ICE自由面台阶靶数据处理的直接计算方法

斜波压缩台阶靶实验中,不同厚度界面粒子速度历史与材料压缩特性参数存在联系。然而利用普遍采用的数据处理方法无法直接获得该联系。本文中借助特征线理论在建立上述关联的基础上,实现未知EOS下斜波压缩流场的直接计算过程。经数值计算表明,该方法不仅在无强度效应数据处理中能够准确计算理论值,而且在含有强度效应数据处理中也能够较好地逼近理论值,并可在真实实验数据处理中获得与文献符合较好的结果。该研究可为探索具有较完整理论的强度效应数据处理方法提供新途径。     

实际数据处理方法的讨论及应用

本文通过数理统计方法,将随机性较大的椎间盘松弛蠕变实验数据加以处理,运用均值、方差、置信度、置信区间的概念,得到了医学及工程中可应用的区间估计。在求时间与松弛、蠕变量之间函数关系时,运用Lagrange二次插值函数求得各段函数,精度比数据拟合方法有所提高,避免了处理方法中假定函数这一困难,最后通过对颈部C5-C6椎间盘的实验数据处理,得出结果。     

基于Monte Carlo方法的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验不确定度量化评估

磁驱动准等熵压缩实验是研究材料偏离Hugoniot状态高压物性和动力学行为的重要实验技术之一,开展不确定量化评估具有重要意义和价值。基于Monte Carlo原理,结合磁驱动准等熵压缩实验过程分析、Lagrange分析和特征线正向数据处理方法建立了适用于此类实验的Monte Carlo不确定度量化评估方法,实现利用磁驱动准等熵压缩实验获取材料声速、应力、应变等物理量以及状态方程和本构关系等物理模型的不确定度量化评估。利用建立的不确定度评估方法,对文献中已开展的钽、铜和NiTi合金的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验结果进行不确定度量化评估与分析。结果表明,基于本文中方法的评估结果与国外文献以相同原理得到的评估结果一致。对基于CQ-4装置开展的NiTi合金磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的评估结果表明,设计的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验是一种可靠的精密物理实验。在此基础上,深入讨论了磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的误差相关性和敏感性。结果表明：台阶样品厚度和粒子速度的测量是影响实验精度的主要因素。     

斜波压缩下HMX晶体的弹塑性行为

开展了（010）、（011）晶向HMX晶体的斜波压缩实验,获得了约15 GPa压力下的速度响应剖面。实验结果表明,HMX单晶存在明显弹塑性转变行为,且速度波形有下降趋势,这是材料的黏性效应导致,材料的弹性极限随着样品厚度增加而变化,不同晶向的材料动力学特性存在差异。结合Hobenemser-Prager黏弹塑性本构关系和三阶Birch-Murnaghan物态方程开展了HMX晶体斜波压缩物理过程的数值模拟,计算结果可以很好地描述HMX晶体的弹塑性转变这一物理过程。     

磁驱动准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射实验技术原理、装置及应用

利用脉冲大电流产生随时间平滑上升的磁压,实现对样品的准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射,是近十年来发展和完善起来的一种新型的强动态斜波加载技术(ramp wave loading).本文简述了其原理、加载装置及数据处理方法等方面的研究进展,同时着重评述利用该技术和方法开展高压物态方程、材料动力学响应方面的研究进展,并对该技术在冲击动力学、天体物理和高能量密度物理等方面的应用前景进行了展望.      

