Studies on the Photolytical Behaviour of Bromofenoxim in the Atmosphere

Abstract

Photodecomposition of the herbicide bromofenoxim was studied in aqueous solution, solid state and in aerosol form. In all cases, bromoxynil and 2,4-dinitrophenol are the degradation products. Photodecomposition rate in solution is strongly dependent on the pH with a minimum at pH 8-10 and increasing at lower and higher pH values. Hydrolysis at pH 12 in darkness also yields 2,4-dinitrophenol and bromoxynil as products, while hydrolysis in acidic medium has not been observed to occur in absence of light. Photodecomposition of solid bromofenoxim deposited on an inert surface is also studied and linked to the irradiation time. A system for generation of test aerosols is described. Dry and droplet aerosols are collected, extracted and analyzed after different times of irradiation in order to study the possible photolytical behaviour of bromofenoxim in the atmosphere.     

Preliminary Study on the Effect of pH on Thermal Transformation of Some Diphasic Al2O3-SiO2 Gels

Diphasic Al₂O₃-SiO₂ gels have been synthesized by hydrolyzing ethyl orthosilicate at three different pH ranges in presence of colloidal boehmite. Result shows that dominant mullitization process are sensitive to pH of the gelation process. At highly acidic pH range, solid state reaction between corundum and cristobalite occurs, and develops liquid phase for mullite nucleation. At moderately acidic pH, nucleation and crystallization are most operative for nucleation in aluminosilicate matrix. In highly basic pH region, Al-Si spinel phase develops by incorporation of Si in aluminous phase as intermediary phase. Polymorphic transformation of it may be the cause of sudden mullitization. The changes in crystallization sequence in three distinct processes may be due to variation in the nature and size of silicic acid particle formed by hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS at different pH.     

Conventional and microwave-assisted conversion of substituted 3-amino-oxazolidin-2,4-diones into N',N'-disubstituted alpha-hydroxyhydrazides

Substituted 3-amino-oxazolidin-2,4-diones have been prepared by reacting cyanohydrins or alpha-hydroxyesters subsequently with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole and 1,1-disubstituted hydrazines followed by acidic hydrolysis in case of the intermediate 3-amino-4-imino-oxazolidin-2-ones. Conventional and microwave-assisted syntheses of N',N'-disubstituted alpha-hydroxyhydrazides have been accomplished by reacting substituted 3-amino-oxazolidin-2,4-diones with catalytic amounts of sodium methoxide in methanol.     

The preparation and aqueous basic oxidation of diethyl 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate

Diethyl 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate has been synthesized in good yield from readily available materials, diethyl benzylidenemalonate and ethyl sarcosinate. It was found to react with oxygen in aqueous base to give two oxidation products, ethyl 1-methyl-2-oxo-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3-pyrroline-4-carboxylate ( 9 ) and ethyl 1-methyl-2,3-dioxo-5-phenyl-4-pyrroline-4-carboxylate ( 10 ). These two oxidation products are postulated to arise from the decomposition of a common intermediate, diethyl 1-methyl-2-hydroperoxy-3-oxo-5-phenyl-4-pyrroline-2,4-dicarboxylate. Reaction of the title compound with oxygen in pyridine containing Triton B again produced two products, the dioxo compound ( 10 ) and diethyl 1-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-5-phenyl-4-pyrroline-2,4-dicarboxylate ( 12 ). Compound 12 was shown to react in aqueous base to give exclusively 9 . The hydration of 10 in acidic and basic media is also discussed.     

Hydrolysis of Cellobiose in Dilute Sulpuric Acid and Under Hydrothermal Conditions

The sulfuric acid hydrolysis rate of cellobiose between pH 2 and 3 is directly proportional to the acid concentration. In good agreement with other authors, an activation energy of 133 kJ/Mol was found under these acidic conditions. The relation of the reaction rate constants for the glucose formation and glucose degradation (k₁/k₂) shows, in contrast to the hydrolysis of cellulose, little dependence on the temperature. Hydroxymethylfurfural, and to a lesser extent furfural, are glucose degradation products, which are also consumed but at a lower reaction rate than glucose. At pH values between 3 and 4.7 (pure water) strong deviations of the hydrolysis rates were observed. The formation of organic acids decreases the pH but has no influence on the reaction rate. This fact indicates that hydrothermolysis follows a reaction mechanism different from that of acidic hydrolysis.     

