The 1/D expansion for low-dimensional classical magnets

The physical characteristics of two-dimensional classical ferro- and antiferro-magnets have been calculated in the whole temperature range by an analytical approach based on the expansion in powers of 1/D, whereD is the number of spin components. This approach works rather well since it yields exact results for antiferromagnetic susceptibility and specific heat atT=0 already in the first order in 1/D and it is consistent with HTSE at high temperatures. For the quantities singular atT=0, such as ferromagnetic susceptibility and correlation length, the 1/D expansion supports their general-D functional form in the low-temperature range obtained by Fukugita and Oyanagi. The critical index calculated in the first order in 1/D proves to be temperature dependent: =20/(D) (=T/T _c ^(MFT) ,T _c ^(MFT) =J ₀/D, J ₀ is the zero Fourier component of the exchange interaction).     

Lifshitz-point correlation length exponents from the large-n expansion

The large-n expansion is applied to the calculation of thermal critical exponents describing the critical behavior of spatially anisotropic d-dimensional systems at m  -axial Lifshitz points. We derive the leading non-trivial 1/n$1/n$ correction for the perpendicular correlation-length exponent _νL2${\nu }_{L2}$ and hence several related thermal exponents to order O(1/n)$O(1/n)$. The results are consistent with known large-n expansions for d  -dimensional critical points and isotropic Lifshitz points, as well as with the second-order epsilon expansion about the upper critical dimension d^?=4+m/2$d^{?}=4+m/2$ for generic m∈[0,d]$m\in [0,d]$. Analytical results are given for the special case d=4$d=4$, m=1$m=1$. For uniaxial Lifshitz points in three dimensions, 1/n$1/n$ coefficients are calculated numerically. The estimates of critical exponents at d=3$d=3$, m=1$m=1$ and n=3$n=3$ are discussed.     

The 1/D expansion for classical magnets: Low-dimensional models with magnetic field

The field-dependent magnetizationm(H, T) of one- and two-dimensional classical magnets described by theD-component vector model is calculated analytically in the whole range of temperature and magnetic fields with the help of the 1/D expansion. In the first order in 1/D the theory reproduces with a good accuracy the temperature dependence of the zero-field susceptibility of antiferromagnets with maximum atT|J ₀|/D (J ₀ is the Fourier component of the exchange interaction) and describes for the first time the singular behavior of (H, T) at small temperatures and magnetic fields: lim _T0 lim _H0 (H, T)=1/(2|J ₀|)(1–1/D) and lim _H0 lim _T0 (H, T)=1/(2|J ₀|).     

Teleportation and thermal entanglement in two-qubit Heisenberg X Y Z spin chain with the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction and the inhomogeneous magnetic field

This paper studies the average fidelity of teleportation and thermal entanglement for a two-qubit Heisenberg X Y Z chain in the presence of both an inhomogeneous magnetic field and a Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction. It shows that for a fixed Dz, the increase of bz will broaden the critical temperature at the cost of decreasing the thermal entanglement. And it can modulate the inhomogeneous magnetic field and the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction for the average fidelity of teleportation to be optimal.     

Explicit N-fold Darboux transformation for the classical Boussinesq system and multi-soliton solutions

In this Letter, a systematic method is presented to construct the N-fold Darboux transformation with multi-parameters for a spectral problem associated with a classical Boussinesq system. As an application, we obtain the new soliton solutions of the classical Boussinesq system.     

Optical switch with low-phase transition temperature based on thin nanocrystalline VOx film

An optical switch is fabricated by using micromachining technology, which is based on thin nanocrystalline vanadium oxide (VO_x) film, and it consists of four layers: a silicon (Si) substrate layer, a VO_x layer, a Si₃N₄ buffer layer, and an aurum (Au) electrode layer. By applying a switching power supply to a pair of the Au electrodes, the optical switch is controlled to exhibit from an “on” state with semi-conducting phase to an “off” state with metallic phase. The optical switch performance is investigated, and testing results show that its extinction ratio is about 14 dB, its switching response time can achieve about 1.5 ms, and the power dissipation required for stimulating switching to work can be below about 15 mW at least, which is lower than the power dissipation of conventional optical switches based on microstructure thin vanadium dioxide (VO₂) films. This kind of optical switch is potential to be applied as optical switch for optical communication.     

