Thermal stability of Al-modified silica aerogels through epoxide-assisted sol–gel route followed by ambient pressure drying

Bone infections in human beings are an essentially destructive problem with crucial clinical and economic effects; thus, incorporation of antibiotics such as amoxicillin (AMX) into the scaffold was developed as an effective treatment for bone infections. In this respect, we develop new nanostructured bredigite (Bre; Ca₇MgSi₄O₁₆)–amoxicillin (AMX; α-amino-hydroxybenzyl-penicillin) scaffolds containing different concentrations of amoxicillin (0, 3, 5, and 10%) by using space holder method to assure bactericidal properties. The result depicted that the Bre–AMX scaffolds possess porosity of 80–82% with high compressive strength of 1.2–1.4?MPa and controlled antibiotic release for prevention of infection. Bre–(3–10%)AMX scaffolds were able to destroy Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, as well as effectively inhibit the growth of bacterial cells; in addition, the antibacterial activity of the AMX-loaded scaffolds augmented with the increase of the AMX concentration. Sustained drug release was detected from Bre–AMX scaffolds accompanied by initial burst release of 20% for 8?h, followed by a sustained release, which is favorable for bone infection treatment. These new Bre–(3–5%)AMX scaffolds possess excellent mechanical properties and antibacterial activity with no cytotoxicity suggested as an appropriate alternative for bone infection treatment.

Open image in new window

     

Development of porous,antibacterial and biocompatible GO/n-HAp/bacterial cellulose/β-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Due to their potential renewable materials-based tissue engineering scaffolds has gained more attention. Therefore, researchers are looking for new materials to be used as a scaffold. In this study, we have focused on the development of a nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering (using bacterial cellulose (BC) and β-glucan (β-G)) via free radical polymerization and freeze-drying technique. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HAp) and graphene oxide (GO) were added as reinforcement materials. The structural changes, surface morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties were investigated through spectroscopic and analytical techniques like Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET), and universal testing machine Instron. The scaffolds showed remarkable stability, aqueous degradation, spongy morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties. Antibacterial activities were performed against gram -ive and gram + ive bacterial strains. The BgC-1.4 scaffold was found more antibacterial compared to BgC-1.3, BgC-1.2, and BgC-1.1. The cell culture and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the MC3T3-E1 cell line. More cell growth was observed onto BgC-1.4 due to its uniform interrelated pores distribution, surface roughness, better mechanical properties, considerable biochemical affinity towards cell adhesion, proliferation, and biocompatibility. These nanocomposite scaffolds can be potential biomaterials for fractured bones in orthopedic tissue engineering.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using hot water olive leaf extracts (OLE) as reducing and stabilizing agent are reported and evaluated for antibacterial activity against drug resistant bacterial isolates. The effect of extract concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on the reaction rate and the shape of the Ag nanoparticles are investigated. The data revealed that the rate of formation of the nanosilver increased significantly in the basic medium with increasing temperature. The nature of AgNPs synthesized was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The silver nanoparticles were with an average size of 20–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with that of aqueous OLE by well diffusion method. The AgNPs at 0.03–0.07 mg/ml concentration significantly inhibited bacterial growth against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study revealed that the aqueous olive leaf extract has no effect at the concentrations used for preparation of the Ag nanoparticles. Thus AgNPs showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative therapeutic approach in future.     

Photo cross-linked biodegradable hydrogels for enhanced vancomycin loading and sustained release

A series of biodegradable hydrogels based on dextran and poly（L-glutamic acid） were fabricated for effective vancomycin loading and release. The preparation of hydrogels was simply achieved by photo cross-linking of methacrylated dextran and poly（L-glutamic acid）-g-hydroxyethyl methacrylate （PGH） in the presence of photoinitiator 12959. The structures of hydrogels were characterized by FTIR and SEM. The swelling and enzymatic degradation behaviors of hydrogels were examined to be dependent on the poly（L-glutamic acid） content in the hydrogels. The higher content of poly（L-glutamic acid） in the gel, the higher swelling ratio and quicker degradation were observed. More interestingly, the hydrogel with higher PGH ratio showed higher vancomycin （VCM） loading content, which might be due to the electrostatic interaction between carboxylate groups in hydrogel and ammonium group of VCM. In vitro drug release from the VCM-loaded hydrogels in aqueous solution exhibited sustained release of VCM up to 72 h, while the in vitro antibacterial test based on the VCM-loaded hydrogel showed an efficient Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus （MRSA） inhibition extending out to 7 days. These results demonstrated that the biodegradable hydrogels which formed by in situ photo-cross linking would be promising as scaffolds or coatings for local antibacterial drug release in tissue engineering.     

