob strikes opposite sides of the restraint.), and mixed mode response (motion in which the pendulum bob randomly strikes either the same area of the restrain or the opposite side of the restraint) occurred.     

现代技术中的高级实验力学

给出了正在形成的高级实验力学体系(分析和实验方法的理论与技术)的总体轮廓,并用实际例子说明了现代枝术与现代社会的需要、物理学的新进展、材料本构方程研究的趋势、分析力学的新进展及高级实验力学的概念与方法等众多方面间的相互依存关系。     

Steep wave fronts on extrudates of polymer melts and solutions: lubrication layers and boundary lubrication

Steep wave fronts tend to develop in many regimes of lubricated, slipping flows in which waves appear. Problems of slip, spurt, fracture and extrudate distortion can be framed in terms of lubrication theory with paradigms arising from the lubrication of heavy oil with water for some problems and concepts from the theory of boundary lubrication for others. In water-lubricated pipelines, high pressures are produced at the front side of a wave on the oil when water is forced through the wavecrest and the wall, low pressures develop at the back of the wave where the gap opens. The steep waves which develop on cores of heavy oil lubricated by water are irregular and look like melt fracture. Direct numerical simulation of regular periodic waves give rise to sharkskin solutions in which the wave length decreases with the wave amplitude as the gap size decreases, preserving the steep wave front. Wave steepening seems always to occur in extrusion when the polymers slip, in the abrasion of rubber samples and in Schallamach's waves of detachment.