Determination of 129I/127I in environmental water before and after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident with a solid extraction disk

A Cs selective solvent composed of 0.08 M chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide and 0.5 % PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol of average molecular weight of 400) in phenyl trifluoromethyl sulphone (PTMS) was used for the extraction of Cs(I) and Sr(II) from nitric acid solution as well as synthetic pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) high level waste (HLW) solution. Comparison was also done with analogous solvent system in nitrobenzene and xylene diluent mixture. The various experiments included acid concentration variation and PEG-400 concentration variation. A sharp decrease in the Cs(I) and Sr(II) extraction was noticed with increasing nitric acid concentration. On the other hand, while PEG-400 concentration variation had very little effect on Cs(I) extraction, it has a very significant influence on Sr(II) extraction. Batch co-current extraction studies were carried out with solvents made from both the diluent systems and the results indicated that PTMS based solvent system was superior to that containing nitrobenzene and can be used for the recovery of the metal ions from actual PHWR-HLW. Radiolytic degradation studies were also carried out and the results suggested reasonably good stability of the solvent system.     

On the extraction of mineral acids and uranium from alcoholic and acetonic solutions with tri-N-butyl phosphate

The extraction of hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids with TBP was studied as a function of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone concentration in the aqueous phase. Extraction increases in the order: methanol相似文献   

Extraction of strontium from nitric acid solutions by selected crown ethers

The extraction of Sr from nitric acid solutions by the crown ethers, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6 and DB 18-crown-6 dissolved in chloroform has been investigated. Sr is reasonably well extracted by 18-crown-6 compared to other crown ethers from different nitric acid solutions. The extraction is strongly dependent on the concentration of HNO₃ and nitrate salts. Preliminary studies indicate that¹³⁷Cs is also extracted to a limited extent by 18-crown-6 from nitrate medium. Stripping of Sr was achieved by an aqueous solution of low acidity, the crown ether being regenerated for subsequent extraction.     

Determination of cerium in fission products by extraction with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid

Summary The extraction of cerium, oxidized to the tetravalent state, from nitric acid medium by di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in hexane was studied. The effect of nitric acid concentration, agent concentration, oxidizer amount, and carrier concentration on the yield of cerium extraction was investigated and the optimum conditions of the extraction were found. Under these conditions, the reproducibility of the method was determined and the extraction of other fission products (Sr, Cs, Zr, and Ru) was also tested. The procedure was verified by the determination of cerium in artificial and real mixtures of fission products.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden Untersuchungen angestellt über die Extraktion von vierwertigem Cer aus salpetersaurer Lösung mit Hilfe von Di-(2-äthylhexyl)-phosphorsäure in Hexan. Im einzelnen wurde der Einfluß der Konzentration an Salpetersäure, Reagens, Oxydationsmittel und Träger auf die Extraktionsausbeute geprüft und die optimalen Bedingungen festgelegt. Weiterhin wurde die Reproduzierbarkeit des Verfahrens bestimmt und bei der Anwendung auf künstliche und natürliche Gemische von Spaltprodukten das Verhalten der anderen Elemente (Sr, Cs, Zr, Ru) untersucht.

     

Aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by Ce(IV)–alcohol redox systems: Effect of acid concentration and additives

Polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate in combination with alcohols, isopropyl and, isobutyl alcohol, has been studied in aqueous nitric acid. The effect of nitric acid and nitrate ion concentrations on the initial rate of polymerization as well as on that of ceric ion consumption and on polymer molecular weight has been investigated. The rate of polymerization initially rapidly to a maximum with increasing nitric acid concentration at constant nitrate ion concentration, and then, decreased at higher acid concentrations. The rate of ceric ion consumption increased on increasing the acid concentration. A fall in both the rates was observed as the nitrate ion concentration increased, and when acid concentration was kept constant. Average-molecular weights decreased with increasing the acid concentration; whereas they increased with increasing that of nitrate ion. The effect of certain water-miscible organic solvents has also been studied. Both the rates increased in their presence, whereas the molecular weight underwent a decrease     

Extraction of thorium from aqueous nitric acid solution by bis-2-(butoxyethyl ether) (DBC)

The solvent extraction of thorium(IV) (4.3·10^–4M) from nitric acid solution by bis-2-(butoxyethyl ether) (butex or DBC) has been studied. It has been investigated as a function of nitric acid, extractant and metal ion concentration. The effect of equilibration time, diverse ions and salting-out agent on the extraction has also been examined. Among anions, fluoride, phosphate, oxalate and perchlorate have reduced the extraction. Cations such as Na(I), K(I), Ca(II), Zn(II), Al(III), Ti(IV), Zr(IV) except Sr(II) and Pb(II) do not interfere in the extraction. The extraction is enhanced upto 97% in three stages at 6M HNO₃ having 2.94M NaNO₃ as salting-out agent. The extraction is found to be independent of thorium concentration in the range studied (4.3·10^–4–4.3·10^–2M). The temperature (18–45°C) has an adverse effect on the extraction. A 1% solution of ammonium bifluoride is found to be a good stripping solution and recovery of thorium is >98%.     

