Simultaneous independent measurement of strain and temperature based on long-period fiber gratings inscribed in holey fibers depending on air-hole size

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and flexible scheme for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) based on versatile holey fibers (HFs) with different air-hole sizes. The strongly resonant LPFGs (as much as approximately 24 dB) can be successfully achieved. The LPFGs inscribed in the HFs have similar temperature sensitivities regardless of air-hole size because of the same material composition. The strain sensitivities of the LPFGs, however, are different, since holey fibers have different cross-sectional areas depending on the air-hole size. The strain sensitivities of the HF-based LPFGs are enhanced by a factor larger than 2 as the air-hole size increases.     

Regenerated gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing

We present thermally regenerated fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature, hydrostatic pressure measurements. High-temperature stable gratings were regenerated during an 800 °C annealing process from hydrogen-loaded Type I seed gratings. The wavelength shifts and separation of grating peaks were studied as functions of external hydrostatic pressure from 15 to 2400 psi, and temperature from 24 °C to 800 °C. This Letter demonstrates a multiplexible pressure and temperature sensor technology for high-temperature environments using a single optical fiber feedthrough.     

填充比和格点方向对二维三角晶格光子晶体带隙的影响

采用有限元法,计算了二维三角晶格椭圆形格点空气孔型光子晶体的TE、TM模式的带隙结构。通过对椭圆形空气孔格点的大小、方向进行改变,研究了填充比、格点方向对带隙的影响。计算结果表明,在空气孔型光子晶体中TE模式更容易形成带隙;不同填充比情况下,格点方向对TE模式和TM模的带隙变化都具有不同影响;不论格点方向如何变化,均未出现完全带隙。     

双芯复合格点光子晶体光纤的负色散特性

介绍了一种双芯复合格点负色散光子晶体光纤,其包层是由连续电介质纯硅背景上挖出的两种大小不同的空气孔构成,芯区是由掺锗的高折射率的材料构成。为了实现负色散,还移去了包层中的一圈空气孔。采用频域有限差分法对其负色散特性进行分析表明,通过调整空气孔间距和两种空气孔的尺寸,可以得到不同程度的宽带负色散。当内芯半径取0.95μm,孔间距取2.15μm,大空气孔直径取1.9μm,小空气孔直径取1.1μm时,可在1.55μm处实现宽带负色散,其半峰全宽超过了200 nm。这种光纤的包层中空气孔呈六边形分布,空气孔的尺寸均大于1μm,降低了制作的难度。这种光纤可以用于波分复用光纤通信系统中的宽带色散补偿。     

Bragg grating resonances in all-solid bandgap fibers

Bragg gratings are fabricated in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers by forming a longitudinal periodic index modulation over the high-index rod lattice in the cladding. Due to its unique index-modulation pattern and the modal properties of the fiber, resonance couplings to the LP(01) supermodes (also known as high-index rod modes) are observed. The corresponding peak is located at the long-wavelength side of the Bragg wavelength and presents the highest depth. The asymmetric index profile over the high-index rods, which is induced by side UV illumination, leads to broadening of the supermode resonance peaks and variation with fiber orientation in the bend response of the fiber grating.     

混合导引型光子晶体光纤中纤芯折射率相关的导光特性研究

利用全矢量有限元法研究了一种混合导引型光子晶体光纤在纤芯折射率改变时,光纤导光机理和模式的演变特性.当纤芯折射率小于混合包层中空气孔包层的有效折射率时,芯模的导光机理为"双带隙导引型";当纤芯折射率位于空气孔和高折射率两套包层的有效折射率之间时,芯模的导光机理为"单带隙+全内反射导引型";当纤芯折射率大于高折射率棒包层的有效折射率时,芯模的导光机理为"全内反射导引型".并对该光纤在上述三种条件下的导光特性进行了比较和讨论.这些结果对设计特殊用途的光子晶体光纤具有指导意义. 关键词： 混合导引型光子晶体光纤 带隙 模式     

长周期光纤光栅傅里叶模式耦合理论

建立了长周期光纤光栅傅里叶模式耦合理论.在分析同向模式耦合时,发现了同向耦合模式的振幅系数间存在傅里叶变换关系.推导了长周期光纤光栅的同向耦合谱和透射谱的通用表达式.该理论是用傅里叶变换分析得出长周期光纤光栅折射率微扰的空域谱,再对该空域谱进行模式同向耦合分析,从而得到长周期光纤光栅光谱特性的通用表达式.根据该理论模拟分析了长周期光纤光栅在不同长度和微扰幅值时的光谱特性,与传统耦合模理论进行了对比分析.结果表明,该长周期光纤光栅傅里叶模式耦合理论具有简单、精确和高效的特点,与实际长周期光纤光栅的透射谱特性一致.应用该理论可分析无过耦合的任意轴向折射率微扰分布的长周期光纤光栅光谱特性.     