The influence of processing conditions on the properties and the degradation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

The influence of melt-extrusion on the degradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-7% 3-hydroxyvalerate) in a small-scale compost and in salt media with Aspergillus fumigatus has been studied. The degradation has been monitored by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analysis. During the first 9 weeks of composting the degradation proceeds through surface erosion without any significant change in molecular weight or weight crystallinity. After 10 months the weight average molecular weight, Mw, has decreased by approximately 15–50%. It is suggested that degradation mechanism is converted from enzymatic to chemical hydrolysis as the porosity of the samples increases which facilitates water penetration. In addition, the acidic degradation products would accelerate the chemical hydrolysis inside the sample due to lowering of the pH. During degradation in media containing A. fumigatus the sample processed at low temperature exhibited extensive surface degradation and a 12% reduction of the Mw. In contrast the sample processed at high temperature showed an homogeneous surface degradation and no reduction in molecular weight. The differences in degradation are attributed to variations in the initial morphology of the samples caused by the processing conditions. Further investigations are, however, required to separate effects attributed to local differences in the compost environment and the structure of the samples.     

Development and validation of a reversed phase HPLC method for quantitative analysis of bis-isoxazolylnaphthoquinone

The goal of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters involved in the decomposition of 2-(5-methyl-4-isoxazolylamino)-N-(5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone-4-imine (1) in aqueous solution and to identify the main degradation products. An isocratic HPLC assay was used to study the degradation rate of 1. The products of hydrolysis were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of authentic samples. The amount of 1 and the two degradation products resulting from storage of 1 in various buffer solutions was followed in function of time by a reversed-phase HPLC stability-indicating method. The observed degradation rates followed pseudo-first-order kinetics at constant pH, temperature and ionic strength. The log k–pH-profile was constructed at 35°C from the first-order rate constants obtained from studies at pH values ranging from 0.88 to 10.80 (μ=0.5 M). Hydrolysis in the acidic and alkaline media resulted in the formation of two degradation products in each case. The pH-rate profile of 1 in buffer solution was adequately described using a four-term rate equation. The obtained pH-rate profile indicated specific acid–base catalysis with a region of maximum stability between pH 6.40 and 7.40 which can be adequate for formulations of 1.     

Optimization in the Formaldehyde Determination at Sub-PPM Level from Acetals by HPLC-DAD

ABSTRACT

Determination of formaldehyde at sub-ppm level as impurity in acetals using HPLC-DAD is described. Automated on-line precolumn derivatization reaction with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine has been used. Breakdown rates of some industrial scale used acetals (Methylal, Ethylal) to formaldehyde by hydrolysis in aqueous media, according to pH, are described.     

Hydrolytic reactions of diadenosine 5',5'-triphosphate

The hydrolysis of diadenosine 5',5'-triphosphate to AMP and ADP has been studied over a wide pH-range. Under acidic conditions the reaction shows a first-order dependence on the hydronium ion concentration. Below pH 3 the rate-increase begins to level off. From pH 6 to 9 the hydrolysis is slow and pH-independent. Base-catalysed hydrolysis is observed in NaOH-solutions. Under alkaline conditions an intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the phosphate producing 3',5'-cAMP is also observed, but it is slower than the intermolecular reaction. Depurination of the adenosine moieties competes with the hydrolysis both under acidic and alkaline conditions, but the mechanisms are different. The temperature-dependence of the hydrolysis of Ap(3)A and the depurination of adenosine moieties were studied under acidic conditions, and the activation parameters of the reactions were calculated. The results of the work reflect the fact that the negatively charged polyphosphate group is very resistant towards nucleophilic attack. An efficient catalysis is only observed under acidic conditions, where the phosphate group becomes protonated. General acids or bases did not catalyse the hydrolysis. Furthermore, hydroxide ion catalysed cleavage is only observed at high base concentrations and other negatively charged nucleophiles did not attack the phosphate groups of diadenosine polyphosphates.     