不同稀释剂中N,N,N′,N′-四丁基-3-氧戊二酰胺从硝酸介质中萃取Gd(Ⅲ)离子的研究

在不同稀释剂体系中研究了N,N,N′,N′-四丁基-3-氧戊二酰胺(TBDGA)从硝酸介质中萃取Gd髥离子的性能及反应机理。考察了水相硝酸浓度、萃取剂浓度及温度对其萃取性能的影响。实验表明在不同稀释剂中TBDGA对Gd髥的萃取能力为:二甲苯四氯化碳甲苯氯仿,分配比在所研究酸度范围内都随硝酸浓度的增加而增大。在不同稀释剂中萃取机理是相同的,萃合物的组成为Gd(NO3)3·3TBDGA;萃取Gd(Ⅲ)离子的反应为放热反应,低温有利于萃取。萃合物的IR光谱表明羰基氧与Gd(Ⅲ)发生配位。     

Extraction of uranyl(VI) ion with N,N-diethyloctadecanamide from nitric acid solution

The extraction of U(VI) with newly synthesized alkylamide, N,N-diethyloctadecanamide (DEODA), has been studied. The dependence of the extraction on nitric acid concentration, DEODA concentration and temperature from nitric acid solution has been considered. The extracted species has also been investigated using FT-IR spectrometry. The related themodynamic functions were calculated.     

Extraction of uranium(VI) with bis(octylsulfinyl)methane

The liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from aqueous nitric acid with bis(octylsulfinyl)methane (BOSM) has been studied over a wide range of conditions. The extracted species appear to be UO₂(NO₃)₂·2BOSM. It was found that the extraction increased with increasing nitric acid concentration up to 8.5 mol/l and then descreased. Extraction also increased with increasing extractant concentration. The influence of temperature and salting-out agent concentration on the extraction equilibrium has also been investigated, and the enthalpy of the extraction reaction was estimated.     

Studies on the separation of 90Y from 90Sr by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane using TODGA: role of organic diluent

Solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane transport studies on Y(III) and Sr(II) were carried out using both nitric as well as hydrochloric acid feed conditions using N,N,N′,N′-tetra-octyldiglycolamide (TODGA) in several organic diluents. The solvent extraction studies indicated extremely large separation factor (SF) values with chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1-decanol and hexone when 6 M HNO₃ was used as the feed. On the other hand, the SF values were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower when the nitric acid concentration was 3 M HNO₃. Significantly large SF values were also obtained from 6 M HCl when xylene, carbon tetrachloride, n-dodecane and hexone were used as the diluent. Though mass transfer was not very promising in the supported liquid membrane studies with most of the diluent systems, quantitative Y(III) transport was observed with 0.1 M TODGA in xylene with negligible Sr(II) transport suggesting possibility of obtaining carrier free ⁹⁰Y. The purity of the radiotracer was checked by half-life method.     

The Extraction of Uranium(VI) with n-Octyldecylsulfoxides (ODSO)-Toluene

The liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from aqueous nitric acid with n-octyldecylsulfoxide (ODSO) in toluene has been studied over a wide range of conditions. The extracted species appears to be UO₂(NO₃)₂·2ODSO. The extraction increased with increasing nitric acid concentration up to 2.0 mol/l and then decreased. Extraction also increased with increasing extractant concentration. The influence of temperature, salting-out agent concentration and complex anion concentration on the extraction equilibrium were also investigated, and the enthalpy of the extraction reaction was calculated.     

