颗粒物质中压力随高度的变化规律

用实验方法研究了圆筒容器中静止沙堆内策略的分布及变化规律。直接测量了颗粒物质的摩擦力，给出摩擦力与颗粒填充密度的关系，摩擦力与颗粒堆积高度的关系，并分析讨论了相关因素。     

不同条件下颗粒物质的粘弹性响应

研制了能承受100 MPa压强的测量装置,并用该装置对加压下制备的紧密沙堆进行粘弹性响应测量,得球形镍颗粒沙堆在周期性竖直振荡下储能模量G′与压强p 的关系. 实验结果表明,反映沙堆整体弹性特征的储能模G′与压强p 的关系为G′~p0.45;不同形状颗粒体系的粘弹性响应行为不同.     

二维晶格颗粒堆积中侧壁的压力分布与转向系数

颗粒物质是大量颗粒聚集在一起的软凝聚态物质, 其微观结构与宏观力学性质的联系非常复杂. 本文用实验的方法观测了二维竖直晶格堆积颗粒, 在竖直方向外加正压力作用下其侧壁的受力分布情况, 根据实验结果详细讨论和分析了颗粒体系中正压力的转向行为. 实验结果表明: 在缓慢压缩颗粒体系的过程中, 正压力的变化呈现非线性和线性两段不同的规律; 对于确定堆积结构的颗粒体系, 竖直方向施加的正压力通过颗粒力链转向, 且水平方向不同堆积高度处所受压力值不同, 中部的压力大于顶部和底部的压力; 转向系数k的饱和值随堆积角θ 的增大而减小. 对颗粒堆的几何结构与受力情况进行分析, 给出了转向系数与堆积角之间的数学表达式, 理论值与实验值符合较好.     

颗粒速度在颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变中的作用

用实验和计算模拟的方法研究了颗粒流中的颗粒速度与颗粒流特性的关系.实验研究发现当入口流量固定时，在出口上方高速运动的颗粒会使颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的临界出口尺寸变小.当颗粒流转变为密集流后，颗粒速度的作用被出口上方的颗粒堆积区所消耗，最终变得与颗粒速度无关.二维分子动力学模拟计算得到了与实验相同的结论.通过二维分子动力学模拟计算，还给出了不同颗粒速度下体系的密度和速率在空间的分布图.这些分布图显示随着颗粒到达出口上方的瞬间速度的不同，颗粒堆积区的密度和高度均会改变，并最终导致颗粒流流动状态的改变. 关键词： 颗粒流 颗粒气体 分子动力学模拟     

颗粒物质中圆棒受到的静摩擦力

通过实验研究了圆棒在颗粒物质中受到的摩擦力与颗粒填充高度及棒径的关系.观测到摩擦力随颗粒高度和棒径而增大.用连续介质模型推导了摩擦力公式，与实验观测基本一致.结果表明，摩擦力和棒径成正比；当颗粒高度很小时，摩擦力与颗粒高度平方成正比；而当颗粒堆积很高时，摩擦力与高度成正比，即静摩擦力与接触面积成正比. 关键词： 颗粒物质 摩擦力     

高压电场内细颗粒堆积机理研究

细颗粒的堆积既是电厂尾部除尘系统的核心问题,也是航天领域空间环境内限制动力或光学元件性能的关键问题。电场力因具有长程有效性和强可操作性成为控制细颗粒堆积的主要手段。本文通过微观实验研究了高压平行板电场间细颗粒堆积的机理,观察到颗粒在预极化、预荷电、变外电场电压等工况下的堆积形貌,并发展了图像处理的方法统计堆积颗粒数。研究表明,偶极力是外电场下颗粒成链的主因,而颗粒的倒伏则是来自曳力的作用,颗粒链的极限高度主要受外电场场强和颗粒堆积结构的影响。     

颗粒堆积高度对静止角的影响

研究了凹槽中颗粒堆积高度对静止角的影响,发现凹槽倾斜角在0°~11°之间变化时,静止角随堆积高度的增加呈指数衰减趋势.分析其原因:一是颗粒堆积高度越高,由于重力的作用则越可能发生滑移,因此导致静止角减小;二是由于高度越高越不容易成拱,导致静止角减小.     

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通过离散元法初步模拟了微球在重力作用下的堆积行为,并分析了氚增殖区Li4SiO4球床的局部堆积结构.研究结果表明,摩擦系数和恢复系数对球床最终堆积结构有很大的影响.当摩擦系数较小时,摩擦系数对球床堆积结构的影响起主要作用;当摩擦系数较大时,恢复系数对球床堆积结构的影响起主要作用.球形颗粒从靠近壁面处的规则分布逐渐过渡到内部区域的均匀随机分布.球床局部堆积因子表现出了明显的壁面效应,其分布随着微球到壁面距离的增加而呈现出振幅逐渐减小的振荡趋势.所得到的球床堆积结构信息可用于研究球床传热特性和提氚气体流动特性的随机堆积球床模型的建立.     

竖直振动激励下颗粒毛细上升行为研究

竖直振动激励下颗粒毛细上升现象为颗粒物料的提升、输运和采集提供了一种全新的技术路径.然而,已有颗粒毛细上升行为研究仍存在明显不足,特别是缺乏对重力加速度、水平振动分量、颗粒粒径分布影响的深入探究.针对这些问题,采用离散元方法,对不同操作条件下颗粒毛细上升现象开展数值模拟研究,并对颗粒最终毛细上升高度和平均毛细上升速度进行计算分析.结果表明,在低重力条件下,颗粒毛细效应仍能发生,颗粒最终毛细上升高度和平均毛细上升速度随重力加速度均呈现先增加后减小的趋势;颗粒最终毛细上升高度对水平振动分量的变化不敏感,而平均毛细上升速度随水平振动分量的增大而增加;在平均粒径相等的情况下,粒径服从高斯分布的颗粒比单一粒径颗粒的最终毛细上升高度最大值对应的临界管径更大,并且同处于堵塞效应影响的管径区域时平均毛细上升速度也更快.     

