提高纤维素酶水解效率和降低水解成本

在我国可大量转化乙醇的是纤维质材料。纤维质材料转化乙醇的关键问题是纤维质转化为糖的过程,提高纤维素酶转化效率的方法有:(1)对纤维质材料进行预处理;(2)研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件;(3)纤维素酶的重复利用;(4)合理的发酵工艺等。本文分析了纤维素的结构以及纤维素酶的作用方式,总结了目前研究较多的几种纤维质材料预处理方法,及其对纤维素酶水解率的影响,并对研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件、纤维素酶的重复利用以及合理的发酵工艺进行了综述和分析。     

提高纤维素酶水解效率和降低水解成本

在我国可大量转化乙醇的是纤维质材料.纤维质材料转化乙醇的关键问题是纤维质转化为糖的过程,提高纤维素酶转化效率的方法有:(1)对纤维质材料进行预处理;(2)研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件;(3)纤维素酶的重复利用;(4)合理的发酵工艺等.本文分析了纤维素的结构以及纤维素酶的作用方式,总结了目前研究较多的几种纤维质材料预处理方法,及其对纤维素酶水解率的影响,并对研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件、纤维素酶的重复利用以及合理的发酵工艺进行了综述和分析.     

木质纤维素酶解糖化*

纤维素水解转化为可发酵糖工艺是纤维素乙醇炼制过程中至关重要的环节。酶法水解工艺具有条件温和、副产物少、环境友好等特点,因而受到广泛重视。目前许多学者已针对如何提高木质纤维素酶解效率、降低纤维素酶成本等问题,开展了多种化学、生物技术及工艺耦合的研究。本文综述了近几年木质纤维素酶解领域取得的最新工艺进展和理论研究成果,对原料预处理、多酶复配优化、酶脱附与重复利用、工艺耦合、高固液比反应等方面的研究情况进行了总结,同时展望了木质纤维素酶解工艺的未来发展方向。     

非离子型表面活性剂对木质纤维素酶催化水解的影响及机理

木质纤维素的酶解糖化过程是纤维素生物质转化中的关键步骤,也是限制纤维素生物转化生产燃料和化学品的主要瓶颈。大量的研究表明,非离子型表面活性剂能够强化木质纤维素酶解过程,显著提高纤维素的酶催化水解效率。本文综述了非离子型表面活性剂对纯纤维素和木质纤维素底物酶解的影响,分析了底物结构特性、水解条件、纤维素酶组成等诸多因素与表面活性剂作用效果之间的关联,并从纤维素酶的吸附特性、纤维素酶组分间的协同作用等方面对非离子表面活性剂的作用机理进行了总结。结合已有的研究进展和存在的问题,提出了今后表面活性剂对于木质纤维素酶催化水解影响的研究重点方向,即系统分析底物结构、水解条件等因素对表面活性剂作用的宏观影响,以及分析这种作用的热力学和动力学特性,而微观上需要从原子和分子层面上解析表面活性剂与底物和纤维素酶之间的相互作用特性。     

特种纤维素酶催化水解壳聚糖及壳寡糖的制备研究

用凝胶渗透色谱法研究了特种纤维素酶催化水解过程中的分子量及其分布,制备了不同低分子量的壳聚糖和壳寡糖,详细研究了水解温度、pH值、时间和酶的用量等因素对酶催化水解产物的分子量及其分布的影响,制备壳寡糖的反应条件为壳聚糖质量分数w=0．01,水解温度58℃,pH=5．3,特种纤维素酶w=0．10,反应时间3h。     

生物质半纤维素稀酸水解反应*

半纤维素是木质纤维素类生物质中第二大组分,半纤维素的高效、低成本转化是实现木质纤维素类生物质转化工艺实用化的一个技术关键。稀酸水解技术被广泛应用于水解生物质半纤维素,其对半纤维素糖的转化率高,得到的糖可进一步发酵生产燃料乙醇等。半纤维素还可直接水解制低聚糖等功能性食品和糠醛等化工产品。本文综述了半纤维素稀酸水解反应的研究进展。介绍了半纤维素的基本结构特征,解析了稀酸催化半纤维素水解的反应机理及反应网络,评述了半纤维素水解过程中反应条件等对目标产物的影响,并总结了半纤维素稀酸水解动力学模型。在此基础上,对今后半纤维素稀酸水解反应的研究方向与水解产物的利用进行了展望。     

