氢化物原子光谱法的新增效试剂L-半胱氨酸

介绍L-半胱氨酸在氢化物原子光谱法中的预还原、增敏和去干扰等作用。综述了L-半胱氨酸作为氢化物原子光谱法的新增效试剂在测定砷、锑、铋、锡、锗等元素及砷各种形态时的应用。引用文献38篇。     

Determination of major antimony species in seawater by continuous flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

The capabilities and limitations of the continuous flow injection hydride generation technique, coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry, for the speciation of major antimony species in seawater, were investigated. Two pre-concentration techniques were examined. After continuous flow injection hydride generation and collection onto a graphite tube coated with iridium, antimony was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The low detection limits obtained (∼5 ng l⁻¹ for Sb(III) and ∼10 ng l⁻¹ for Sb(V) for 2.5 ml seawater samples) permitted the determination of Sb(III) and total antimony in seawater with the use of selective hydride generation and on-line UV photooxidation. The number of samples that can be analyzed is about 15 per hour for Sb(III) determinations and 10 per hour for total antimony determinations. The analysis of seawater samples showed that Sb(V) was the predominant species, even in the presence of important biological activity.     

Development of a non-chromatographic method for the speciation analysis of inorganic antimony in mushroom samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A simple and sensitive method has been developed for the direct determination of toxic species of antimony in mushroom samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG AFS). The determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) was based on the efficiency of hydride generation employing NaBH₄, with and without a previous KI reduction, using proportional equations corresponding to the two different measurement conditions. The extraction efficiency of total antimony and the stability of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in different extraction media (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic acid, methanol and ethanol) were evaluated. Results demonstrated that, based on the extraction yield and the stability of extracts, 0.5 mol L^− 1 H₂SO₄ proved to be the best extracting solution for the speciation analysis of antimony in mushroom samples. The limits of detection of the developed methodology were 0.6 and 1.1 ng g^− 1 for Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively. The relative standard derivation was 3.8% (14.7 ng g^− 1) for Sb(V) and 5.1% (4.6 ng g^− 1) for Sb(III). The recovery values obtained for Sb(III) and Sb(V) varied from 94 to 106% and from 98 to 105%, respectively. The method has been applied to determine Sb(III), Sb(V) and total Sb in five different mushroom samples; the Sb(III) content varied from 4.6 to 11.4 ng g^− 1 and Sb(V) from 14.7 to 21.2 ng g^− 1. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the analysis of a certified reference material of tomato leaves.     

Multivariate optimisation of hydride generation procedures for single element determinations of As, Cd, Sb and Se in natural waters by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Continuous flow hydride generation procedures for As(III), total inorganic As, Cd, total inorganic Sb, Se(IV) and total inorganic Se from sea and hot-spring water samples were optimised by experimental designs. Ir-coated graphite tubes were used as preconcentration and atomisation medium of the hydrides generated. Several factors affecting the hydride generation efficiency were studied. Results obtained from Plackett-Burman designs suggest that sodium borohydride flow rate and reduction coil length, are significant factors for total inorganic arsenic hydride generation. For cadmium hydride generation the significant factors are hydrochloric acid concentration, hydrochloric acid and sodium borohydride flow rates and reduction coil length. For total inorganic antimony hydride generation the factors affecting the hydride generation procedure are hydrochloric acid and potassium iodide concentrations and reduction coil length; finally, pre-reduction coil length and oven temperature for the pre-reduction step are statistically significant factors for total inorganic selenium hydride generation. In addition, the factors studied for the arsenic and selenium hydride generation from As(III) and Se(IV) are not significant. From these studies, the significant variables were optimised by central composite designs. Validation carried out analysis on three reference materials: SLRS-4 (Riverie water), CASS-3 (seawater) and NIST-1643d.     

Simultaneous determination of trace arsenic, antimony, bismuth and selenium in biological samples by hydride generation-four-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A new and sample technique for the simultaneous determination of trace arsenic, antimony, bismuth and selenium in biologic samples by hydride generation-four-channel nondispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry was development. The conditions of instrumentation and hydride generation of arsenic, antimony, bismuth and selenium were optimized. For reducing hexavalent Se to the tetravalent state was to heat the sample with 6 mol l⁻¹ HCl, and then pre-reducing pentavalent As and Sb to the trivalent state was achieved by the addition of 0.05 mol l⁻¹ thiourea. The interferences of coexisting ions were evaluated. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits for As, Sb, Bi and Se were determined to be 0.03, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.03 ng ml⁻¹, respectively. The precision for seven replicate determinations at the 5 ng ml⁻¹ of As, Sb, Bi and Se were 0.9, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5% (R.S.D.), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of As, Sb, Bi and Se in a series of Chinese certified biological reference materials using simple aqueous standard calibration technique, the results obtained are in good agreement with the certified values.     