In situ FTIR spectroelectrochemical study on the mechanism of ethylene glycol electrocatalytic oxidation at a Pd electrode

The adsorption and electrooxidation pathways of ethylene glycol (EG) on polycrystalline palladium surfaces have been investigated in both alkaline and acidic media by in situ FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry. Palladium exhibits a high electrocatalytic activity in alkaline solution with low onset oxidation potentials and high current densities, depending on the pH, as well as on the supporting electrolyte. Higher potentials are required for EG oxidation in acidic solutions, where the catalytic performance decreases with increasing the pH. The products and intermediates of EG oxidation on Pd are influenced by the pH. In alkaline media, both C(2) species (glycolate, glyoxal, glyoxylate and oxalate) and C(1) species (formate and carbonate) are formed in mutual concentrations depending on the pH. In contrast, CO(2) is selectively produced in acidic aqueous solution.     

Quantitation of Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide in Tablets by Stability-Indicating Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A stability-indicating assay method for the quantitation of chloropropamide and tolbutamide based on reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The method is accurate, reproducible and precise with a percent relative standard deviations based on 5 readings of 0.52 and 0.46 for chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, respectively. There is no interference from the products of hydrolysis of chlorpropamide or tolbutamide (they elute before the intact drug) and th excipients present in the tablets. The hydrolysis process proceeds very fast in acidic pH as compared with basic pH. The products of hydrolysis, p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (from chlorpropamide) and p-toluenesulfonamide (from tolbutamide) can also be quantified if required. The hydrolysis of both chlorpropamide and tolbutamide in 0.09N H₂SO₄ followed first order law with K values of 0.0036 and 0.0047 per day (at 50°), respectively.     

Role of the electrostatic interactions on the basic or acidic hydrolysis kinetics of poly-(d,l-lactide) monolayers

The hydrolysis kinetics of insoluble poly-(d,l-lactide) monolayers spread on basic or acidic aqueous subphase were followed by measuring simultaneously the decrease in the surface area at constant surface pressure and the evolution of the surface potential. An approach to analyse the role of the electrostatic interactions during the hydrolysis at alkaline pH, interpreting the surface potential data was developed. The theoretical predictions based on the idea of a random fragmentation of polymer molecules leading to the interfacial accumulation of charged insoluble products and solubilisation of small fragments describes well the experimental results. The reversibility of the hydrolysis/esterification reaction at acidic pH is taken into account.     

Role of the electrostatic interactions on the basic or acidic hydrolysis kinetics of poly-( , -lactide) monolayers

The hydrolysis kinetics of insoluble poly-( , -lactide) monolayers spread on basic or acidic aqueous subphase were followed by measuring simultaneously the decrease in the surface area at constant surface pressure and the evolution of the surface potential. An approach to analyse the role of the electrostatic interactions during the hydrolysis at alkaline pH, interpreting the surface potential data was developed. The theoretical predictions based on the idea of a random fragmentation of polymer molecules leading to the interfacial accumulation of charged insoluble products and solubilisation of small fragments describes well the experimental results. The reversibility of the hydrolysis/esterification reaction at acidic pH is taken into account.     

Study of the degradation products of bromopropylate, chlordimeform, coumaphos, cymiazole, flumethrin and tau-fluvalinate in aqueous media

Degradation processes of bromopropylate, coumaphos, chlordimeform, cymiazole, flumethrin and fluvalinate in aqueous media have been studied by HPLC. Cymiazole is stable at any tested pH (1-11), while bromopropylate, flumethrin and coumaphos are unstable at basic pH and chlordimeform and fluvalinate in neutral and basic media. The main degradation products have been identified by GC-MS. The reaction rate constants and half-lives were calculated and the effect of co-solvents on the rate and product profile was studied.     