基于“钉床型”飞片的斜波加载技术及应用

为了实现斜波加载,设计了一种“钉床型”广义波阻抗梯度飞片,即在基座上密排叠加许多小圆锥,简称“钉床型”飞片。该飞片采用激光选区熔化金属增材制造技术进行制备。利用一级轻气炮加载装置和全光纤激光位移干涉测试系统,开展不同工况下“钉床型”飞片高速击靶压缩实验和层裂实验,重点讨论小圆锥高度和撞击速度对斜波压缩加载波形的影响规律,以及斜波加载对不锈钢靶板层裂特性的影响。实验结果显示:（1）“钉床型”飞片对靶板产生的压缩是逐步的,从自由面速度剖面上观察到压缩波上升前沿时间被显著延长,形成了斜波波阵面,明显不同于冲击压缩的陡峭波阵面;（2）在飞片击靶速度近似恒定条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间、平台速度峰值都明显依赖于“钉床型”飞片上的小圆锥高度,随着小圆锥高度增大,上升沿时间呈线性增大,而平台速度峰值呈线性减小;（3）在“钉床型”飞片的几何尺寸保持不变的条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间随着飞片击靶速度的增大而线性减小,平台速度峰值则线性增大;（4）与冲击加载相比,“钉床型”飞片产生的斜波加载不会对材料的层裂强度产生明显影响,但对材料内部损伤演化速率有一定的影响。     

Lagrange分析方法及其新进展

Lagrange分析是Fowles等人于70年代初首先提出的,在动态实验数据处理中有重要应用,但是实践表明有时所得的结果不可信。近年来,Lagrange分析方法得到迅速的发展,提出了不少新的思想、方法和改进,如冲量时间积分函数、曲面拟合,反解法和自治性检验等。尤其在与Lagrange分析密切相关的非简单波特性的研究方面取得了相当大的进展。本文主要评述Lagrange分析的最新进展,对它的历史和今后发展趋势也作了扼要说明。      

基于弹性地基梁计算的Daubechies条件小波Ritz法研究

在现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法中,为方便边界条件的引入,借助于位移转换矩阵将Daubechies小波待定系数转换为节点位移。但该方法会降低计算精度,并且计算结果是多个离散的单点位移,不利于进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度。为寻求更为高效精确的弹性地基梁计算方法,对现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法进行改进,以避免位移转换矩阵的出现,从而提高了计算精度。结合广义变分原理,采用Lagrange乘子法,将边界条件作为附加条件引入自然变分条件下的泛函表达式,构造新的修正泛函。以该修正泛函的驻值条件建立求解矩阵方程组,进而解得未知场函数。此法称为Daubechies条件小波Ritz法。该法计算结果直接是小波基函数待定系数,单元内部任意点的位移均可通过小波基函数得到,也可进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度,因此比原有方法更为有效。最后,采用受均布荷载的两端铰支弹性地基梁算例,将Daubechies条件小波Ritz法计算结果与基于弹性地基梁理论的解析解进行比较,挠度值（保留小数点后6位小数）与解析解完全一致,弯矩值的相对误差为0.03%,说明Daubechies条件小波Ritz法具有较高计算精度。     

双屈服面法测量金属材料动高压屈服强度的若干改进

在J.R.Asay等提出的双屈服面法（简称AC方法）测量动态屈服强度的基础上,对实验设计和数据处理做了部分改进。在实验设计方面,在满足实验物理设计的前提下,将 AC方法的卸载实验装置(双层飞片和双台阶样品)简化为单飞片和单台阶样品,以简化波系作用,并减少了声速测量不确定度的引入因素。在数据处理方面,发现由Lagrange声速和工程应变关系曲线外推求预冲击态的体积声速容易引入较大的不确定度,而通过Lagrange声速和粒子速度关系曲线可以更清晰地得到塑性卸载起始点,使图解法和积分法得到的屈服强度值趋于一致。利用改进后的AC方法,得到了低温退火后LY12铝在20.0 GPa预冲击压力下的屈服强度为0.6 GPa。     

光滑粒子法中的一种新的核函数

分析了传统的核函数产生压缩失稳现象的原因,提出了消除这种压缩失稳现象的一种新的核函数。采用改进的光滑粒子法,对几种常用的核函数进行了一维应变波的对比计算。结果表明:所提出新的核函数在应力波计算中不但保证了计算精度,还能有效地消除压缩失稳。     