Determination of trace concentrations of antimony by the introduction of stibine into an inductively-coupled plasma for atomic emission spectrometry

A simple, rapid and sensitive method is described for the determination of trace concentrations of antimony by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with hydride generation. Hydrochloric acid (1 M) is the best medium for stibine generation, but antimony(III) is also effectively reduced to stibine in 1 M malic acid or 0.5 M tartaric acid, whereas antimony(V) gives no significant signal in either of these acids. This permits the differential determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V). Most of the inter-element interference effects can be minimized by thiourea, bur standard additions are recommended for accurate determinations. Thiourea is also effective in prereducing Sb(V) to Sb(III). The detection limit is 0.19 ng Sb ml^?1 and the calibration graph is linear up to 100 μg ml^?1. The r.s.d, at 1 and 100 ng Sb ml^?1 are 3.8 and 2.1%, respectively. The method is applied to copper metal and to speciation of antimony in waste water.     

化学蒸气发生-四通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定水样中的痕量砷、锑、硒和汞

应用自行设计的化学蒸气发生-四通道无色散原子荧光光谱仪,建立了同时测定水样中As、Sb、Se、Hg的新方法.在实验中优化了四元素同时化学蒸气发生条件和测定的最佳工作参数.在样品预处理阶段用HCl将Se6+还原为Se4+,然后用质量浓度5 g/L硫脲将As5+和Sb5+还原为As3+和Sb3+.在最佳条件下,方法对As、Sb、Se、Hg的检出限分别为0.05、0.03、0.05、0.01 ng/mL(3d);RSD分别为0.42%、0.74%、0.97%、1.0%(对5 ng/mL As、Sb、Se和0.5ng/mL Hg混合标准,n=7).用所建立的方法对不同类型水样中的As、Sb、Se、Hg进行了同时测定,测定结果与用标准方法测定所得结果之间无明显差异,各元素的加标回收率在93%～105%.     

Determination de l'etain dans les sediments et les boues de stations d'epuration par spectrometrie d'absorption atomique avec generation d'hydruresDetermination of tin in sediments and sewage sludges by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation.

The conditions for the determination of tin in sediments and sewage sludges by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation are evaluated. Hydride generation is achieved in a 0.4 M nitric acid/0.2 tartaric acid solution. The effects of hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids are discussed. Matrix effect and interferences from other trace elements are studied. Seven sample decomposition procedures are compared. Refluxing with a (1 + 3) niric acid/hydrochloric acid mixture was the preferred procedure for decomposing such samples.     

Headspace single-drop microextraction with in situ stibine generation for the determination of antimony (III) and total antimony by electrothermal-atomic absorption spectrometry

A headspace-single drop microextraction method combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is developed for the extraction and preconcentration of antimony(III) and total antimony into a Pd(II)-containing aqueous drop after hydride generation. Experimental variables such as hydrochloric acid and sodium tetrahydroborate concentrations, sample volume, Pd(II) concentration in the acceptor phase and microextraction time were optimized. A 2^6-2 _IV factorial fractional design was initially used for screening the effect of the variables, followed by an univariate approach. The method showed a great freedom from interferences caused by hydride-forming elements and transition metals. The detection limit of Sb(III) was 25 pg mL^?1. A preconcentration factor of 176 is achieved in 3 min. The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 4.7%. The method was validated against two certified reference materials (NWRI-TM 27.2 and NIST 2711) and applied to the determination of Sb(III) and total Sb in waters.     

On-line determination of antimony(III) and antimony(V) in liver tissue and whole blood by flow injection - hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrometry

A new analytical procedure for the speciation of antimony in liver tissues is presented here. For this purpose, a flow injection system has been developed for the treatment of samples and the determination of antimony by hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrometry. The method involves the sequential and the on-line extraction of antimony(III) and antimony(V) from solid lyophilized blood and hamsters liver tissues, with 1.5 mol l(-1) acetic acid and 0.5 mol l(-1) sulfuric acid for Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively. Reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) for stibine generation is effected by the on-line pre-reduction with l-cysteine. The linear ranges were 2.5-20 and 1.0-25 mug l(-1) of Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively. The detection limits (3sigma) were 1.0 mug l(-1) for Sb(III) and 0.5 mug l(-1) for Sb(V). The relative standard deviation values for fifteen independent measurements were 2.1 and 1.8% for Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively. The recovery studies performed with samples of cattle liver provided results from 98 to 100% for Sb(III) and from 100 to 103% for Sb(V) for samples spiked with single species. For samples spiked with both Sb(III) and Sb(V), the recovery varied from 97 to 103% for Sb(III) and from 101 to 103% for Sb(V).     

Hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of As, Bi, Sb, Se(IV) and Te(IV) in aqua regia extracts from atmospheric particulate matter using multivariate optimization

A highly sensitive and simple method, based on hydride generation and atomic fluorescence detection, has been developed for the determination of As, Bi, Sb, Se(IV) and Te(IV) in aqua regia extracts from atmospheric particulate matter samples. Atmospheric particulates matter was collected on glass fiber filters using a medium volume sampler (PM1 particulate matter). Two-level factorial designs have been used to optimise the hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) procedure. The effects of several parameters affecting the hydride generation efficiency (hydrochloric acid, sodium tetrahydroborate and potassium iodide concentrations and flow rates) have been evaluated using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. In addition, parameters affecting the hydride measurement (delay, analysis and memory times) have been also investigated. The significant parameters obtained (sodium tetrahydroborate concentration, sodium tetrahydroborate flow rate and analysis time for As; hydrochloric acid concentration and sodium tetrahydroborate flow rate for Se(IV); and sodium tetrahydroborate concentration and sodium tetrahydroborate flow rate for Te(IV)) have been optimized by using 2ⁿ + star central composite design. Hydrochloric acid concentration and sodium tetrahydroborate flow rate were the significant parameters obtained for Sb and Bi determination, respectively. Using a univariate approach these parameters were optimized. The accuracy of methods have been verified by using several certified reference materials: SRM 1648 (urban particulate matter) and SRM 1649a (urban dust). Detection limits in the range of 6 × 10⁻³ to 0.2 ng m⁻³ have been achieved. The developed methods were applied to several atmospheric particulate matter samples corresponding to A Coruña city (NW Spain).     

Microcolumn sorption of antimony(III) chelate for antimony speciation studies

Selective sorption of the Sb(III) chelate with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) on a microcolumn packed with C₁₆-bonded silica gel phase was used for the determination of Sb(III) and of total inorganic antimony after reducing Sb(V) to Sb(III) by l-cysteine. A flow injection system composed of a microcolumn connected to the tip of the autosampler was used for preconcentration. The sorbed antimony was directly eluted with ethanol into the graphite furnace and determined by AAS. The detection limit for antimony was significantly lowered to 0.007 μg l⁻¹ in comparison to 1.7 μg l⁻¹ for direct injection GFAAS. This procedure was applied for speciation determinations of inorganic antimony in tap water, snow and urine samples. For the investigation of long-term stability of antimony species a flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with quartz tube atomization (FI HG QT AAS) and GFAAS were used for selective determination of Sb(III) in the presence of Sb(V) and total content of antimony, respectively. Investigations on the stability of antimony in several natural samples spiked with Sb(III) and Sb(V) indicated instability of Sb(III) in tap water and satisfactory stability of inorganic Sb species in the presence of urine matrix.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定高纯铟中As、Sb

研究了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定高纯铟中微量As、Sb元素的条件,选择了适宜的反应条件以及仪器的最佳工作条件,考察了铟基体对被测元素的干扰,采用基体匹配的方法消除干扰,建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定高纯铟中微量的As、Sb的分析方法。As、Sb的检出限分别为0.18和0.28 ng/mL,测定下限为1.2×10-5和1.9×10-5,相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和1.7%,回收率为97.4%和103%,适用于5～6 N高纯铟中微量As、Sb的测定。     

Hydride generation for the direct determination of trace and ultra-trace level of arsenic and antimony in waters using derivative atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method is developed for the direct determination of trace and ultra-trace level of arsenic and antimony in waters by hydride generation derivative atomic absorption spectrometry (DHGAAS). The signal model and fundamentals of DHGAAS are described. The effects of atomization temperature, argon flow rate, acidity and concentration of KBH(4)and KI were investigated and analytical conditions were optimized. The sensitivities for arsenic and antimony were increased 36.4 and 27.6 times better than those of conventional hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS). For a 2 mV min(-1) sensitivity range setting, the characteristic concentration was 0.003 microg L(-1) for arsenic and 0.004 microg L(-1)for antimony, and the detection limits (3sigma) were 0.015 micro g L(-1) for arsenic and 0.020 microg L(-1) for antimony. The proposed method was applied to the determination of arsenic and antimony in several water samples with satisfactory results.     

Minimization of Cu and Ni interferences in the determination of Sb by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: the use of picolinic acid as masking agent and the influence of l-cysteine

The minimization of copper and nickel interference on the determination of antimony by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry using picolinic acid and l-cysteine as masking agents was studied. Concentrations up to 4000 and 1000 mg l⁻¹ of nickel and copper respectively were found to be tolerable in the presence of picolinic acid. The simultaneous presence of both transition metals could be tolerated by using a mixture of picolinic acid and l-cysteine. In the analysis of a nickel oxide certified reference material good agreement between the recommended and found values was verified. A detection limit (3 s, n=10) of 0.1 μg Sb g⁻¹ in the original sample was estimated.     

