气相色谱法测定甲苯氧化产物中的甲苯及苯甲醛

采用以氢火焰离子化检测器的气相色谱法,对甲苯气相氧化制备苯甲醛产物中的甲苯及苯甲醛进行了鉴定和定量分析,确定了色谱条件和各组分的重量校正因子,该法操作简单,速度快,精度高。     

Virtual state scattering with cold electrons: para-xylene and para-difluorobenzene

The scattering of electrons with kinetic energies down to a few meV by para-xylene and para-difluorobenzene has been observed experimentally with an electron beam energy resolution of 0.95 to 1.5 meV (full width half maximum). At low electron energies the collisions can be considered as cold scattering events because the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is considerably larger than the target dimensions. The scattering cross sections measured rise rapidly at low energy due to virtual state scattering. The nature of this scattering process is discussed using s- and p-wave phase shifts derived from the experimental data. Scattering lengths are derived of, respectively, -9.5+/-0.5 and -8.0+/-0.5 a.u. for para-xylene and para-difluorobenzene. The virtual state effect is interpreted in terms of nuclear diabatic and partially adiabatic models, involving the electronic and vibronic symmetries of the unoccupied orbitals in the target species. The concept of direct and indirect virtual state scattering is introduced, through which the present species, in common with carbon dioxide and benzene, scatter through an indirect virtual state process, whereas other species, such as perfluorobenzene, scatter through a direct process.     

超细Fe-V-O催化剂上甲苯液相氧化制苯甲醛

分别采用共沉淀法,凝胶自燃烧法和水热法制备了Fe-V-O复合氧化物催化剂用于催化过氧化氢液相氧化甲苯制苯甲醛反应中,并采用N2等温吸附-脱附法,粉末X射线衍射,红外光谱,扫描电子显微镜,能量弥散X射线光谱和H2程序升温还原等方法对催化剂性质进行了表征.结果表明,制备方法显著影响催化剂的结构,比表面积,形貌,表面元素组成和还原性.Fe-V-O催化剂颗粒的超细化调变了其比表面积和还原性,从而改善了催化剂上甲苯液相氧化制苯甲醛反应性能.其中水热法制备的超细Fe-V-O催化剂具有最高的苯甲醛收率和较好的重复使用性能.这主要归因于该催化剂颗粒尺寸小,比表面积大,以及表面较多的活性钒氧物种和适宜的还原性.     

Enhanced para-xylene selectivity in the toluene alkylation reaction at ultralow contact time

Dramatic improvements in the para-xylene selectivity of the toluene alkylation reaction can be effected by operating the catalytic reaction at ultralow contact time. Unexpectedly, the rate of alkylation is sustained, while unwanted side reactions are suppressed. By demonstrating that contact time directly influences the fate of para-xylene, which is known to form and diffuse preferentially within the zeolite catalyst, we conclude that external mass transfer is a key parameter in controlling selectivity. Even non-optimized catalysts can be made to achieve near-perfect selectivity, without sacrificing conversion.     

Mechanism of Thermal Toluene Autoxidation

Aerobic oxidation of toluene (PhCH₃) is investigated by complementary experimental and theoretical methodologies. Whereas the reaction of the chain‐carrying benzylperoxyl radicals with the substrate produces predominantly benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde originate mainly from subsequent propagation of the hydroperoxide product. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of benzaldehyde is also produced in primary PhCH₃ propagation, presumably via proton rather than hydrogen transfer. An equimolar amount of benzyl alcohol, together with benzoic acid, is additionally produced in the tertiary propagation of PhCHO with benzylperoxyl radicals. The “hot” oxy radicals generated in this step can also abstract aromatic hydrogen atoms from PhCH₃, and this results in production of cresols, known inhibitors of radical‐chain reactions. The very fast benzyl peroxyl‐initiated co‐oxidation of benzyl alcohol generates HO₂^. radicals, along with benzaldehyde. This reaction also causes a decrease in the overall oxidation rate, due to the fast chain‐terminating reaction of HO₂^. with the benzylperoxyl radicals, which causes a loss of chain carriers. Moreover, due to the fast equilibrium PhCH₂OOH+HO₂^.?PhCH₂OO^.+H₂O₂, and the much lower reactivity of H₂O₂ compared to PhCH₂OOH, the fast co‐oxidation of the alcohol means that HO₂^. gradually takes over the role of benzylperoxyl as principal chain carrier. This drastically changes the autoxidation mechanism and, among other things, causes a sharp decrease in the hydroperoxide yield.     