Extraction of radiostrontium from the mixture of radionuclides in milk using dicarbolide of cobalt

The possibilities of radiostrontium extraction from milk after the isolation of radiocesium were investigated. The polyhedral complex of the type H⁺[(π-/3/-1,2-C₂B₉H₁₁)₂Co⁻], further referred to as dicarbolide-H⁺, in nitrobenzene was used for the extraction. The increase of values and larger differentiation of distribution ratios in the extraction of ion associates of radionuclides were achieved by hydrophobizing with polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The changes of the distribution ratios of⁹⁰Sr,⁸⁹Sr and⁹⁰Y with PEG concentration were studied, and ranges of the highest synergic effect, changing with different extraction agent concentrations in extraction from water solutions and a fresh milk were determined. The influence of milk dilution and nitric acid concentration upon the value of distribution ratio in radiostrontium extraction using dicarbolide-H⁺ and the optimum PEG concentration were investigated. Under suitably selected conditions of radiostrontium isolation, the distribution ratios of some potential contaminants were determined. The influence of nonisotopic carrier Ca²⁺ upon radiostrontium extraction was examined. The possibilities of purification of isolated radiostrontium using reextraction were investigated. A selective and quick analytical procedure was suggested for radiostrontium isolation after the separation of radiocesium from a mixture of fission and activated radionuclides in milk using extraction by dicarbolide-H⁺. The chemical yield is about 98% and⁹⁰Sr is determined by liquid scintillation technique.     

Liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid solutions with bis(octylsulfinyl)ethane (BOSE)

The liquid-liquid extraction behavior of uranium(VI) from aqueous nitric acid with bis(octylsulfinyl)ethane (BOSE) in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has been studied over a wide range of conditions. The extracted species appears to be UO₂(NO₃)₂·2BOSE. It was found that the extraction increases with increasing nitric acid concentration up to 7 mol/l and then decreased. Extraction also increases with increasing extractant concentration. The influence of temperature and salting-out agent concentration on the extraction equilibrium and stripping of uranium(VI) was also investigated and the enthalpy of the extraction reaction was obtained.     

Studies on the extraction and determination of metal salts with isobutyl methyl ketone-XIV Extraction of gold

The isobutyl methyl ketone extraction of gold(III) from hydrochloric acid or various mixtures of hydrochloric and other mineral acids was studied as a function of the gold concentration and the acid concentration. Gold (initial concentration up to 5 x 10(-3)M) was quantitatively extracted (99%) from 3-5M hydrochloric acid. Addition of nitric acid in 1-5M concentration and sulphuric or perchloric acid in 1-3N concentration to the 1-5M hydrochloric acid solutions used had no effect.     

Study on extraction and separation of Ni and Zn using [bmim][PF6] IL as selective extractant from nitric acid solution obtained from zinc plant residue leaching

For the ever-growing demand of nickel (Ni) resources in industry, the Ni recovery from the mining residues or waste has received considerable interest. Zinc plant residue contains valuable metals it may be recovered using conventional pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes. The present communication is focused on the selective recovery of Ni from the real nitric acid leach solution of zinc plant residue by solvent extraction (i.e. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]) as ionic liquid, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone)). At first step, leaching of filter cake with the nitric acid solution was examined experimentally and it was observed that nitric acid as a relatively strong oxidant, can adequately dissolve Ni and Zn. After that, Ni and Zn extraction behavior in the leach solution was studied and the influence of pH and extractant concentration were investigated on the extraction of the metals. The results indicated Ni can be effectively separated by controlling the pH values. Moreover, Ni can be selectively separated using dithizone combined with [bmim][PF₆] at pH = 5.5 and the separation factor β_Ni/Zn can reach 2.27 × 10⁵ in one extraction stage. The extraction mechanism of Ni was investigated using slope analysis and stripping efficiencies 100% have been achieved for Zn and Ni with 2.0 M HNO₃. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of [bmim][PF₆] as alternatives solvents which have a less significant environmental impact than the usual solvents in terms of emission of vapors is one of the promising approaches for nickel ion extraction from the real leaching solution of zinc plant residue.     