两相湍流色噪声扩维法PDF模型及数值模拟

由颗粒运动的朗之万方程出发,对流体脉动速度采用扩维方法,得到两个不同层次的PDF输运方程.通过对颗粒运动方程求解和高斯分布假设,解决PDF方程的封闭问题,获得颗粒二阶矩模型,然后将颗粒应力方程简化成代数方程,建立代数应力模型.将对流扩散方程的有限分析法运用到求解两相流模型中,对壁面两相射流进行数值模拟,对比分析数值结果与实验结果.     

Numerical simulation of two-dimensional granular shearing flows and the friction force of a moving slab on the granular media

This paper studies some interesting features of two-dimensional granular shearing flow by using molecular dynamic approach for a specific granular system.The obtained results show that the probability distribution function of velocities of particles is Gaussian at the central part,but diverts from Gaussian distribution nearby the wall.The macroscopic stress along the vertical direction has large fluctuation around a constant value,the non-zero average velocity occurs mainly near the moving wall,which forms a shearing zone.In the shearing movement,the volume of the granular material behaves in a random manner.The equivalent friction coefficient between moving slab and granular material correlates with the moving speed at low velocity,and approaches constant as the velocity is large enough.     

粮仓效应的圆盘堆积模型

为研究圆筒中颗粒堆内部的应力分布,将颗粒堆简化为规则的二维圆盘堆积模型.对圆盘堆积中力的传递进行分析后给出了圆盘堆积中力的传递规律,利用计算机模拟了圆盘对容器底部的压力,发现底部压力随圆盘层数增加会达到饱和,并将二维圆盘堆积的规律推广到三维颗粒堆,从理论上推导出容器底部平均压强p与颗粒填充高度Z的关系.     

Two-pion interferometry for granular sources

A review on the two-pion Hanbury-Brown—Twiss (HBT) interferometry in the granular source model of quark-gluon plasma droplets is presented. The characteristic quantities of the granular source extracted by imaging analysis are presented and compared with the HBT radii obtained by the usual Gaussian formula fit. The signals of granular sources are presented.     

用探测棒研究颗粒堆中的最大静摩擦力

实验研究了筒仓内颗粒堆中部的竖直探测棒被提拉时受到的最大静摩擦力F.研究发现：当筒仓半径R小于0.040　m时， F随R的增加而减少，当R大于0.045　m时，F几乎不受R的影响. F随颗粒堆高度h变化的实验数据可以用公式F=A［h+B(e^-h/B-1)］拟合，拟合参数A与探测棒横截面形状及备制颗粒堆的流量有关，拟合参数B与备制颗粒堆的流量有关. 关键词： 颗粒物质 静摩擦力 数据拟合     

颗粒堆密度变化对堆底压力分布的影响

报道当一无黏性颗粒堆的中间部分密度略小于两边，从而使中部的弹性强度明显低于两边时，堆底的压力分布将在中间出现低陷.对从一固定点（或线）缓慢散落颗粒而形成的圆锥形（或楔形）堆，这一微小的密度变化可能来自颗粒沿堆边滚落时对堆产生了一定的扰动拍紧效应.计算表明用考虑了体弹模量随空间变化的弹性理论能很好地再现出观测到的压力分布. 关键词： 颗粒堆 应力分布 弹性理论     

From the stress response function (back) to the sand pile “dip”

We relate the pressure dip observed at the bottom of a sand pile prepared by successive avalanches to the stress profile obtained on sheared granular layers in response to a localized vertical overload. We show that, within a simple anisotropic elastic analysis, the skewness and the tilt of the response profile caused by shearing provide a qualitative agreement with the sand pile dip effect. We conclude that the texture anisotropy produced by the avalanches is in essence similar to that induced by a simple shearing --albeit tilted by the angle of repose of the pile. This work also shows that this response function technique could be very well adapted to probe the texture of static granular packing.     

Instantaneous velocity profiles during granular avalanches

We perform experimental measurements of the instantaneous velocity profile of the flowing layer during granular avalanches. In the pile depth, the velocity profile follows a pure exponential decrease in contrast with steady flows that are known to exhibit a well developed upper linear part. The velocity profile in the pile width is a plug flow with two exponential boundary layers at the walls. Even though no steady state is observed during the avalanche, these velocity profiles are self-similar and build up almost instantaneously, with time independent characteristic lengths.     

Exploring the Influence of a Focusing and Gaussian Profile Electron Beam in SEM Imaging through Monte Carlo Simulation

Gaussian profile is conventionally assumed as the probe shape of the incident electron beam in theoretical analysis of dimensional measurements by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, it is not suitable for samples with small and tiny structure. In this paper, a model of a focusing electron beam with finite width due to aberration was used in simulating the SEM image of gold particles/balls on a carbon substrate. An effective electron beam shape (EEBS) was displayed and was found that it deviates significantly from the Gaussian profile. The difference between images simulated by Monte Carlo method with ideal electron incident beam, electron beam focusing model and with ideal beam incident then convoluted by Gaussian profile were discussed in detail. Furthermore, the influence of external electric field effect: full extraction and no extraction for imaging were studied.