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1.
L. Egerhazi Zs. Geretovszky T. Szorenyi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2008,93(3):789-793
Since the advent of pulsed laser deposition (PLD), several different target-substrate arrangements have been proposed. Besides
the most common on-axis PLD, several off-axis geometries were studied, mainly to protect the substrate from the agglomerated
species (clusters, droplets, particulates) of the plasma plume, which are detrimental to the homogeneity of films. Recently
we introduced a novel geometry, termed inverse pulsed laser deposition (IPLD), in which the substrate is placed parallel to
and slightly above the target plane. In this paper we summarize our results on this new geometry, and show how it can extend
the perspectives of pulsed laser deposition, e.g., by improving the surface morphology of the films. Effects of ambient pressure
are presented and exemplified on metallic and compound IPLD films, including Ti, CN
x
, and Ti-oxides. AFM topographic images are used to prove that under optimized conditions IPLD is capable of growing compact
and smooth films that are superior to PLD ones. A special—but easy-to-implement—IPLD arrangement is also introduced that considerably
improves the homogeneity of IPLD films. In this geometry, the properties (e.g., deposition rate and roughness) of the films
grown in the 1–25 Pa pressure domain are examined. 相似文献
2.
ZnO nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanowalls were synthesized rapidly on Si via thermal decomposition of zinc acetate by a
modified chemical vapor deposition at a low substrate temperature of 200–250°C for the first time. The diameters of the synthesized
nanoparticles and nanowires are around 100 and 30 nm, respectively, and the thickness of nanowalls is around 20 nm. High-resolution
transmission electron microscopy shows that the nanowires as well as nanowalls are single-crystalline, and the nanoparticles
are highly-textured poly-crystalline structures. Room-temperature photoluminescence spectra of the nanostructures show strong
ultraviolet emissions centered at 368–383 nm and weak violet emissions at around 425 nm, indicating good crystal quality.
The study provides a simple and efficient route to synthesize ZnO diverse nanostructures at low temperature. 相似文献
3.
J. Cifre J. Bertomeu J. Puigdollers M. C. Polo J. Andreu A. Lloret 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1994,59(6):645-651
Silicon films were deposited at moderate substrate temperatures (280–500° C) from pure silane and a silane-hydrogen mixture (10% SiH4, 90% H2) in a hotwire CVD reactor. The morphology, structure and composition of the samples were studied with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, transmission electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The sample deposited at 500° C with pure silane has an amorphous structure, whereas the samples obtained from silane diluted in hydrogen have a polycrystalline structure, even that grown at the lowest temperature (280° C). Polycrystalline samples have a columnar structure with 0.3–1 m crystallite sizes with preferential orientation in [220] direction. Deposition rates depend on the filament-substrate distance and range from 9.5 to 37 Å/s for the polycrystalline samples. The high quality of the polycrystalline samples obtained makes the hot-wire technique very promising. Moreover, it is expected to be easily scaled up for applications to large-area optoelectronic devices and to photovoltaic solar cells. 相似文献
4.
D. Valerini A. P. Caricato M. Lomascolo F. Romano A. Taurino T. Tunno M. Martino 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2008,93(3):729-733
We report the use of PLD to grow different ZnO nanostructures. Very different film morphologies have been observed using different
laser wavelengths to ablate the target. The influence of substrate temperature and oxygen background pressure on the film
morphology has been investigated too. Smooth and rough films, hexagonal pyramids and columns have been obtained by using a
KrF excimer laser (248 nm) for the target ablation, while hexagonal hierarchical structures and pencils have been obtained
by using ArF (193 nm). Photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the good quality of the samples, in particular
of those deposited using the ArF laser beam. 相似文献
5.
Youguo Yan Lixia Zhou Jianying Zou Ye Zhang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(3):559-565
Novel ZnO tetrapod-shaped nanostructures with pearl-necklace-shaped arms were successfully synthesized using mixture of Zn,
ZnO, and carbon powder as source. The definite supersaturation ratio provided by Zn, ZnO, and carbon powder was considered
as the crucial factor of determining the formation of this kind of structure, and a negative feedback growth model combined
with octahedral nucleation mechanism was proposed. Two other comparative experiments were also conducted to study the growth
behavior of reagent species under different supersaturation ratios. Our experiments provided a beneficial experimental exploration
in controlled growth of nanostructures through modulating supersaturation ratio by source, and these obtained novel nanostructures
were also expected to have potential application as functional blocks in nanodevices. Furthermore, the study of photoluminescence
indicated that the physical properties were strongly dependent on the crystal structure. 相似文献
6.