Phase transition and dynamics of iron under ramp wave compression

The ramp wave compression experiments of iron with different thicknesses were performed on the magnetically driven ramp loading device CQ-4. Numerical simulations of this process were done with Hayes multi-phase equation of state (H-MEOS) and dynamic equations of phase transition. The calculated results of H-MEOS are in good agreement with those of shock phase transition, but are different from those under ramp wave compression. The reason for this is that the bulk modulus of the material in the Hayes model and the wave velocity are considered constant. Shock compression is a jump from the initial state to the final state, and the sound speed is related to the slope of the Rayleigh line. However, ramp compression is a continuous process, and the bulk modulus is no longer a constant but a function of pressure and temperature. Based on Murnaghan equation of state, the first-order correction of the bulk modulus on pressure in the Hayes model was carried out. The numerical results of the corrected H-MEOS agree well with those of pure iron in both ramp and shock compression phase transition experiments. The calculated results show that the relaxation time of iron is about 30 ns and the phase transition pressure is about 13 GPa. There are obvious differences between the isentropic and adiabatic process in terms of pressure–specific volume and temperature–pressure. The fluctuation of the sound speed after 13 GPa is caused by the phase transition.     

Thermal and mechanical analysis of material response to non-steady ramp and steady shock wave loading

Ramp wave experiments on the Sandia Z accelerator provide a new approach to study the rapid compression response of materials at pressures, temperatures and stress or strain rates not attainable in conventional shock experiments. Due to its shockless nature, the ramp wave experiment is often termed as an isentropic (or quasi-isentropic) compression experiment (ICE). However, in reality there is always some entropy produced when materials are subjected to large amplitude compression even under shockless loading. The entropy production mechanisms that cause deformation to deviate from the isentropic process can be attributed to mechanical and thermal dissipations. The former is due to inelasticity associated with various deformation mechanisms and the rate effect that is inherent in all the deformation processes and the latter is due to irreversible heat conduction. The main purpose of the current study is to gain insights into the effects of ramp and shock loading on the entropy production and thermomechanical responses of materials. Another purpose is to investigate the role of heat conduction in the material response to both the non-steady ramp wave and steady shock.Numerical simulations are used to address the aforementioned research objectives. The thermomechanical response associated with a steady shock wave is investigated first by solving a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Using the steady wave solutions as the reference, the material responses under non-steady ramp waves are then studied with numerical wave propagation simulation. It is demonstrated that the material response to ramp and shock loading is essentially a manifestation of the interaction between the time scale associated with the loading and the intrinsic time scales associated with mechanical deformation and heat transfer. At lower loading rates as encountered in ramp loading, the loading path is closer to an isentrope and results in lower entropy production. The reasonable ramp rate to obtain a quasi-isentropic state depends on the intrinsic time scales of the dissipation mechanisms which are strongly material dependent. Thus shockless loading does not necessarily produce an isentropic response. Between two equilibrium states, heat conduction was shown to have significant effect on the temperature history but it contributes little to the overall temperature change if the specific heat remains constant. It also affects the history of entropy, but only the irreversible part of heat conduction contributes to the net entropy change. The various types of thermomechanical responses of materials would manifest themselves more significantly in terms of the thermal history than the mechanical history. Thus temperature measurement appears to be an important experimental tool in distinguishing the various mechanisms for the thermomechancial responses of the materials.     

