All-reflective snapshot hyperspectral imager for ultraviolet and infrared applications

Snapshot hyperspectral imaging simultaneously acquires spatial and spectral information about a scene. We report on the first, to our knowledge, all-reflective snapshot hyperspectral imager in the form of a computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS). The reflective design allows for instrument simplicity for applications in the ultraviolet and infrared. To realize a CTIS in a reflective Offner configuration, a reflective two-dimensional computer-generated hologram grating is fabricated on a convex spherical substrate by direct-write electron-beam lithography. Furthermore, a reconfigurable reflective field stop is implemented with a micromirror array to provide high-contrast spatial-spectral filtering, region-of-interest selection, and spatial structure formation.     

空间信息自适应融合的高光谱图像分类方法

针对单一的滤波器提取高光谱图像空间纹理信息时不能获得完整的图像特征的不足,提出一种结合双边滤波和域转换标准卷积滤波的高光谱图像分类算法.该方法采用空间信息自适应融合的分类寻优,先对高光谱波段进行抽样分组,再用双边滤波和域转换标准卷积滤波对分组后的波段进行滤波,两种空间信息进行线性融合后交由支持向量机完成分类.实验表明,相比使用光谱信息、高光谱降维、空谱结合的支持向量机分类方法和边缘保持滤波以及递归滤波的方法,本文所提算法对高光谱图像的分类精度有较大提高,在训练样本仅为5%和3%的情况下,对印第安农林和帕维亚大学图像的总体分类精度分别达到了96.95%和97.89%,比其他算法高出213个百分点,验证了该方法在高光谱图像分类的有效性.     

Principles and development of spatial filtering velocimetry

As one of the interesting optical techniques for measurements of the velocity, the spatial-filtering method is treated briefly in this review. The basic theory of the method is examined by analyzing the filtering characteristics of a spatial filter using the power spectral density function. The signal analyses are summarized as one of the techniques used in the spatial filtering method. Various configurations of the spatial filtering velocimeter are classified into typical four groups and outlined according to a variety of spatial filters employed in the velocimeters.     

Effects of vibrations of a spatial filter in signal detection by matched filtering

In the present paper, the effect of transverse and longitudinal vibrations of a spatial filter in signal detection by optical matched filtering has been investigated. It has been assumed that the noise spectral density is uniform. Degradation in the performance of such an optical information processing system has been illustrated graphically. It is noticed that the effect of transverse vibrations is more severe than that of longitudinal vibrations. Results have also been compared with those obtained by Van der Lugt for the case of static displacement of a spatial filter.     

A STUDY ON REAL-TIME LOW-FREQUENCY SPATIAL FILTERING PROCESS OF AN OPTICAL IMAGE USING LiNbO3:Fe CRYSTAL

The optimum image processing result of low-frequency filtering was obtained when LiNbO₃:Fe crystal as a spatial filter was placed at a certain position behind the spatial-frequency spectral plane of an optical Fourier transform system, which corresponds to the minimum transmittance ratio in Z-scan curve. The experimental results show that self-defocusing due to photorefractive negative-lens effect is the main factor responsible for the low- frequency filtering.     

Optical decoherence and persistent spectral hole burning in Er:LiNbO3

Developing new resonant optical materials for spatial-spectral holography and quantum information applications requires detailed knowledge of the decoherence and population relaxation dynamics for the quantum states involved in the optical transitions, motivating the need for fundamental material studies. We report recent progress in studying these properties in erbium-doped lithium niobate at liquid helium temperatures. The influence of temperature, applied magnetic fields, measurement timescale, and dopant concentration were probed using photon echo spectroscopy and time-resolved spectral hole burning on the 1532 nm transition of Er³⁺:LiNbO₃. Effects of spectral diffusion due to interactions between Er³⁺ ions and between the Er³⁺ ion and ⁷Li and ⁹³Nb nuclear spins in the host lattice were observed. In addition, long-lived persistent spectral storage of seconds to minutes was observed due to non-equilibrium population redistribution among superhyperfine states.     

A STUDY ON REAL-TIME LOW-FREQUENCY SPATIAL FILTERING PROCESS OF AN OPTICAL IMAGE USING LiNbO3:Fe CRYSTAL

The optimum image processing result of low-frequency filtering was obtained when LiNbO₃:Fe crystal as a spatial filter was placed at a certain position behind the spatial-frequency spectral plane of an optical Fourier transform system, which corresponds to the minimum transmittance ratio in Z-scan curve. The experimental results show that self-defocusing due to photorefractive negative-lens effect is the main factor responsible for the low- frequency filtering.     

