The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part I: Numerical methods for treating the subgrid evolution of discrete size- and composition-resolved contrails from all commercial flights worldwide

This paper provides and evaluates mass conservative, positive-definite, unconditionally-stable, and non-iterative numerical techniques for simulating the evolution of discrete, size- and composition-resolved aerosol and contrail particles in individual aircraft exhaust plumes in a global or regional 3-D atmospheric model and coupling the subgrid exhaust plume information to the grid scale. Such treatment represents a new method of simulating the effects of aircraft on climate, contrails, and atmospheric composition. Microphysical processes solved within each plume include size-resolved coagulation among and between aerosol and contrail particles and their inclusions, aerosol-to-hydrometeor particle ice and liquid nucleation, deposition/sublimation, and condensation/evaporation. Each plume has its own emission and supersaturation, and the spreading and shearing of each plume’s cross-section are calculated as a function of time. Aerosol- and contrail-particle core compositions are tracked for each size and affect optical properties in each plume. When line contrails sublimate/evaporate, their size- and composition-resolved aerosol cores and water vapor are added to the grid scale where they affect large-scale clouds. Algorithm properties are analyzed, and the end-result model is evaluated against in situ and satellite data.     

Controllability and observability measures of structural vibration and acoustic radiation

This paper studies the controllability and observability measures of structural vi?bration and acoustic radiation and proposes a measure of modal observability based on acoustic pressure outputs and measures of controllability and observability of acoustic radiation by combining the measures of modal controllability and observability of vibration modes with corresponding modal acoustic radiation efficiencies. A plate with control force inputs and vibrational response outputs and acoustic pressure outputs is involved to show the modal controllability and observability measures of vibration modes and measures of controllability and observabil?ity of structural vibration and acoustic radiation. Observability measures based on vibrational response outputs and acoustic pressure outputs are compared and the emphasis is on the mea?sures based on the acoustic pressure outputs. Finally the application and usefulness of the controllability and observability measures to active control of structural vibration and acous?tic radiation are illustrated and compared. It shows that the controllability and observability measures provide useful guidance for active control design especially in optimal actuator and sensor placement.     

面发射分布反馈半导体激光器

本文详细阐述了面发射分布反馈半导体激光器(SE-DFB-LD)的基本工作原理、结构设计及其工作性能,针对国内外研究最新进展与发展现状进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上,对面发射半导体激光器的研究工作和发展趋势做出了进一步的讨论和展望。随着面发射分布反馈半导体激光器各性能指标的不断优化提升和后期加工、装调技术的逐渐成熟,其将不断满足科学研究及工业、军事等实际应用领域对半导体激光器的需求,具有很大的发展潜力。     

医学物理学“课程思政”建设及课堂融合探究

课程思政融入教学是我国各类高校教学改革的必然趋势,从而达到培养高素质人才的目的.加快课程思政进校园,创新课程思政教学方法,教师的作用不可或缺.医学物理融入"思政元素"具有先天的融合优势.从医学物理教学现状出发,探索课程思政有效融入教学的方法和手段,总结经验和不足,力求将医学物理学课程与思政教育同向同行,把思想政治工作贯穿教育教学全过程.     

结构振动和声辐射的可控性和可观性指标

结构振动和声辐射的可控性和可观性指标对有源控制系统作动器/传感器的布置具有重要意义。对结构振动和声辐射的可控性和可观性指标进行了研究,提出了基于声压输出的振动模态可观性指标,在振动模态可控性和可观性指标的基础上,结合振动模态的声辐射效率,提出了结构声辐射的可控性和可观性指标和基于声压输出的可观性指标。以板结构为例,对结构振动和声辐射的可控性和可观性指标进行了计算分析和讨论,比较了基于声压输出和基于振动响应输出的振动模态可观性,重点研究了基于声压输出的振动模态可观性和结构振动及声辐射的可观性特点,最后对指标值在结构声有源控制中输入(输出)位置选择上的应用进行了讨论和比较,通过数值仿真对指标的有效性进行了验证。     

天然气一步法制乙烯工艺的多联产系统

本文对UCCPT公司的OCM(Oxidative Coupling of Methane,一步法制乙烯)工艺以及O2-CO2燃气蒸汽联合动力工艺进行了模拟计算与分析,提出了一个集乙烯生产与动力输出为一体的多联产工艺.在乙烯产率和净输出电功相同的情况下,相对于单独生产烯烃的OCM工艺和O2-CO2动力系统,新工艺的天然气与氧气消耗量的减少率分别为4.3%和3.2%;电、蒸汽和冷却水的消耗减少率分别为6.1%、100%和9.9%.     