Tuning the diglycolamides for modifier-free minor actinide partitioning

The unsymmetrical diglycolamides (DGAs) such as N,N-dihexyl-N′,N′-dioctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (DHDODGA), N,N-didecyl-N′,N′-dioctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (D²DODGA), N,N-didodecyl-N′,N′-dioctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (D³DODGA), were synthesized, and characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The extraction behaviour of Am(III), Eu(III), and Sr(II) by the solutions of these unsymmetrical DGAs in n-dodecane was studied as a function of concentration of nitric acid and DGA. The distribution ratio of Am(III) and Eu(III) increased with increase in the concentration of nitric acid; whereas, the distribution ratio of Sr(II) reached a maximum at 4 M nitric acid followed by decrease at higher acidities. The extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) in 0.1 M DGA/n-dodecane decreased in the order DHDODGA > D²DODGA > D³DODGA. However, the order changed upon lowering the concentration of DGA. The third-phase formation behaviour of nitric acid and neodymium(III) in 0.1 M DGA/n-dodecane was studied as a function of concentration of nitric acid. The limiting organic concentration of nitric acid and neodymium increased with increase in the chain length of alkyl group attached to amidic nitrogen. Near stoichiometric amount of neodymium(III) was loaded in 0.1 M D³DODGA/n-dodecane without the formation of third-phase from 3 to 4 M nitric acid medium. The study revealed that the unsymmetrical diglycolamides D²DODGA and D³DODGA are superior candidates for partitioning the minor actinides from high-level liquid waste.     

Extraction of fission products with 1,2-dichloroethane solutions of hexabromo derivative of cobalt dicarbollide from nitric acid medium

The dependence of the distribution of Cs, Sr, Ba, Eu, Ce between nitric acid solutions and 0.06M hexabromo derivative of cobalt dicarbollide (H⁺BBr ₆ ^– ) in dichloroethane has been investigated upon the concentration of the acid, the extractant and the synergistic additive Slovafol 909. The back-extraction due to the presence of propanol, hydrazine, nitric acid and NH₄NO₃ has been studied. The results were similar to those observed in analogous systems using nitrobenzene as the solvent.     

Extraction equilibrium of indium(III) from nitric acid solutions by di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid dissolved in kerosene

The extraction equilibrium of indium(III) from a nitric acid solution using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an acidic extractant of organophosphorus compounds dissolved in kerosene was studied. By graphical and numerical analysis, the compositions of indium-D2EHPA complexes in organic phase and stoichiometry of the extraction reaction were examined. Nitric acid solutions with various indium concentrations at 25 °C were used to obtain the equilibrium constant of InR? in the organic phase. The experimental results showed that the extraction distribution ratios of indium(III) between the organic phase and the aqueous solution increased when either the pH value of the aqueous solution and/or the concentration of the organic phase extractant increased. Finally, the recovery efficiency of indium(III) in nitric acid was measured.     

Determination of optimum process conditions for solvent extraction of thorium using Taguchi method

Solvent extraction of thorium was studied using Taguchi method. The effect of various parameters such as acid types (sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, sulfuric + nitric) and their concentrations from 0.001 to 4 M, initial thorium concentration (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 M) and solvent type (TBP, D₂EHPA, Cyanex921, Cyanex272) in the ranges of 0.001 to 1 M on thorium extraction efficiency were investigated. The maximum extraction of thorium was obtained while 0.001 M hydrochloric acid, 0.001 or 0.01 M thorium and Cyanex272 were used. Under these optimum conditions, the extraction percent and distribution coefficient of thorium were 98.7% and 73.8, respectively. Compared with the hydrochloric aqueous solution, the nitric acid system showed less variation in the extraction of thorium. The proposed process has been applied for the separation of Th(IV), U(VI), La(III), and Ce(III) from synthetic solution same as thorium ores (monazite).     

Chromium(VI) oxide oxidation of non‐ethoxylated and ethoxylated alcohols for determination by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A new derivatization procedure to increase the sensitivity of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to non‐ethoxylated and ethoxylated alcohols was investigated. The analytes were oxidized with chromium(VI) oxide and the resulting carboxylic and ethoxy‐carboxylic acids were isolated by extraction with ethyl acetate; the extracts were alkalinized and infused into the ESI‐MS system working in the negative‐ion mode. The yields of the combined oxidation‐extraction were ca. 100% for non‐ethoxylated fatty alcohols dissolved in acetone and they decreased moderately in samples containing increasing amounts of water (e.g., a 75% yield was obtained with 50% water). Ethoxylated alcohols with more than two ethylene oxide units resulted in yields of ca. 60%. Low limits of detection (LODs) were obtained when the procedure was applied to the analysis of body‐care products and cosmetics containing fatty alcohols, e.g., in a varicose‐vein cream, the LODs were 25 µg cetyl alcohol and 7.5 µg stearyl alcohol (detected as palmitic acid and stearic acid, respectively) per gram of sample. High molecular mass alcohols were also detected in seawater after pre‐concentration by solid‐phase extraction. Thus, the proposed method is particularly valuable for use in industrial samples having complex matrices and in environmental samples and it is competitive with other methods for the analysis of trace amounts of fatty alcohols. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.