Application of PIV in a Mach 7 double-ramp flow

The flow over a two-dimensional double compression ramp configuration is investigated by means of schlieren visualization, quantitative infrared thermography and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a short-duration facility producing a free-stream flow at Mach 7. The study focuses upon the accuracy assessment of PIV in the hypersonic flow regime including flow facility effects such as repeatability of test conditions. The solid tracer particles are characterized by means of electron microscopy as well as by measuring the dynamic response across a planar oblique shock wave with PIV. The experiments display a strong variation in the light scattering intensity of the seeded flow over the flow field, due to the large flow compressibility. The mean velocity spatial distribution allows to clearly identify the shock pattern and the main features of the flow downstream of the shocks. However, the spatial resolution is insufficient to determine the wall flow properties. Furthermore the velocity data obtained with the PIV technique allow the determination of the spatial distribution of the Mach number under the hypothesis of adiabatic flow. The double ramp configuration with a variable second compression angle exhibits shock–shock interactions of Edney type VI or V for the lowest and highest ramp angle, respectively. A single heat transfer peak is detected with infrared thermography on the second ramp in case of a type VI interaction while for the type V shock interaction a double heat transfer peak is found. Shock wave angles measured with PIV are in good agreement with theory and the overall flow topology is consistent with schlieren visualization. Also in this respect the results are in agreement with compressible flow theory.     

磁驱动平面准等熵加载装置、实验技术及应用研究新进展

利用脉冲大电流装置产生随时间变化平滑上升的磁压力,实现对平面、柱面等不同结构样品的磁驱动准等熵（斜波）压缩,为极端条件下材料动力学研究提供了一种偏离Hugoniot状态热力学路径的加载手段。本文从磁驱动准等熵加载装置、实验技术、数据处理方法等方面综述了磁驱动准等熵加载技术研究近十年的新进展,评述了利用磁驱动准等熵加载技术和方法开展极端条件下材料高压状态方程、高压强度与本构关系、相变与相变动力学等方面研究的进展情况,展望了磁驱动准等熵加载技术发展及其在材料动力学、武器物理和高能量密度物理等方面的应用前景。     

U–6Nb shear stress relaxation in compression waves (IJP 585-AV)

When uranium alloyed with 6-wt% niobium (U–6Nb) is rapidly compressed in uniaxial strain experiments, shear stress is observed to relax with a characteristic time of 30 ± 7 ns. In shock wave experiments, this relaxation inhibits the development of an elastic precursor commonly seen in other materials. When U–6Nb is cold-rolled to pre-twin and significantly increase the density of dislocations in the material, stress relaxation effects are diminished suggesting that twinning causes relaxation in the un-worked material. Separate ramp wave compression experiments produce effects that agree with those observed in shock-loading experiments. A phenomenological model is introduced that allows accurate simulation of all experiments. Estimates of residual shear stress after relaxation are obtained.     

弹性理论中的临界变分及消除方法

临界变分现象是拉氏乘子法的固有特性，钱伟长应用高阶拉氏乘子消除了临界变分现象。本文将提出一种新的方法－凑合反推法，这种方法摒充了拉氏乘子法，把拉氏乘子所在的项目一个待定函数Ｆ代替。这样构成的泛函，作者称之为试泛函。而待定函数Ｆ的识别类似于拉氏乘子的识别。通过该法可以方便地构造出各种多变量广义变分原理，并且可以消除临界变分现象。     

脉搏波本构关系实验研究的探索

脉搏波本构关系决定着脉搏波的传播特征。如何通过实验研究来确定脉搏波本构关系，以及如何通过这些方法从现有文献数据来获得脉搏波本构关系，是当前研究的核心之一。本文中探索了3个可行途径:(1)由实测脉搏波波速对压力的关系C(p)进行反分析（无创法）；(2)直接对脉搏波p-V本构关系进行实测（有创法）；(3)由一系列实测脉搏波波形进行Lagrange反分析（无创法）。采用上述方法，根据现有文献数据，发现由C(p)关系的Rogers-Huang简化式可推得指数型p(V)本构关系；由MK-Hughes式可推得对数型p(V)本构关系。脉搏波传播特性随非线性本构参数发生显著变化。按中医体质分类观点，相应的脉搏波本构关系原则上也有不同类型，因人而定。在这个意义上，脉搏波的Lagrange反分析具有广阔发展前景，但它对正确选择测点和提高测量敏感性和精度等方面提出了更高要求。