Bragg光纤光栅傅里叶模式耦合理论

建立了Bragg光纤光栅傅里叶模式耦合理论.在分析光纤光栅的耦合模时,发现了耦合模式的振幅系数间存在傅里叶变换关系.推导了将傅里叶变换和模式耦合融合在一起的Bragg光纤光栅反射谱和透射谱的通用表达式.该理论是用傅里叶变换得到Bragg光纤光栅折射率微扰的空域谱,再对该空域谱进行模式耦合分析计算,从而得到Bragg光纤光栅的光谱特性.根据该理论,仿真分析了Bragg光纤光栅的谱特性,与耦合模理论、直接傅里叶变换法进行了对比分析.结果表明,傅里叶模式耦合理论与传统的耦合模理论及实际Bragg光纤光栅的光谱特性一致,具有简单、清晰、直接、精确和分析效率高的特点,可分析任意轴向折射率微扰分布的Bragg光纤光栅结构.     

Bandwidth control of long-period grating-based mode converters in few-mode fibers

Control of the group-velocity differences between two distinct modes in a few-mode fiber can be used to define the spectral characteristics of long-period gratings written in them. Using this effect, we report the demonstration of strong mode conversion (>99%) with long-period fiber gratings over what is believed to be a record bandwidth of 63 nm. These novel spectra are obtained from gratings written in specially designed few-mode fibers in which the grating phase-matching condition is satisfied over a large spectral range. We show that the bandwidths of such mode converters can be tailored by suitably altering the design of the few-mode fibers. The polarization-dependent coupling for the mode converters varies by less than 0.004% over the entire spectrum.     

Theoretical analysis of novel fiber grating pair

A novel fiber grating pair that consists of a conventional long-period fiber grating and a fiber Bragg cladding grating (FBCG) is proposed. The FBCG is a new type of fiber grating in which refractive index modulation is formed in the cladding. Through the coupled-mode theory, we accurately calculate the coupling coefficients between modes supported in the fibers. And some other mode coupling features in the fiber cladding gratings are analyzed in detail. The calculation of the modes involved in this paper is based on a model of three-layer step-index fiber geometry. Then, we have investigated the sensitivity characteristics for variation of the modulation strengths of the fiber Bragg cladding gratings’ resonance peaks and the long-period cladding gratings’ (LPCGs) dual resonant peaks. Finally, the modulation strength sensitivity of the grating pair’s three resonant peaks is demonstrated, and the results indicate that these grating pairs may find potential applications in optical fiber sensing.     

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅特性研究

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅的纤芯折射率分布函数为矩形波。以三层阶跃折射率光波导结构基础，用弱导标量近似和标量耦合模理论分析折射率调制类型为矩形波的长周期光纤光栅的特性。详细地给出耦合模方程近似处理的方法，并说明了其合理性。用数学软件Matlab进行了数值模拟计算，发现折射率调制类为矩形波的光栅传输谱不是由它的各次余弦光栅谱的线性叠加而成的。还研究了外部环境折射率、包层半径、栅占空比等光栅结构参量对矩形折射率调制的光栅传输谱的影响。同时指出了每阶包层模的双谐振峰位置随栅参量的变化规律。刊■刊『_型，刿j1     

Characterization of structural irregularities in highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber using torsional acoustic polarization coupling

We demonstrate a novel method to characterize structural irregularities in a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (HB PCF) with high accuracy based on polarization coupling by torsional acoustic wave. Birefringence variation induced by the irregularities of air-hole structure in the fiber cross-section is analyzed via the transmission spectra of the acousto-optic coupling between two orthogonal polarization modes propagating along the fiber. The estimated maximum birefringence variation of two sections in the same batch of the HB PCF is 3 × 10^− 6 and 10^− 5, respectively, from nominal birefringence value of 4.86 × 10^− 4. The comparison between the experimental results and the numerical simulation resulted in the estimation of few tens of nm variation in the air-hole structure in the PCF.     