fac-mer-[Co(β-ala)3]的异构化反应动力学

The isomerization products of fac- and mer-[Co(β-ala)_3] in neutral and acidic media were separated with Na~+-type SP-Sephaex C-25 column and determined by spectrophotometry. At high temperatures(>90 ℃)the fac-isomer readily isomerizes to mer-[Co(β-ala)_3] and simultaneously hydrolyzes to yield a brown slurry in neutral solution.However, in acidic solution hydrolysis does not occur, the products are mer-isomer and a small amount of red complex cation, which is strongly adsorbed at the top of SP-Scphadex column and would probably be the fac-[Co(β-ala)_2[Co(β-alaH)(H_2O]~+.At 90 ℃ the mer-[Co(β-ala)_3]is hydrolyzed rapidly to yield a brown precipitate in neutral solution and isomerizes in small amount to fac-isomer. In acidic solution the mer-isomer isomerizes slightly to fac-isomer, and at the top of SP-Sephadex column, a violet complex cation which would probably be mer-[Co(β-ala)_2(β-alaH)(H_2O]~+ is abserved.The kinetic parameters of isomerization of fac-[Co(β-ala)_3] in neutral, basic and acidic solutions have been determined with spectrophotometric method at 534 nm. The resufts obtained indicate that reaction rates v with respect to fac-[Co(β-ala)_3] in neutral, basic and acidic media are all in first order, and under constant initial concentration of fac-[Co(β-ala)_3] the reaction rates v with respect zation of fac-[Co(β-ala)_3] in neutral, [OH~-]=4.04×10~(-4) molL~(-1), [HCl]=1.56×10~(-2) molL~(-1) and [HClO_4]=1.56×10~(-2) molL~(-1) media at 90 ℃ are 0.0195, 57.3, 3.43 and 0.978 min~(-1) while the activation energies are 194.2, 103.1, 134.1 and 113.8 kJ.mol~(-1) respectively.     

The disarming effect of the 4,6-acetal group on glycoside reactivity: torsional or electronic?

An evaluation of whether the well-known deactivating effect of a 4,6-acetal protection group on glycosyl transfer is caused by torsional or an electronic effect from fixation of the 6-OH in the tg conformation was made. Two conformationally locked probe molecules, 2,4-dinitrophenyl 4,8-anhydro-7-deoxy-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-beta-D-glycero-D-gluco-octopyranoside (18R) and the L-glycero-D-gluco isomer (18S), were prepared, and their rate of hydrolysis was compared to that of the flexible 2,4-dinitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (21) and the locked 2,4-dinitrophenyl 4,6-O-methylidene-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (26). The rate of hydrolysis at pH 6.5 was 21 > 18R > 18S > 26, which showed that the deactivating effect of the 4,6-methylene group is partially torsional and partially electronic. A comparison of the rate of acidic hydrolysis of the corresponding methyl alpha-glycosides likewise showed that the probe molecules 17S and 17R hydrolyzed significantly slower than methyl tetra-O-methyl-glucoside 19, confirming a deactivating effect of locking the saccharide in the (4)C(1) conformation. The experiments showed that the hydroxymethyl rotamers deactivate the rate of glycoside hydrolysis in the order tg > gt > gg.     

Hydrogels of β-cyclodextrin crosslinked by acylated poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis and properties

Networks of β-cyclodextrin have been prepared by reaction with acylated poly(ethylene glycol) with a molar mass of 600 g/mol. Samples with different β-cyclodextrin/poly(ethylene glycol) ratios: 1/4, 1/6, 1/8 and 1/10 have been prepared. Both components are bonded by ester groups, resulting in a network that can be degraded by hydrolysis in basic and acidic media. The maximum stability of the hydrogels is reached at pH 4. The hydrogel percentage water content depends on β-cyclodextrin content ranging from 82 to 98, and the swelling data obtained for these hydrogels fit well with a second order kinetics. The sorption behavior of these hydrogels has been tested by employing 1-naphthol as model molecule. The sorption capacity is close to other cyclodextrin networks previously reported and depends on the hydrogel composition and the concentration of 1-naphthol.     