创新创业新途径——物理实验仪器的创新设计与改进

总结了我国创新创业教育的发展历程与现状,提出了创新创业教育与物理学专业教育相融合的实施手段与实证方法,提出结合专业特点,依托物理实验室,开展物理实验仪器的创新设计与改进是切实可行而又理想的寻找创新项目、提高创新能力、形成创新创业成果的绝佳办法.     

油气资源的太赫兹光谱检测与评价

油气资源作为重要的战略资源,对于国家的经济和社会的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。石油天然气工业目前面临的诸多困难和挑战对现有的科学技术和方法提出了更高的要求。太赫兹技术作为一项新兴的探测和表征技术,已经从最初的石油化工产品的检测逐步渗透到油气勘探与评价、油气开采与检测等油气领域的中上游环节,显示出良好的应用前景,其在石油天然气工业中的产业化推广和应用值得大家期待。     

氧化锌量子点和碳量子点及其复合物的制备与发光性能的研究

采用溶胶凝胶方法和水热法制备了水溶性荧光氧化锌量子点(Zn O-QDs)和碳量子点(C-QDs),其量子效率分别达到38%和61%。基于所合成的Zn O-QDs和C-QDs制备了氧化锌和碳量子点复合物(Zn O/CQDs),并分别对其发光特性进行了研究。透射电镜(TEM)图像表明,所合成的Zn O-QDs和碳量子点尺寸分布在3~6 nm之间,分散均匀。光致发光光谱表明,Zn O-QDs和碳量子点的发光峰中心分别位于540 nm和450 nm,两者发光峰的最佳激发波长为370 nm和350 nm。通过调整Zn O-QDs和C-QDs的体积比,所制备的Zn O/C-QDs能够实现荧光光谱的连续可调,并产生了白色荧光。     

陕北侏罗纪富镜煤和富惰煤分子结构的FTIR，XPS和13C NMR表征

侏罗纪优质煤炭资源为煤制油、制气等清洁高效利用提供了丰富的物质基础,其显微组分以富集惰质组为特征,而镜质组与惰质组大分子结构在很大程度上决定了煤的物理化学性质和工艺性能,进而决定了煤炭资源的综合利用效率及附加值。采集并制备了陕北侏罗纪煤田小保当煤矿和柠条塔煤矿的原煤(XR)、富镜质组煤(XV、NV)和富惰质组煤(XI、NI)样品,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、固体13C核磁共振谱(13C NMR)等手段,结合煤质分析结果,定量表征了不同显微组分富集物分子结构的差异。研究结果表明：XI和NI煤中芳烃结构芳环取代程度低,主要以3个相邻、4~5个相邻的氢原子形式存在,苯环上氢原子较少被其他官能团取代,同时其结构中芳烃C═C骨架振动明显,脂肪结构中亚甲基伸缩振动强度较低,并且甲基含量略高于富镜煤,C═O基团相对含量略高,表明富惰煤有较多含氧桥键相连的芳香结构,其结构中脂族链、脂环基团脱落、断裂以及芳烃富集,支链相对较少且长度较短,芳碳率、芳香度、芳环缩合程度及成熟度较高。XV和NV煤中表面结构中碳的赋存形态“C—C,C—H”,“C—O”的相对含量高于富惰煤,反映其结构中应含较多的芳环取代的脂肪族侧链,XI和NI煤表面结构中氧的赋存形态以“C—O”为主,“C═O”和“COO—”明显高于富镜煤。XV和XI煤的芳碳率分别为57.91%和66.02%,脂甲基碳分别为10.02%和7.84%,质子化芳碳为非质子化芳碳的两倍,XV煤的羰基和羧基碳相对含量较高,两者桥碳和周碳之比分别为0.25和0.40,芳香核结构平均缩合环数分别为2.68和3.03,平均尺寸分别为0.448和0.676 nm,XI煤结构中芳香核以萘和蒽为主,支链化度L_γ分别为0.22和0.19,表明XV比XI存在较多脂肪侧链、饱和环结构,生烃(油)潜力大。     