A mid-infrared tunable filter in a semiconductor-dielectric photonic crystal containing doped semiconductor defect

In this work, we theoretically analyze tunable filtering properties in a semiconductor-dielectric photonic crystal (SDPC) containing doped semiconductor defect in the mid-infrared frequency region. We consider two possible configurations of filter structures, the symmetric and asymmetric ones. With a defect of the doped n-type semiconductor, n-Si, the resonant transmission peak can be tuned by varying the doping concentration, that is, the peak wavelength will be shifted to the position of lower wavelength for both structures. Additionally, by increasing the defect thickness, it is also possible to have a filter with multiple resonant peaks, leading to a multichannel filter. The results provide another type of tunable filter in the defective SDPC that could be of technical use for semiconductor applications in optical electronics.     

Piecewise spectrally band-pass for compressive coded aperture spectral imaging

Coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging(CASSI) has been discussed in recent years. It has the remarkable advantages of high optical throughput, snapshot imaging, etc. The entire spatial-spectral data-cube can be reconstructed with just a single two-dimensional(2D) compressive sensing measurement. On the other hand, for less spectrally sparse scenes,the insufficiency of sparse sampling and aliasing in spatial-spectral images reduce the accuracy of reconstructed threedimensional(3D) spectral cube. To solve this problem, this paper extends the improved CASSI. A band-pass filter array is mounted on the coded mask, and then the first image plane is divided into some continuous spectral sub-band areas. The entire 3D spectral cube could be captured by the relative movement between the object and the instrument. The principle analysis and imaging simulation are presented. Compared with peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR) and the information entropy of the reconstructed images at different numbers of spectral sub-band areas, the reconstructed 3D spectral cube reveals an observable improvement in the reconstruction fidelity, with an increase in the number of the sub-bands and a simultaneous decrease in the number of spectral channels of each sub-band.     

Ultra-compact graphene plasmonic filter integrated in a waveguide

Graphene plasmons have become promising candidates for deep-subwavelength nanoscale optical devices due to their strong field confinement and low damping. Among these nanoscale optical devices, band-pass filter for wavelength selection and noise filtering are key devices in an integrated optical circuit. However, plasmonic filters are still oversized because large resonant cavities are needed to perform frequency selection. Here, an ultra-compact filter integrated in a graphene plasmonic waveguide was designed, where a rectangular resonant cavity is inside a graphene nanoribbon waveguide. The properties of the filter were studied using the finite-difference time-domain method and demonstrated using the analytical model. The results demonstrate the band-pass filter has a high quality factor(20.36) and electrically tunable frequency response. The working frequency of the filter could also be tuned by modifying the cavity size. Our work provides a feasible structure for a graphene plasmonic nano-filter for future use in integrated optical circuits.     

Calibration and data restoration of light field modulated imaging spectrometer

A light field modulated imaging spectrometer(LFMIS) can acquire the spatial-spectral datacube of targets of interest or a scene in a single shot. The spectral information of a point target is imaged on the pixels covered by a microlens.The pixels receive spectral information from different spectral filters to the diffraction and misalignments of the optical components. In this paper, we present a linear spectral multiplexing model of the acquired target spectrum. A calibration method is proposed for calibrating the center wavelengths and bandwidths of channels of an LFMIS system based on the liner-variable filter(LVF) and for determining the spectral multiplexing matrix. In order to improve the accuracy of the restored spectral data, we introduce a reconstruction algorithm based on the total least square(TLS) approach. Simulation and experimental results confirm the performance of the spectrum reconstruction algorithm and validate the feasibility of the proposed calibrating scheme.     

适用于楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪的快速无损数据压缩方法

楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪具有无运动部件、低光机复杂度等优点，是低成本微型化光谱成像仪的一个重要发展方向。不同于传统色散型光谱成像仪，楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪获取的数据是光谱-空间混合调制的图像。针对直接应用CCSDS123进行楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪数据压缩时压缩比较低的问题，结合楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪“谱像混合”、“推扫成谱”的特点，通过定义新的局部差向量，构建了一种低运算复杂度适合硬件实现的快速无损压缩方法WCCSDS123。新的局部差向量中参与计算的像元集合代表的是同一被观测点的光谱信息。WCCSDS123方法首先利用局部和与改进的局部差向量对采样点的值进行预测，再利用预测值与真实值计算预测残差并对其进行整数映射，最后采用采样自适应熵编码对映射预测残差进行编码完成压缩。在6组楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪数据上分别采用WCCSDS123和CCSDS123进行了压缩实验。实验结果表明，与CCSDS123相比，WCCSDS123的压缩比提高了约21.62%，压缩耗时没有明显差异。因此，该方法在提高压缩比同时，继承了CCSDS123复杂度低，易于硬件实现的优点。该方法WCCSDS123具有较低的计算复杂度，能够更加有效地利用空间光谱冗余信息，获得更好的压缩效果，是针对楔形滤光片型光谱成像仪的一种良好的快速无损数据压缩方法。     

Reconfigurable silicon filter with continuous bandwidth tunability

We present the design and the fabrication of compact tunable silicon-on-insulator bandpass filters based on the integration of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with ring resonators and activated via thermo-optic phase shifters. The proposed architecture provides wide filter bandwidth tunability from 10% to 90% of the free spectral range preserving the filter off-band rejection. Possible applications are channel subset selection in wavelength division multiplexing optical systems, adaptive filtering to signal bandwidth, and reconfigurable filters for gridless networking.     