Acceleration Effect of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) on the Hydrolysis Rate of Ortho- or Para-Hydroxy Schiff Bases

The kinetics of hydrolysis of ortho- or para-hydroxybenzylidene-4-benzidine Schiff bases have been examined in the pH range 1.70–11.90, in aqueous media containing 20wt% dioxane, at 20 °C. In basic media, pH > 8.47, a slight increase in the hydrolysis reaction rate of the Schiff bases is observed. In such basic media, the rate-controlling step is the attack of hydroxide ion on the ionized Schiff base. Below pH 6.82, the rate-determining step is ascribed to be the attack of water molecules on the protonated substrate. The effects of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions on the hydrolysis reaction rate of the Schiff bases have been studied and discussed on the basis of formation of a monocyclic chelate rings. The various thermodynamic parameters have also been evaluated and discussed.     

Hydrolysis and Desulfurization of the Diastereomeric Phosphoromonothioate Analogs of Uridine 2',3'-Cyclic Monophosphate

Hydrolyses of the two diastereomeric phosphoromonothioate analogs of uridine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate [(R(P))- and (S(P))-2',3'-cUMPS] at 363.2 K have been followed by HPLC over pH-range 0-12. In aqueous alkali (pH > 9) only base-catalyzed endocyclic phosphoester hydrolysis to a nearly equimolar mixture of uridine 2'- and 3'-phosphoromonothioates (2'- and 3'-UMPS) takes place, analogously to the hydrolysis of uridine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate (2',3'-cUMP). The (R(P))- and (S(P))-2',3'-cUMPS are hydrolyzed 50 and 30%, respectively, more slowly than 2',3'-cUMP. Under neutral and acidic conditions, desulfurization of the cyclic thiophosphates to 2',3'-cUMP competes with the phophoester hydrolysis, both reactions being acid-catalyzed at pH < 5. The desulfurization is most pronounced in strongly acidic solutions ([HCl] > 0.1 mol L(-)(1)), where more than 90% of the starting material is degraded via this route. At pH < 2, the thioates are considerably, i.e., more than 1 order of magnitude, more stable than 2',3'-cUMP. While the hydrolysis of 2',3'-cUMP is second-order in hydronium-ion concentration, that of 2',3'-cUMPS exhibits a first-order dependence. The reactivities of the two diastereomers are comparable with each other over the entire pH-range studied, the most significant difference being that the pH-independent desulfurization at pH > 5 is with the R(P)-isomer 5-fold faster than with the S(P)-isomer. In contrast to 2',3'-cUMP, depyrimidination of the starting material (i.e., release of the uracil base) competes with the hydrolysis of the thiophosphate moiety under neutral conditions (pH 6-8).     

The Constitutive Production of Pectinase by the CT1 Mutant of Penicillium Occitainis is Modulated by pH

The aim of the present study was to investigate pectinases production by CT1 mutant of Penicillium occitanis on glucose based media. Two main groups of pectinases were followed: lyases (pectin and pectate lyases) and hydrolases (polygalacturonases and polymethylgalacturonases). When cultivated in different liquid media, where either the starting glucose concentration or the nature of nitrogen sources used was varied, the CT1 mutant secreted either lyases or hydrolases. In fact, the pH of these various media seemed to correlate with the activity produced: The lyases were highly and exclusively produced at neutral or alkaline ambient pH, whereas hydrolases were highly produced on acidic ambient pH. Such conclusion was confirmed by following pectinase production in the same culture medium (with the same glucose concentration and the same nitrogen source) set at two initial pH of 4 and 7. Altogether, these results suggest that the pectinases control by PacC signaling pathway of P. occitanis should resemble to that of Aspergillus and its ability to “activate the expression of alkaline-expressed genes and repress acid-expressed genes” remains intact in the CT1 over-producing and constitutive strain. Enzymes produced at acidic pH (hydrolases) and at neutral pH (lyases) were applied in the hydrolysis of orange peel and gave results comparable to commercial enzymes.