Toluene diffusion in butyl rubber

The sorption isotherm and the polymer mass-fixed diffusion coefficients, D, for toluene in butyl rubber have been measured by the incremental sorption method to concentrations of 130%, corresponding to a solvent volume fraction of 0.578. The increase in D with concentration is strongly exponential to a concentration of 30% and then begins to level out. Since the nature of the dimensional change occurring in vapor sorption was not known, the values of D were converted to solvent self-diffusion coefficients, D₁, assuming both swelling in the thickness direction (1D) and isotropically (3D). The free volume (FV) theory of Fujita was fitted to the resulting D₁ with the zero concentration diffusion coefficient and the self-diffusion coefficient of toluene as limiting values leaving only a single arbitrary parameter. In this form the FV theory was able to describe the trend of the experimental D₁ for the 1D and 3D cases equally well. Values of D were back-calculated from the FV relations for the 1D and 3D cases for comparison with the experimental results and with the diffusion coefficient determined by immersion in toluene. These comparisons favor the assumption that swelling is isotropic. It appears that the simple free volume relation is capable of providing a satisfactory representation of the experimental data with only a single fitting parameter, although there are moderate quantitative discrepancies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

甲苯氧化制苯甲酸的新催化体系

以分子氧为氧化剂,探索了甲苯氧化制苯甲酸的新催化体系,第一次把N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)与钴盐组成的催化剂用于甲苯氧化反应.实验揭示:以NHPI/Co(acac)2(乙酰丙酮酸钴)和NHPI/Co(OAc)2(醋酸钴)为催化剂时,苯甲酸的收率可分别为55.5%与41.2%,文中还对氧气压力、反应温度与时间等对反应的影响进行了讨论,同时提出了可能的反应机理.     

Phase Behavior of Tweens/Toluene/Water Microemulsion Systems for the Solubilization Absorption of Toluene

The purpose of the present study was to formulate microemulsion systems comprised of polyoxyethelene sorbitan ester surfactants (Tweens) + cosurfactant + water + oil (toluene) and to investigate their potential use as absorbents for the removal of toluene from air. Toluene is an example of a volatile organic compound (VOC). The microemulsions formed are stabilized by the nonionic surfactants (Tweens) and toluene. The results indicate that Tween-60 is superior to other Tween surfactants, and the optimum value for the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) is 15. The performances of the cosurfactants followed the order n-butylamine>alcohol>butyric acid. The experimental results showed that the HLB value is more meaningful than the Bansal, Shah, O’Connell (BSO) equation for representing microemulsion systems. Comparative tests of this new absorbent system were performed in a double-stirred reactor, and the experimental absorption results were consistent with the phase diagram. Nonionic surfactant microemulsions have a significant absorption enhancement for toluene, as indicated by as much as 80.81% of toluene being present in the phase composition diagram, which thus have great prospects in air pollution remediation.     

Toluene Alkylation with Methanol to p-Xylene over Heteropoly Acids Supported by Clay

The alkylation of toluene with methanol for the selective formation of p-xylene was systematically studied. Very few studies have been reported on the use of superacids such as heteropolyacids on cheap supports, such as clay. This article deals with the use of different heteropoly acids (HPAs), viz, Dodeca-Tungstophosphoric acid [H3PO4·12WO3·xH2O] (TPA), Dodeca-Molybdo phosphoric acid ammonium salt hydrate [H12Mo12N3O40P aq] (DMAA), Dodeca-Molybdo Phosphoric acid (PMA) on clay (Montmorillonite, K-10) and as such plain clay. This comparative study reveals that 20%PMA/Clay shows 62% toluene conversion and 100% selectivity toward p-xylene.     

顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱法检测胶乳中痕量甲苯的研究

合成胶乳是合成橡胶的一个重要组成部分,而合成胶乳中丁苯胶乳又占主导地位。丁苯胶乳是由丁二烯(B)和苯乙烯(S)经过乳液聚合得到的一种固体含量为30％～50％的水性乳液。由于这种水性乳液具有橡胶的韧性,所以作为增强剂被广泛应用于造纸、涂料、纺织、建筑和粘合剂等各个领域,与人们的生活环境密切相关。对于胶乳性能的研究和改进也吸引了研究者的注意。但是生产原料如苯乙烯中普遍含有甲苯,所以造成胶乳产品含有痕量的甲苯,对人们健康形成潜在的威胁。     