This paper presents an investigation of the modeling of the process of pyrolytic laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD)
applied to study the Soret effect. LCVD is a thermally activated process characterized by strongly coupled mass and energy
transport phenomena, together with chemical reactions, which are difficult to investigate experimentally. A physical and numerical
model based on a commercial computational fluid dynamics package is developed and used to simulate a reactor operating at
conditions of room temperature and pressure. The proposed numerical methodology will allow us to assess and analyze the effect
of various factors controlling the process, and in particular the Soret effect. This numerical model is validated by comparison
with the measured growth rate of the fiber. While several studies have proposed simulations of the LCVD process, this is among
the first attempts at including the Soret effect in the numerical modeling at the micro-scale level. It is expected that the
fundamental insights thus obtained will guide experimental investigations which can be applied to establish reactor design
and process control guidelines. 相似文献
7.
J. Jun C. Jin H. Kim J. Kang C. Lee 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,96(4):813-818
The structure and photoluminescence properties of TiO2-coated ZnS nanowires were investigated. ZnS nanowires were synthesized by thermal evaporation of ZnS powder and then coated
with TiO2 by using the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique. We performed scanning electron microscopy, transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy
to characterize the as-synthesized and TiO2-coated ZnS nanowires. TEM and XRD analyses revealed that the ZnS core and the TiO2 coatings had crystalline zinc blende and crystalline anatase structures, respectively. PL measurement at room temperature
showed that the as-synthesized ZnS nanowires had two emissions: a blue emission centered in the range from 430 to 440 nm and
a green emission at around 515 nm. The green emission was found to be dominant in the ZnS nanowires coated with TiO2 by MOCVD at 350°C for one or more hours, while the blue emission was dominant in the as-synthesized ZnS nanowires. Also the
mechanisms of the emissions were discussed. 相似文献
8.
C. Hormann S. Meier M. Moseler 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2009,69(2):187-194
The topography evolution of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings deposited through toluene based capacitively coupled
plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been studied experimentally and with continuum growth models. The experimentally
observed mound formation and surprisingly large growth exponents (β≈ 0.9±0.1) cannot be reproduced by familiar local stochastic
differential equations that are successfully used for other thin film deposition techniques. Here we introduce a novel numerical
approach to simulate a continuum growth model that takes into account non-local shadowing effects. We show that the major
characteristics of the experimentally observed topography evolution can be accurately represented by this model. 相似文献
9.
Jamshid Sabbaghzadeh Parvaneh Jafarkhani Siamak Dadras Mohammad Javad Torkamany 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(2):293-297
Synthesis of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in a 1473 K furnace using a copper vapor laser (CVL) is reported. The operating parameters
of this laser, i.e. a high fluence at the focal point and an extremely high frequency of 10 kHz, distinguished it from common
laser sources in the synthesis of CNTs. Therefore, the unexpected experimental findings, the formation of MWNTs instead of
the generally reported SWNTs, would be verified by these two notable parameters. Electron microscopy beside Raman spectroscopy
illustrates the presence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the resulting product. 相似文献
10.
Chaoyi Yan Tao Zhang Pooi See Lee 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(4):763-766
Silica nanowires were synthesized through a self-supplied vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism. Unlike randomly entangled nanowires
on the substrate, highly ordered nanowire arrays have been successfully fabricated using a sandwich-like configuration to
define and enhance the local gas-flow. As-synthesized nanowires were characterized to be amorphous silicon dioxide with Au
as catalysts. The role of the sandwich-like structure and the effect of gas-flow on the alignment of silica nanowires are
demonstrated. 相似文献
11.
The combination of laser-induced incandescence and elastic light scattering has been further developed to allow for a quantitative
two-dimensional determination of characteristic properties of soot aggregates, namely radius of gyration R
g and number N
p of primary particles per aggregate. In demonstrating the principle of the method, we have in a first approach approximated
the particle ensemble as monodisperse and used a structure factor with an exponential cut-off function. Nonetheless, experiments
performed on a laminar premixed ethene flame demonstrate basically good agreement with observations from literature and data
from electron microscopy on thermophoretically obtained samples. 相似文献
12.