地黄饮湿法提取与煎煮法提取效率的比较

以地黄饮中两味君药山茱萸肉及肉苁蓉的主要成分马钱苷、松果菊苷的提出量及出膏率为指标,对湿法粉碎提取法与煎煮法的提取效率进行了比较研究。结果显示,湿法粉碎提取法所得马钱苷、松果菊苷的量、出膏量较煎煮明显提高。湿法粉碎提取法提取效率高,方法简便,时间短,可用于地黄饮提取。     

基于LabVIEW的水下航行器 航行控制系统通信模块设计

为了保证水下航行器的航行安全,航行控制系统内部通信和航行系统与综合控制台之间的通信的性能需要具有较高的实时性和可靠性。本文基于以太网搭建系统,详细地介绍了系统通信的组成和传输数据的类型,结合系统要求以及TCP/IP、UDP通信协议的特点,选取合适的协议和数据传递方式;对于出现通信堵塞和数据包丢失以及链路不稳定情况,采取自动重连和数据自动重发机制;并采用图形化软件LabVIEW的封装函数实现数据的收发和保存,借助LabVIEW和C语言混合编程实现数据的高效处理;在实验室搭建半实物仿真平台进行测试,结果表明,航行控制系统内部以及和综合控制台之间的数据传输准确、可靠。     

13th annual meeting of the als users' association

The Interdisciplinary Consortium for Research and Educational Access in Science and Engineering (INCREASE) promotes competitive research and education in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and other Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs). Founded in 2007 and based at Hampton University in Virginia (USA), the consortium is increasing MSI faculty utilization of national user facilities and facilitating education and research training, especially for members of groups underrepresented in science and engineering research at national facilities, such as African-Americans, Hispanics, and women. INCREASE is a multi-campus and interdisciplinary consortium including more than 40 science and engineering faculty participants from over 30 MSIs and other strategic university partners to facilitate access to world-class facilities so that faculty members can conduct cutting-edge science.     

THz自由电子激光波荡器工程设计

根据波荡器物理参数的要求,主要设计了磁块与磁极的尺寸公差、装配方式、永磁性能指标及永磁测量系统。束流方向上磁块与磁极尺寸公差分别为0.05 mm和0.02 mm,磁块与磁极独立装调,利用亥姆霍兹线圈和磁场积分法测量磁块性能。最后设计了机械与控制系统。其中,横梁与支架形变分别为1.5 m和7.5 m。间隙调节范围18~32 mm,调节精度和锥度分别为0.01 mm和0.015 mm。     

Music,empathy and cultural understanding

In the age of the Internet and with the dramatic proliferation of mobile listening technologies, music has unprecedented global distribution and embeddedness in people's lives. It is a source of intense experiences of both the most intimate and solitary, and public and collective, kinds – from an individual with their smartphone and headphones, to large-scale live events and global simulcasts; and it increasingly brings together a huge range of cultures and histories, through developments in world music, sampling, the re-issue of historical recordings, and the explosion of informal and home music-making that circulates via YouTube. For many people, involvement with music can be among the most powerful and potentially transforming experiences in their lives. At the same time, there has been increasing interest in music's communicative and affective capacities, and its potential to act as an agent of social bonding and affiliation. This review critically discusses a considerable body of research and scholarship, across disciplines ranging from the neuroscience and psychology of music to cultural musicology and the sociology and anthropology of music, that provides evidence for music's capacity to promote empathy and social/cultural understanding through powerful affective, cognitive and social factors; and explores ways in which to connect and make sense of this disparate evidence (and counter-evidence). It reports the outcome of an empirical study that tests one aspect of those claims, demonstrating that ‘passive’ listening to the music of an unfamiliar culture can significantly change the cultural attitudes of listeners with high dispositional empathy; presents a model that brings together the primary components of the music and empathy research into a single framework; and considers both some of the applications, and some of the shortcomings and problems, of understanding music from the perspective of empathy.     