改性ZSM－5分子筛在甲苯一段硝化中的应用

对ＮａＺＳＭ－５分子筛进行改性，在其表面引入铁、镁离子，用作硝硫混酸对甲苯一段硝化反应的催化剂，明显提高产物中对硝基甲苯的生成比例，研究了影响反应结果的因素。     

Adsorption of Toluene Vapors on Some Organomontmorillonites

The changes in the surface properties and porous structure of montmorillonite are investigated upon the substitution of tetramethylammonium or pyridinium cations for exchange Na⁺ cations. It is established that preliminary thermal treatment in vacuum substantially affects the adsorption properties of tetramethylammonium and pyridinium montmorillonites in relation to toluene. The dependences of the heats of adsorption and desorption on the amount of adsorbed substance are determined in a wide temperature range using the results of measuring the isosters of toluene adsorption and desorption by dehydrated organomontmorillonites.     

Synthesis and Properties of Imidazole-Blocked Toluene Diisocyanates

Abstract

Imidazole-, 2-methyl imidazole-, and benzimidazole-blocked toluene diisocyanates (TDI) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Simultaneous TGA/DTA results showed that the thermal stability of the adduct decreases in the following order: imidazole-TDI > 2-methylimidazole-TDI > benzimidazole-TDI. Gelation test involving imidazole-blocked adducts and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene were also carried out. The cure rate of the adduct increases from the imidazole- to the 2-methylimidazole- and to the benzimidazole-blocked adduct. It is also found that the benzimidazole-blocked adduct shows better solubility in the polyols.     

Kinetics of the total oxidation of para-xylene and its mixtures with carbon monoxide over supported copper catalysts

The kinetics of the total oxidation of para-xylene and its mixtures with CO over alumina-supported copper catalysts has been investigated at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 200 to 270°C. The reactions over the catalysts 10%CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ and (10%CuO + 20%CeO₂)/γ-Al₂O₃ obey the same kinetic equations in fractional rational form. These equations imply that the reactions occur at medium surface coverages of adsorbed substances and differ only in numerical values of constants. The simultaneous oxidation of para-xylene and CO reveals a complicated mutual influence associated with the formation of new intermediates inducing a change in the kinetics of the process.     

甲苯常压催化氧化制苯甲酸及其它芳烃的氧化反应的研究

以２５％甲苯无水乙酸作反应液，钴、锰和铵的混合盐作催化剂，乙腈作促进剂，纯氧为氧化剂，在１１０℃±２℃下，常压反应１５ｈ，苯甲酸收率达８５％。用该催化剂体系氧化其它芳烃时，亦可获得类似结果。若芳烃侧链烷基Ｒ＝Ｃ１～Ｃ６时，首先起反应的是与苯环相邻的碳原子，伯碳由醛变为酸；仲碳由酮升温后断链变酸；叔碳或烯键则直接断键变为酸。     

Temperature Dependence of Toluene Adsorption on Polyhydroxyaluminum Montmorillonite

Changes in the surface properties and porous structure of montmorillonite resulted from the substitution of polyhydroxyaluminum cations for exchangeable Na⁺ cations are studied. Preliminary thermal treatment in vacuum is found to markedly affect the adsorption behavior of polyhydroxyaluminum montmorillonite with respect to toluene. The transformation of polyhydroxycations in aluminum oxide clusters at temperatures above 600 K somewhat decreases the pore volume of the sorbent and reduces the heat of toluene adsorption.     

Toluene disproportionation on ultrastable Pd-and Cr-containing Y zeolites

Studies of the disproportionation of toluene on ultrastable Y zeolites have revealed that the incorporation of Pd into Cr containing zeolite at 400°C increases its catalytic activity and stability.

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. , Pd Cr- 400 C .

     

Charge Localization: Doubly-Charged Ion Reactions in Toluene

The kinetic energy released in the major charge-separation reactions of [C₇H₈]⁺⁺ [C₇H₇]⁺⁺ and [C₇H₆]⁺⁺ formed from toluene, and in the corresponding reactions of toluene-α-d₃, toluene-d₈ and 2,3,4,5,6-toluene-d₆ has been measured. Some fragmenting [C₇]⁺⁺ ions are linear; in certain cases they have cyclic structures while in others ‘coiling’ of a linear ion to allow hydrogen transfer in the transition state is suggested. From relative metastable ion abundance data it is apparent that nearly complete H/D randomization accompanies these slow reactions.