13.
Furkan Bulut Wolfgang Rosellen Mathias Getzlaff 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,97(1):185-189
Size-selected iron and iron–cobalt alloy clusters have been studied with high resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The clusters were produced by a continuously working arc cluster ion source
and subsequently size-selected by an electrostatic quadrupole deflector. The crystalline structure of pure clusters has been
investigated with HRTEM to ensure a reliable determination of the lattice parameter for the alloy clusters. The composition
of the alloy clusters was checked with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The height of the deposited FeCo clusters
on the (110) surface of tungsten was determined via STM. These results were compared with the lateral size distribution being
investigated by TEM and allow a conclusion on the shape of the deposited alloy clusters. Furthermore, the behavior of the
alloy clusters on the W(110) surface at elevated temperatures has been examined, at which the clusters show anisotropic spreading. 相似文献
14.
The effect of temperature on growth and structure of carbon nanotubes (NTs) using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been
investigated. Iron embedded silica was used to grow NTs in large quantity at various temperatures from 600 to 1050 °C with
gas pressure fixed at 0.6 and 760 Torr, respectively. The growth and structure of the NTs are strongly affected by the temperature.
At low gas pressure, the NTs are completely hollow at low temperature and bamboo-like structure at high temperature. While
at high gas pressure, all the NTs are bamboo-like structure regardless of temperature. The diameter of NTs increases significantly
with temperature. At low gas pressure the diameter gets bigger by mainly increasing the number of graphene layers of the wall
of NTs, whereas at high gas pressure the diameter gets bigger by increasing both the number of graphene layers of the wall
and the inner diameter of the NTs. This result indicates that the growth temperature is crucial in synthesizing NTs with different
structures. The findings here are important for realizing controlled growth of NTs for their applications in different fields.
Received: 20 November 2001 / Accepted: 21 November 2001 / Published online: 4 March 2002 相似文献
15.
V. L. Gayou B. Salazar-Hernandez G. Zavala P. Santiago J. A. Ascencio 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(4):735-738
In this work, we report the synthesis of ZnS nanostructures by a simple and eco-friendly method that makes possible producing
nanoflakes at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods (mainly bright-field,
high resolution and high angle annular dark-field) were used to identify and study the obtained nanostructures. The structure
of these nanoflakes consists of nanosized crystalline particles around 1.5 to 3 nm. Domains with different contrast of nanometer-size
diameters are formed in the self-assembled nanoflakes as a result of a noncompact arrangement of nanocrystallites during agglomeration
and differences in the presence of the organic passivation agent. Agglomeration can be attributed to the amount of crystallites
generated at the beginning of the reaction or to an anisotropic interaction between phosphate ions and the surfaces of ZnS
clusters, and consequently a bottom-up synthesis is considered, which opens a simple route for the production of nanomaterials
with the inclusion of extra elements by a simple way. 相似文献
16.
Boundary layer-assisted chemical bath deposition of well-aligned ZnO rods on Si by a one-step method
Ruey-Chi Wang Hsin-Ying Lin Shu-Jen Chen Yi-Feng Lai Michael R. S. Huang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,96(3):775-781
ZnO seed layers and well-aligned ZnO single-crystalline micro/nanorods were synthesized on bare Si in one step without the
assistance of catalysts by chemical bath deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction patterns
show that the alignment of ZnO rods on Si(100) could be adjusted by varying the substrates’ angles of incline, the reaction
temperature, and the precursor concentration. Transmission electron microscopy cross-sectional images demonstrate that a polycrystalline
seed layer with (0002) preferred orientation was formed between the well-aligned rods and Si substrate placed vertically while
a randomly oriented layer was formed between the randomly aligned rods and Si substrate placed horizontally. The formation
of seed layers and alignment of as-synthesized ZnO rods were attributed to the assistance of boundary layers in a chemical
bath deposition system. 相似文献
17.