Elliptic three-boson system, “two-level three-mode” JCD-type models and non-skew-symmetric classical r-matrices

Using the technique of the classical r-matrices and quantum Lax operators we construct the most general form of quantum integrable multi-boson and spin-multi-boson models associated with linear Lax algebras and sl(2)⊗sl(2)-valued classical non-dynamical r-matrices with spectral parameters. We consider example of non-skew-symmetric elliptic r-matrix and explicitly obtain one-, two- and three-boson integrable models and the corresponding one-, two- and three-mode two-level Jaynes-Cummings-Dicke-type models. We show that integrable “elliptic” two-level one-mode Jaynes-Cummings-Dicke Hamiltonian is hermitian and contains both rotating and counter-rotating terms.     

Beyer’s non-linearity parameter (B/A) in benzylidene aniline Schiff base liquid crystalline systems

The non-linearity parameter B/A is estimated for a number of liquid crystal materials of the type N-(p-n-alkoxy benzylidene)-p-n-alkyl anilines, popularly known as nO.m, where n and m are the aliphatic chains on either side of the rigid core, which can be varied from 1 to 18 to realize a number of LC materials with a variety LC phase variants. The B/A values are computed from both density and sound velocity data following standard relations reported in literature. This systematic study in a homologous series provides an opportunity to study how this parameter behaves with (1) either the alkoxy and/or alkyl chain number, (2) with the total chain number (n+m), (3) with increase in molecular weight and (4) whether the linear relations reported in literature either with αT [thermal expansion coefficient (α) and temperature (T)] and sound velocity (u) will hold good or not and if so to what extent. The results are discussed with the body of data available in literature on liquids, liquid mixtures and other LC materials.     

高温超导研究面临的挑战

自1986年铜氧化物高温超导体发现以来,高温超导研究取得了丰硕的成果,确定了高温超导材料的相图和超导配对的对称性,发现了赝能隙、电荷自旋分离、线性电阻、强超导位相涨落等大量新的物理现象。但是,高温超导机理依然还是一个谜,高温超导材料中发现的大量反常量子现象也不能在已有的固体量子理论的框架下得到解释。要解决高温超导问题,必须发展新的实验探测技术和新的量子多体理论及计算方法。特别是要发展能够直接调节和探测电子与固体中各种元激发相互作用的实验探测技术,从相互作用的源头来直接探测并判定高温超导电子配对的机理。     

Spectroscopy of X2Y4 (D2h) molecules: tensorial formalism adapted to the O(3)⊃D2h chain, Hamiltonian and transition moment operators

A tensorial formalism adapted to the case of the X₂Y₄ molecules with D_2h symmetry has been developed in the same way as in the previous works on XY₄ (T_d) and XY₆ (O_h) spherical tops and XY₅Z (C_4v) symmetric tops. Here, we use the O(3)⊃D_2h group chain. All the coupling coefficients and formulas for the computation of matrix elements are given for this chain and used in the case of the Hamiltonian and transition moment operators.     

Effect of acoustic waves on the repetition frequency of high repetition rate TEA-CO2 lasers and calculating optimization condition

The gas channel of a pulse periodic TEA-CO₂ laser is considered as an acoustic resonator. In this paper, a three-dimensional mathematical modeling has been considered for describe of laser action. By calculating of the equations obtained from this model, the effects of cavity dimensions, Mach number and repetition frequency of laser on the acoustic wave spectrum have been investigated. At last optimum conditions for performance of laser operation has been arrived.     

Natural frequencies of the classical two-spinXXZ system

An expression for the ratio of the natural frequencies of the classical two-spinXXZ system is determined. These are the frequencies of the angle variables and the expression does not require the system trajectories for its evaluation.     

Abnormal positive thermal expansion in Mo substituted ZrW2O8

ZrW₂O₈ displays the unusual property of an isotropic bulk contraction in volume as a function of temperature. We report here on the positive thermal expansion (PTE) property caused by substituting Mo for W sites in ZrW₂O₈ at room temperature. The room temperature crystal structure of ZrW_2−xMo_xO₈ compounds, which were synthesized using a low temperature route, could be divided into ordered phase with α-ZrW₂O₈ structure (0≤x≤0.5) and disordered phase with β-ZrW₂O₈ (0.5<x≤1.5) and c-ZrMo₂O₈ structure (1.5<x≤2). ZrW_2−xMo_xO₈ adopting β-ZrW₂O₈ structure shows abnormal PTE property at room temperature due to the existence of water molecules, while ZrW_2−xMo_xO₈ adopting the other two structures (α-ZrW₂O₈ and c-ZrMo₂O₈) shows negative thermal expansion (NTE) property from room temperature until decomposition for α-ZrW₂O₈ structure or trigonal phase transition for c-ZrMo₂O₈ structure. The reason lies in the fact that the oxygen migration caused by the Mo substitution leads to the re-arrangement of W(Mo)O₄ tetrahedra lying along the 3-fold axis, only particular W/Mo ratio (0.5<x≤1.5) produces a special crystal structure, which allows the entrance of water molecules.     