Modeling the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute-acid pretreated Douglas Fir

Glucose yield from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated as a function of cellulase enzyme loading (7–36 filter paper units [FPU]/g cellulose) and solids concentration (7–18% total solids) for up to 72 h on dilute sulfuric-acid pretreated Douglas Fir. The saccharification was performed on whole hydrolysate with no separation or washing of the solids. Enzyme loading had a significant effect on glucose yield; solids concentration had a much smaller effect even at higher glucose concentrations. The data were used to generate an empirical model for glucose yield, and to fit parameters of a cellulose hydrolysis kinetic model. Both models could be used for economic evaluation of a separate hydrolysis and fermentation process.     

植物细胞壁蛋白与木质纤维素酶解

木质纤维素是生产生物能源和材料的重要原料。木质纤维素具有高度复杂的结构,其酶解效率除了受自身的凝聚态结构影响外,还受到细胞壁自身组分的影响。本文综述了植物细胞壁中主要蛋白的特征及其与木质纤维素酶解的关系。从植物自身细胞壁蛋白活性出发来研究木质纤维素的酶解,为研究其酶解机制和高效酶解方法提供了新思路。     

Cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei using sawdust hydrolysate

Sawdust hydrolysates were investigated for their ability to support cell growth and cellulase production, and for potential inhibition of Trichoderma reesei Rut C30. Simultaneous fermentations were conducted to compare the hydrolysate-based media with the controls having equivalent concentrations of glucose and Avicel cellulose. Six hydrolysates differing in the boiling durations in the hydrolysis procedure were evaluated. The hydrolysates were found to support cell growth and induce active cellulase synthesis. The maximum specific cellulase production rate was 0.046 filter paper units (FPU)/(g of cells · h) in the hydrolysate-based systems, much higher than that (0.017 FPU/[g of cells · h]) in the controls.     

Enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials using simultaneous ball milling

One of the limiting factors restricting the effective and efficient bioconversion of softwood-derived lignocellulosic residues is the recalcitrance of the substrate following pretreatment. Consequently, the ensuing enzymatic process requires relatively high enzyme loadings to produce monomeric carbohydrates that are readily fermentable by ethanologenic microorganisms. In an attempt to circumvent the need for larger enzyme loadings, a simultaneous physical and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment was evaluated. A ball-mill reactor was used as the digestion vessel, and the extent and rate of hydrolysis were monitored. Concurrently, enzyme adsorption profiles and the rate of conversion during the course of hydrolysis were monitored. α-Cellulose, employed as a model substrate, and SO₂-impregnated steam-exploded Douglas-fir wood chips were assessed as the cellulosic substrates. The softwood-derived substrate was further posttreated with water and hot alkaline hydrogen peroxide to remove >90% of the original lignin. Experiments at different reaction conditions were evaluated, including substrate concentration, enzyme loading, reaction volumes, and number of ball beads employed during mechanical milling. It was apparent that the best conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose were attained using a higher number of beads, while the presence of air-liquid interface did not seem to affect the rate of saccharification. Similarly, when employing the lignocellulosic substrate, up to 100% hydrolysis could be achieved with a minimum enzyme loading (10 filter paper units/g of cellulose), at lower substrate concentrations and with a greater number of reaction beads during milling. It was apparent that the combined strategy of simultaneous ball milling and enzymatic hydrolysis could improve the rate of saccharification and/or reduce the enzyme loading required to attain total hydrolysis of the carbohydrate moieties.     

高分子添加剂对纤维素酶糖化力的影响

研究了几种高分子材料对纤维素酶水解作用的影响,强聚阳离子(PⅠ、PⅡ)、中强聚阴离子(PⅢ)高分子材料能促进酶的糖化作用,而强聚阴离子(PⅣ)高分子材料则不能,添加PⅠ(1.3×10~(-1)mol/L)、PⅡ(1.3×10~3mol/L)、PⅢ(1.3×10~2mol/L)分别使纤维素酶棉花糖化力提高190％、45％、75％,初步探讨了高分子材料促进纤维素酶糖化力的机理。