S. Barzilai H. Nagar M. Aizenshtein N. Froumin N. Frage 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,95(2):507-512
Scandia is a thermodynamically stable oxide and could be used as a structural material for a crucible in order to avoid a
melt contamination. In the present study wetting experiments of Cu–Al and Cu–Ti melts on Scandia substrate were preformed
at 1423 K by a sessile drop method. It was established that Al and Ti additions lead to the improved wetting and that the
final contact angle decreases with increasing the additives concentration. For Al containing melts, the contact angle changes
gradually with time, and a relatively thick interaction layer, which consists of Al2O3, Sc2O3, and metallic channels, was formed at the Sc2O3/Cu–Al interface. For Ti containing melts, the final contact angle is achieved already during heating, and an extremely thin
layer based on a Ti–Sc–O compound was detected by AES at the Sc2O3/Cu–Ti interface.
The results of a thermodynamic analysis, which takes into account the formation free energy of the oxides, involved in the
systems, and the thermodynamic properties of the liquid solutions are in a good agreement with the experimental observations. 相似文献
18.
T. V. Kononenko P. Alloncle V. I. Konov M. Sentis 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(3):531-536
Blister-based laser induced forward transfer (BB-LIFT) is a promising technique to produce surface microstructures of various
advanced materials including inorganic and organic micro/nanopowders, suspensions and biological micro-objects embedded in
life sustaining medium. The transferred material is spread over a thin metal film irradiated from the far side by single laser
pulses through a transparent support. Interaction of the laser pulse with the metal–support interface under optimized conditions
causes formation of a quickly expanding blister. Fast movement of the free metal surface provides efficient material transfer,
which has been investigated for the case of diamond nanopowder and diamond-containing suspension. The unique features of the
given technique are universality, simplicity and efficient isolation of the transferred material from the ablation products
and laser heating. 相似文献
19.
S. Heiroth Th. Lippert A. Wokaun M. Döbeli 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2008,93(3):639-643
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the most common solid electrolyte material used e.g. in ceramic fuel cells. Thin films
of YSZ were deposited on c-cut sapphire single crystals by pulsed laser deposition using a KrF excimer laser focused on a polycrystalline 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 target. Depending on the substrate temperature and the oxygen background pressure during deposition, different microstructures
are obtained. XRD and high-resolution SEM revealed the formation of dense amorphous films at room temperature. At 600°C preferentially
(111) oriented polycrystalline films consisting of densely agglomerated nm-sized grains of the cubic phase resulted. Grain
size and surface roughness could be controlled by varying the oxygen background pressure. RBS and PIXE evidenced congruent
transfer only for a low number of pulses, indicating a dynamical change of the target stoichiometry during laser irradiation.
The in-plane ionic conductivity of the as-deposited crystalline films was comparable to bulk YSZ. The conductivity of initially
amorphous YSZ passes a maximum during the crystallization process. However, the relative changes remain small, i.e. no significant
enhancement of ionic conductivity related to the formation of a nanocrystalline microstructure is found. 相似文献
20.
Qiang Zhang Jia-Qi Huang Meng-Qiang Zhao Wei-Zhong Qian Fei Wei 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,94(4):853-860
Based on the analysis of catalyst particle formation and carbon nanotube (CNT) array growth process in floating catalyst chemical
vapor deposition (CVD), delicately controlled gaseous carbon sources and catalyst precursors were introduced into the reactor
for the controllable growth of CNT array. The low feeding rate of ferrocene was realized through low-temperature sublimation.
With less ferrocene introduced into the reactor, the collision among the in situ formed iron atoms decreased, which led to the formation of smaller catalyst particles. The mean diameter of the CNT array,
grown at 800oC, decreased from 41 to 31 nm when the ferrocene-sublimed temperature reduced from 80 to 60oC. Furthermore, low growth temperature was adopted in synthesis, through the modulation of the CNT diameter, by controlling
the sintering of catalyst particles and the collision frequency. When the growth temperature was 600oC, the as-grown CNTs in the array were with a mean diameter of 10.2 nm. If propylene was used as carbon source, the diameter
can be modulated in similar trends. The diameter of CNT can be modulated by the parameter of the operation using the same
substrate and catalyst precursor without other equipment or previous treatment. Those results provide the possibility for
delicately controllable synthesis of CNT array via simple floating catalyst CVD. 相似文献