All-Fiber Spectroscope with Second-Order Fiber Bragg Grating for Rotational Raman Lidar

Owing to the second-order fiber Bragg grating possessing narrower reflectivity bandwidth than first-order, an all-fiber spectroscopic filter with several second-order fiber Bragg gratings and optical fiber couplers in the visible region is designed to extract interest rotational Raman spectra. Considering the inference fringe visibility of inscribing fiber Bragg grating and the fiber core index dispersion effect, numerical simulations are made by the improved mathematical model based on an exponential photorefractive dynamic, and its simulative results show better agreement with the experimental data. We propose an all-fiber spectroscopic configuration, which could balance lidar sensitivity against signal-to-noise ratio for optimizing remote sensing performance by fiber Bragg gratings serially. Simulative results show that the thumb principle for fabricating second-order fiber Bragg grating is the increasing gratings length, and that this all-fiber spectroscope can achieve >70 dB suppression to elastic scattering and efficiently extract the rotational Raman signal for profiling atmospheric temperature.     

Measurement of refractive-index variation with temperature by use of long-period fiber gratings

The thermo-optic coefficient of the core material of a fiber is analyzed by use of a pair of long-period fiber gratings. First the effective index difference between the core and the cladding modes is measured from the peaks of the interference fringe generated by the grating pair. The order of the cladding mode is decided by the cutoff wavelength and the numerical aperture of the fiber. The material index of the fiber core is obtained in terms of wavelength. At each wavelength the index is chosen to minimize the difference between the measured and the calculated spectra of the grating pair. Finally the thermo-optic coefficient of the fiber core is calculated by repetition of the measurement at different temperatures. With a germanosilicate-core fiber and a boron codoped germanosilicate-core fiber, the thermo-optic coefficients were 1.1x10(-5)/( degrees )C and 0.75x10(-5)/( degrees )C, respectively.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Highly sensitive cladding-etched arc-induced long-period fiber gratings for refractive index sensing

We have investigated the effects of cladding etching in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings. Comparing the position of the resonant wavelengths at each diameter with the corresponding theoretical dispersion curves of effective refractive index, it is found that some of the resonances show a better match with anti-symmetrical cladding modes, while others with symmetrical cladding modes. Etching the cladding diameter to ∼39 μm, results in coupling to a high-order cladding mode that is very sensitive to changes in the ambient refractive index. The resonant peak shifts remarkably (∼230 nm) toward shorter wavelengths as the external refractive index increases. This sensitivity is higher than any previously reported in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings.     

Improving unrestricted imaging quality of a triangular lattice photonic crystal slab by modifying surface configuration

We propose a photonic crystal (PC) structure only by replacing square lattice [Luo et al. (2002) [12]] with triangular lattice to obtain an unrestricted imaging. Equal-frequency contours (EFCs) analysis shows that this triangular lattice two-dimensional PC exhibits an effective isotropic refractive index n_eff=−1 at a normalized frequency ω=0.291×2πc/a. Imaging quality of this triangular lattice PC slab involving both power intensity and full-width at half-maximum intensity of the image is studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. In order to achieve a high-quality image, an appropriate surface termination is chosen. In addition, by adjusting the surface air-hole radius of the PC slab, the imaging quality can be further improved. Coupled-mode theory analysis shows that the optimized surface termination and the adjusted surface air-hole can excite two kinds of surface modes that can couple with the Bloch wave in the PC. With the help of these surface modes, both the intensity of image and the super-resolution capacity of this triangular lattice PC slab can be improved greatly.     

Broadening of the intracavity and output spectra of a raman fiber laser with a low-Q cavity

Intracavity and output spectra broadened in a Raman fiber laser with a low-Q cavity are measured and theoretically described. It is demonstrated that the previously developed approach of optical-wave turbulence can be used to describe the spectral broadening owing to the multiple four-wave mixing processes that involves numerous longitudinal modes of the low-Q cavity. The theoretically calculated spectra are in good agreement with the experimental data for various output reflection coefficients of the fiber Bragg gratings across the entire power range.     

Reduction of Bragg Grating-Induced Coupling to Cladding Modes

We discuss fiber designs that have been suggested for the reduction of Bragg-grating-induced coupling to cladding modes. The discussion is based on a theoretical approach that includes the effect of asymmetry in the UV-induced index grating, made by UV-side writing. Experimental results from gratings in a depressed-cladding fiber are compared with simulations. The model gives good agreement with the measured transmission spectrum and accounts for the pronounced coupling to asymmetrical cladding modes, even when the grating is written with smallest possible blaze. The asymmetry causing this is accounted for by the unavoidable attenuation of the UV light. It is found for the considered fiber designs that a high numerical-aperture fiber increases the spectral separation between the Bragg resonance and the onset of cladding-mode losses. A depressed-cladding fiber reduces the coupling strength to the lower order cladding modes, and the UV-sensitive cladding design reduces the cladding-mode coupling loss. The analysis suggests that the UV-sensitive cladding design is the most effective in reducing the cladding-mode-coupling losses.