纳米结构超硬材料的机遇与挑战

经过几十年的研究和发展,纳米结构金刚石和立方氮化硼已相继被成功制备,其高硬度和强韧性充分表明纳米力学增强机制是制备超强超硬材料的有效途径。目前纳米结构超硬材料的研究仍处于起步阶段,高温高压相转变的路径与机制、复杂中间相的结构与产生的条件、热力学条件对晶粒生长和微结构(孪晶和堆垛层错等)形成的作用,以及超硬材料的纳米结构对力学性能和强化机制的影响等尚未完全揭示出来。为此,文章对近年来在相关领域的研究进行综述,总结了设计与寻找超硬材料的一般策略与原则,概括了典型的纳米微结构对超硬材料力学与热稳定性的影响,归纳了纳米结构超硬材料的高温高压相变与转化机制,并对当前的研究进展和潜在应用进行了归纳与展望。     

不同比例有机无机肥配施土壤腐殖质组分的光谱学特征

以16年长期定位试验为基础,探讨不同比例有机无机肥配施对土壤腐殖质特征的影响.通过分离纯化腐殖质中的胡敏酸(H A)和富里酸(FA)组分,并利用元素分析、红外光谱和核磁共振研究分析了F1(70％ 化肥+30％ 有机肥)、F2(50％ 有机肥+50％ 化肥)和F3(100％ 有机肥)三种施肥方式下的HA和FA含量及结构变...     

Some problems of analysis and optimization of plates and shells

The classical optimization problems of plates and shells to satisfy a priori given geometry and dynamical characteristics are considered. Orthotropic plates and shells with variable thickness and low transverse stiffness are analyzed. First, some useful theorems and their proofs are given. Then the finite approximation of the problem related to optimization of free vibrations of shells with transverse deformation and rotary inertia is discussed. The varational iteration (MVI) and Bubnov-Galerkin (MB) methods are applied, and their convergence and suitability for application to plates and shells analysis are discussed and numerically evaluated.     

近红外激光照射人体合谷穴与非穴位区的温度和背向散射光强度的时间相关性比较研究

研究了人体合谷穴以及周边的非穴位组织受不同功率的半导体激光(808 nm功率分别为15,25,35 mW)照射前后,穴位和非穴位组织的温度和在不同深度处的背向散射光强度的时间相关性及其差异。实验采用红外热成像和光相干层析成像技术获取人体穴位区和非穴位区的温度及其背向散射光强度。结果表明,在808 nm激光照射前,穴位区和非穴位区的温度和背向散射光强是基本相同,照射后,穴位区的温度和背向散射光强明显地高于非穴位区的温度。在照射后的0～40 min内,穴位区和非穴位区的温度和背向散射光强都随着时间的增加而波动地缓慢下降。实验结果表明,合谷穴的穴位区与非穴位区对近红外激光照射前后的温度与时间的相关性和不同深度处的背向散射光强度的时间相关性有明显的差异,且穴位区对半导体激光器的照射反应比非穴位区更敏感。     

镧和铕与邻菲罗啉谷氨酸配合物的NMR和IR研究

合成了稀土镧和铕与谷氨酸，邻菲罗啉形成的二元及三元配合物，经元素分析确定该配合物的组成为Ｌｎ（ｐｈｅｎ）（Ｇｌｕ）３．７Ｈ２Ｏ（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，Ｅｕ）；Ｅｕ（Ｇｌｕ）３；１２Ｈ２Ｏ。用核磁共振和红外光谱研究与配体与稀土离子的配位方式，讨论了稀土离子的顺磁性及屏蔽效应对配合物的ＮＭＲ谱图的影响。