Optimization of multiplexed holographic gratings in PQ-PMMA for spectral-spatial imaging filters

Holographic gratings formed in thick phenanthrenquinone- (PQ-) doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be made to have narrowband spectral and spatial transmittance filtering properties. We present the design and performance of angle-multiplexed holographic filters formed in PQ-PMMA at 488 nm and reconstructed with a LED operated at approximately 630 nm. The dark delay time between exposure and the preillumination exposure of the polymer prior to exposure of the holographic area are varied to optimize the diffraction efficiency of multiplexed holographic filters. The resultant holographic filters can enhance the performance of four-dimensional spatial-spectral imaging systems. The optimized filters are used to simultaneously sample spatial and spectral information at five different depths separated by 50 microm within biological tissue samples.     

High-dynamic-range hybrid analog-digital control broadband optical spectral processor using micromirror and acousto-optic devices

For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the design and demonstration of a programmable spectral filtering processor is presented that simultaneously engages the power of an analog-mode optical device such as an acousto-optic tunable filter and a digital-mode optical device such as the digital micromirror device. The demonstrated processor allows a high 50 dB attenuation dynamic range across the chosen 1530-1565 nm (~C band). The hybrid analog-digital spectral control mechanism enables the processor to operate with greater versatility when compared to analog- or digital-only processor designs. Such a processor can be useful both as a test instrument in biomedical applications and as an equalizer in fiber communication networks.     

Optical Fourier techniques for medical image processing and phase contrast imaging

This paper briefly reviews the basics of optical Fourier techniques (OFT) and applications for medical image processing as well as phase contrast imaging of live biological specimens. Enhancement of microcalcifications in a mammogram for early diagnosis of breast cancer is the main focus. Various spatial filtering techniques such as conventional 4f filtering using a spatial mask, photoinduced polarization rotation in photosensitive materials, Fourier holography, and nonlinear transmission characteristics of optical materials are discussed for processing mammograms. We also reviewed how the intensity dependent refractive index can be exploited as a phase filter for phase contrast imaging with a coherent source. This novel approach represents a significant advance in phase contrast microscopy.     

Opto-electronic bistable devices in real-time optical information processing

An opto-electronic bistable device using a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell is described. The optical bistability characteristics of this device are used in a new liquid crystal light valve with bistability in cellular array structure. Experimental studies demonstrate the applications of such opto-electronic bistable devices in real-time optical information processing such as intensity limiting for contrast improvement and noise elimination, edge enhancement for pattern recognition, linear and nonlinear optical filtering (in spatial and spectral domains).     

Laser-induced fluorescence imaging of subsurface tissue structures with a volume holographic spatial-spectral imaging system

A three-dimensional imaging system incorporating multiplexed holographic gratings to visualize fluorescence tissue structures is presented. Holographic gratings formed in volume recording materials such as a phenanthrenquinone poly(methyl methacrylate) photopolymer have narrowband angular and spectral transmittance filtering properties that enable obtaining spatial-spectral information within an object. We demonstrate this imaging system's ability to obtain multiple depth-resolved fluorescence images simultaneously.     

Velocity measurement for moving surfaces using spatial filtering method based on area image sensor

The idea of using spatial filtering method to measure velocity of vehicles for an inertial navigation system is put forward. Corresponding optical system, including a 532 nm solid-state laser as active illumination, is established. A 17.92 mm × 14.34 mm area charge coupled device (CCD) is employed both as detector and as spatial filter. The spatial filtering characteristics are theoretically analyzed using a power spectral density function. The spatial filtering operation of CCD is performed fully by software. Therefore, the parameters of the spatial filter, such as the size and the number of spatial period, are changeable. In addition, the CCD is arranged as two differential spatial filters without any other additional elements. Experiments are carried out to examine the feasibility of CCD as two differential spatial filters and the influence of the number of spatial period on the signal frequency. The results indicate that the more number of spatial period the more accurate measurements can be obtained, and show that the relation between signal frequency and velocity has good linearity. So this velocimeter is suitable to provide velocity information for a vehicle self-contained inertial navigation system.     

WDM and DWDM optical filter based on 2D photonic crystal Thue–Morse structure

This paper describes elaboration of two dimensional photonic crystal structures based on Thue–Morse sequence. Our results establish that the optical properties of these aperiodic multilayer systems can be tailored by adjusting either the radius of some cells of the proposed structure or defect characteristics. We introduce a resonant cavity in the proposed structure to select desirable wavelengths for filtering. Bandwidth of selected wavelengths are about 1 nm and suitable for communication applications. Also, our simulations show that efficiency of the proposed structure is enough. The total footprint of proposed filter is 331.24 μm², therefore it is suitable to be integrated in all optical chips.