氢化物发生电加热石英管原子吸收法测定包头铁矿中的砷、锑、铋

研究了氢化物发生原子吸收法测定包头矿中痕量砷、锑、铋的分析方法,试验确立了反应条件,建立了以KI、抗坏血酸、硫脲为还原体系,消除试样中共存元素的干扰,利用KMnO4消除锑对砷的干扰.砷、锑、铋的检出限可分别达到:0.15,0.28,0.15 ng/mL.方法已用于包头矿分析.     

Evaluation of oxidant media for the determination of lead in food slurries by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Several oxidant media were evaluated for the generation of lead hydride from slurry samples and their application to the determination of lead in vegetables and fish by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Three oxidant - acid media were compared: hydrogen peroxide - nitric acid, ammonium persulphate - nitric acid and potassium dichromate - lactic acid. The powdered samples were suspended in Triton X-100 and shaken with 10.0 g of blown zirconia spheres until a slurry was formed. The potassium dichromate - lactic acid medium was the most satisfactory for the determination of lead in fish and vegetables, providing the lowest detection limits as a result of its high sensitivity and low blank values. The ammonium persulphate - nitric acid medium gave good accuracy, precision and selectivity for vegetables (1-2 p.p.m. of lead); however, with fish (0.1-1 p.p.m. of lead) it was only a semi-quantitative medium for the determination of lead owing to its lack of sensitivity and selectivity. The hydrogen peroxide - nitric acid medium was unsatisfactory for the generation of lead hydride from slurry samples because of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the organic matter in the sample.     

Simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin by gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry after two step hydride generation and preconcentration in a cold trap system

A cold trap system for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin by continuous hydride generation and gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry is described. The hydride generation is carried out in two steps; first, tin hydride is generated at low acidity and second, arsenic, antimony and selenium hydrides are formed at higher acidity. All the hydrides are collected in a liquid nitrogen cryogenic trap and transported to the flow cell of a diode array spectrophotometer, where molecular absorption spectra are obtained in the 190-250 nm range. Five calibration solutions containing arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin are solved using multiple linear regression analysis. Tests are performed in order to extend the same manifold to other hydrides but no signals are obtained for bismuth, cadmium, lead, tellurium and germanium. Under the optimum conditions found and using the wavelengths of maximum sensitivity (190, 198, 220 and 194 nm), the analytical characteristics of each element are calculated. The detection limits are 0.050, 0.020, 0.12 and 1.1 mug ml(-1) and the RSD values are 3.7, 3.1, 3.5 and 3.0% for As, Sb, Se and Sn, respectively. The method is applied to As, Sb, Se and Sn determination in natural spiked water samples.     

Flame-in-gas-shield miniature flame hydride atomizers for ultra trace element determination by chemical vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Flame-in-gas shield miniature hydride atomizers (FIGS) have been investigated and evaluated in view of their alternative use to miniature diffusion flame hydride atomizer (MDF) to determination of hydride forming elements by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Chemical vapour generation (CVG) by aqueous phase derivatization by NaBH₄ in a continuous flow generator (CF) was employed for the generation of volatile hydrides of As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te and Sn. A dispersive AFS apparatus using electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL) as the excitation sources has been employed for both spectra acquisition and analytical determinations. The characteristics of FIGS in terms of background emission spectra, most intense AF spectral lines and limits of detection were compared with those of most popular MDF. FIGS presents a lower background emission with respect to MDF, allowing also the control of the molecular fluorescence of OH radicals in the determination of bismuth. Limits of detection for FIGS compare very well with to those obtained by MDF giving improvement factor of 5.5, 4.4, 3.6, 3.6, 0.7 an 0.5 for Bi, As, Se, Son, Te and Sb. Accuracy of FIGS has proven by determination of arsenic and antimony in seawater (NASS-5) and river water (SRLS-4) certified reference materials and bismuth in unalloyed copper (CuV 398, CuVI 399) standard reference materials by dispersive CVG-AFS.     

氢化物发生(HG)-ICP-AES测定中药漏芦中微量砷、锑、铋的研究

提出氢化物发生等离子体原子发射光谱（ＨＥ－ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）值接测定中药漏芦中微量Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ的方法。对影响分析信号的主要工作条件进行了选择和优化,对干扰元素及消除方法进行了考察。方法的检出限Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ分别为２．７、３．４、２．８ｎｇ／ｇ,精密度（ＲＳＤ）为２．１％～５．０％,试样加入平均回收率为９２．５％～１０６．５％,本法用于中药漏芦的分析,结果满意。