Calculating transport AC losses in stacks of high temperature superconductor coated conductors with magnetic substrates using FEM

In this paper, the authors investigate the electromagnetic properties of stacks of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors with a particular focus on calculating the total transport AC loss. The cross-section of superconducting cables and coils is often modeled as a two-dimensional stack of coated conductors, and these stacks can be used to estimate the AC loss of a practical device. This paper uses a symmetric two dimensional (2D) finite element model based on the H formulation, and a detailed investigation into the effects of a magnetic substrate on the transport AC loss of a stack is presented. The number of coated conductors in each stack is varied from 1 to 150, and three types of substrate are compared: non-magnetic weakly magnetic and strongly magnetic. The non-magnetic substrate model is comparable with results from existing models for the limiting cases of a single tape (Norris) and an infinite stack (Clem). The presence of a magnetic substrate increases the total AC loss of the stack, due to an increased localized magnetic flux density, and the stronger the magnetic material, the further the flux penetrates into the stack overall. The AC loss is calculated for certain tapes within the stack, and the differences and similarities between the losses throughout the stack are explained using the magnetic flux penetration and current density distributions in those tapes. The ferromagnetic loss of the substrate itself is found to be negligible in most cases, except for small magnitudes of current. Applying these findings to practical applications, where AC transport current is involved, superconducting coils should be wound where possible using coated conductors with a non-magnetic substrate to reduce the total AC loss in the coil.     

Approximate radiative properties of methane at high temperature

Band model parameters for high-temperature methane have been generated up to 2000 K from an extended spectroscopic database. Part of the spectroscopic data are issued from calculations made in the framework of the effective Hamiltonian approach. These data have been completed by a statistical extrapolation. The calculations of global radiative properties such as band absorbtances and total emissivities are in good agreement with the available experimental data showing that the contribution of the hot bands is correctly taken into account. Finally, the degree of correlation between CH₄, CO₂ and H₂O spectra in typical conditions of combustion applications is discussed. Band model parameters are available upon request.     

Removal of lead(II) by adsorption onto Viscumalbum L.: Effect of temperature and equilibrium isotherm analyses

The removal efficiency of Viscumalbum L. from lead containing aqueous solutions was investigated. The effect of adsorbent mass, pH of solution, initial Pb(II) concentration and temperature was investigated using a batch adsorption technique. The optimum pH for Pb(II) adsorption was found as 3.0 for Viscumalbum L. Results were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Harkins-Jura, equation using linearized correlation coefficient at different temperature. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm have been determined. The Langmuir model agrees very well with experimental data than the other models. According to Langmuir isoterm, the monolayer saturation capacity (Q_o) is 769.23 mg/g at 25 °C. Models and the isotherm constant were evaluated depending on temperature. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH^o, ΔS^o and ΔG^o were calculated. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. The experimental data were analyzed using the first- and the second-order kinetic models. The rate constants of adsorption for both kinetics models have been calculated. The second-order model provides the best correlation of the data.     

Luminescent properties of KGd1−x(WO4)2:Eux and KGd1−x(WO4)2−y(MoO4)y:Eux phosphors in UV-VUV regions

KGd_1−x(WO₄)_2−y(MoO₄)_y:Eu³⁺_x(0.1?x?0.75, y=0 and 0.2) phosphors are synthesized through traditional solid-state reaction and their luminescent properties in ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) regions are investigated. Under 147 nm excitation, these phosphors show characteristic red emission with good color purity. In order to improve their emission intensity, the MoO₄²⁻ (20 wt%) is introduced into the anion of KGd_1−x(WO₄):Eu³⁺_x. The Mo⁶⁺ and Eu³⁺ co-doped KGd(WO₄)₂ phosphors show higher emission intensity in comparison with the singly Eu³⁺-doped KGd(WO₄)₂ in VUV region. The chromaticity coordination of KGd_0.45(WO₄):Eu³⁺_0.55 is (x=0.669, y=0.331), while that of KGd_0.45(WO₄)_1.8(MoO₄)_0.2:Eu³⁺_0.55 is (x=0.666, y=0.334) in VUV region.     

The I-V characteristics of InAs/GaAs quantum dot laser

The I-V characteristics of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) laser diode have been investigated under both the high and low input current conditions. Under the low current condition, the I-V curve obeys the Shockley equation, from which the forbidden energy gap of the junction can be derived. On the other hand, in the high current range, the I-V characteristics violate the Shockley equation and the device tends to operate as a resistance. In addition, the I-V curve can be used to fit the temperature coefficient of the forward voltage, which is a critical parameter for determining the junction temperature of the laser diode.