Magnesium-containing silk fibroin/polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for accelerating bone regeneration

Bone tissue engineering has become one of the most effective methods for treating bone defects. In this study, an electrospun tissue engineering membrane containing magnesium was successfully fabricated by incorporating magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles into silk fibroin and polycaprolactone (SF/PCL)-blend scaffolds. The release kinetics of Mg²⁺ and the effects of magnesium on scaffold morphology, and cellular behavior were investigated. The obtained Mg-functionalized nanofibrous scaffolds displayed controlled release of Mg²⁺, satisfactory biocompatibility and osteogenic capability. The in vivo implantation of magnesium-containing electrospun nanofibrous membrane in a rat calvarial defect resulted in the significant enhancement of bone regeneration twelve weeks post-surgery. This work represents a valuable strategy for fabricating functional magnesium-containing electrospun scaffolds that show potential in craniofacial and orthopedic applications.     

HPMC crosslinked chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds containing Lemongrass oil for potential bone tissue engineering applications

The chitosan (CS), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyapatite (HAp and Lemon grass oil (LGO) based scaffolds was prepared by freeze gelation method. The composite formation was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis and surface morphology was evaluated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis. The mechanical strength, biodegradation, swelling, porosity and antibacterial activity were evaluated on the basis of LGO contents. The scaffold structure was porous and the mechanical strength was enhanced as a function of LGO contents. The scaffold properties analysis revealed the biodegradation nature and swelling behavior of CS-HPMC-HAp-LGO was also affected significantly as a function of LGO contents. The cytotoxicity of CS-HPMC-HAp-LGO was studied against MC3T3-E1 cells and based on cell viability, no toxic sign was observed. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against S. aureus and CS-HPMC-HAp-LGO scaffolds showed promising activity, which was varied as a function of LGO contents. The findings revealed that the CS-HPMC-HAp-LGO are biocompatible and have potential for bone tissue engineering.     

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Arbutus unedo L.

In this study, antimicrobial activities of water and methanol extract, and three phenolic fractions of the roots of Arbutus unedo L. were investigated. Poor antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was shown with water and methanol extract. However moderate antibacterial activity was shown by water extract and phenolic fractions against Escherichia coli and S. aureus, respectively. The phytochemical screening of roots of A. unedo revealed the presence of quinones, anthraquinones reducteurs compounds, anthocyanins, tannins and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis showed that the roots were strongly dominated by anthocyanins compounds (3.65 mg g^?1) followed by total flavonoids (0.56 mg^?1) and flavones & flavonols (0.17 mg g^?1).     

Biomimetic hybrid scaffold containing niosomal deferoxamine promotes angiogenesis in full-thickness wounds

Effective management of full-thickness wounds faces significant challenges due to poor angiogenesis and impaired healing. Biomimetic tissue-engineered scaffolds with angiogenic properties can, however, enhance the regeneration capacity of the damaged skin. Here, we developed a hybrid double-layer nanofibrous scaffold, comprised of egg white (EW) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), loaded with niosomal Deferoxamine (NDFO) for enhanced angiogenesis and wound healing features. The hybrid scaffold showed enhanced mechanical properties with comparable modulus and shape-recovery behavior of the human skin. Thanks to the porous morphology and uniform distribution of NDFO within the nanofibers, in vitro drug release studies indicated controlled and sustained release of DFO for up to 9 days. The constructs also promoted a significant increase in vascular sprouting area in vitro and enhanced vascular branches ex vivo. In vivo, implantation of the hybrid scaffold in full-thickness wounds in rats revealed early angiogenic response, a higher number of neo-formed vessels, a faster healing rate and complete epithelialization as early as day 10, compared to the control groups. Thus, the presented biomimetic hybrid scaffold with DFO control release features holds great promise in accelerated full-thickness wound healing and soft tissue regeneration.     

Electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofibers loaded with silver sulfadiazine/[Mg–Al]‐layered double hydroxide as an antimicrobial wound dressing

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a versatile, bioabsorbable, and biodegradable polymer with excellent biocompatibility and ability to incorporate a great variety of active agents. Silver sulfadiazine (SDZ) is an antibiotic used to control bacterial infection in external wounds. Aiming to combine the properties of PLA and SDZ, hydrotalcite ([Mg–Al]‐LDH) was used as a host matrix to obtain an antimicrobial system efficient in delivering SDZ from electrospun PLA scaffolds intended for wound skin healing. The structural reconstruction method was successfully applied to intercalate silver sulfadiazine in the [Mg–Al]‐LDH, as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses. Observations by scanning electron microscopy revealed a good distribution of SDZ‐[Mg–Al]‐LDH within the PLA scaffold. Kinetics studies revealed a slow release of SDZ from the PLA scaffold due to the intercalation in the [Mg–Al]‐LDH. In vitro antimicrobial tests indicated a significant inhibitory effect of SDZ‐[Mg–Al]‐LDH against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This antibacterial activity was sustained in the 2.5‐wt% SDZ‐[Mg–Al]‐LDH–loaded PLA nanofibers, which also displayed excellent biocompatibility towards human cells. The multifunctionality of the PLA/SDZ‐[Mg–Al]‐LDH scaffold reported here is of great significance for various transdermal applications.     

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 3‐(Substituted arylmethyl)‐4‐acylaminomethyloxazolidin‐2‐ones and Derivatization to Symmetrical Twin‐Drug Type Molecules

In connection with our studies on antibacterial active compounds in the class of new oxazolidinones against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) strains, some molecular modifications were attempted. In this study, molecular modifications of 4‐aminomethyloxazolidin‐2‐ones ( 3a ) to the corresponding 4‐acylaminomethyloxazolidin‐2‐one derivatives ( 3c–d ) and preparations of the represented twin‐drug type molecules ( 10–14 ) were investigated. Some additional 4‐dialkylaminomethyloxazolidin‐2‐ones ( 2 ) were also synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity with Gram‐positive (S. aureus) and Gram‐negative (E. coli) strains.     

Synthesis,characterization and antibacterial properties of a novel nanocomposite based on polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol/Ag

In this study, a novel nanocomposite based on polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol/Ag (PANI/PVA/Ag) has been successfully synthesized. The chemical reduction method was used to produce Ag nanoparticle colloidal solution from Ag⁺ ions. The polymerization of aniline occurred in situ for the preparation of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of ammonium persulfate. With exposure to Ag nanoparticles on the PANI/PVA composite, a new nanocomposite was obtained. The morphology and particle size of the novel nanocomposite was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses. According to XRD analysis, the size of nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 10–17 nm. SEM images showed the favored shape of nanoparticles as triangle which is a benign shape for antibacterial analysis. The antibacterial activity of the obtained nanocomposite was also evaluated against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) and Gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the paper disk diffusion method. The antibacterial study showed that the PANI/PVA composite did not have a very good antibacterial activity but PANI/PVA/Ag nanocomposites were found to be effective against two bacteria.     

Potential Application of Luteolin as an Active Antibacterial Composition in the Development of Hand Sanitizer Products

Antibacterial hand sanitizers could play a prominent role in slowing down the spread and infection of hand bacterial pathogens; luteolin (LUT) is potentially useful as an antibacterial component. Therefore, this study elucidated the antibacterial mechanism of LUT against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and developed an antibacterial hand sanitizer. The results showed that LUT had excellent antibacterial activity against both E. coli (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 312.5 μg/mL, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 625 μg/mL), and S. aureus (MIC = 312.5 μg/mL, MBC = 625 μg/mL). Furthermore, LUT induced cell dysfunction in E. coli and S. aureus, changed membrane permeability, and promoted the leakage of cellular contents. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that LUT treatment affected cell structure and disrupted cell membrane integrity. The Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) also confirmed that the LUT acted on the cell membranes of both E. coli and S. aureus. Overall, the application of LUT in hand sanitizer had better inhibition effects. Therefore, this study could provide insight into expanding the application of LUT in the hand sanitizer markets.     

Comparative evaluation of antibacterial potentials of nano cobalt oxide with standard antimicrobials

Development of suitable potent antimicrobial is the urgent need of modern era to cope up the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The applications of nanotechnology in metal oxides have shown favorable effects to some extent in this area. Thus, the present study was investigated to evaluate the antibacterial properties of cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles at different concentrations and their comparison with standard antimicrobials i.e. tetracycline and gentamicin. Nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by standard techniques. The antibacterial potentials of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli were determined at various concentrations. The maximum zone of inhibitions of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli at 500 μg/ml were 21.17 mm and 24.00 mm, respectively. The Co₃O₄ nanoparticles seemed more effective than gentamicin against S. aureus and E. coli. The nanoparticles with respect to tetracycline showed higher than 1 activity index at ≥ 125 μg/ml for E. coli and ≥31.25 μg/ml for S. aureus. It was also higher than 1 at all compared concentrations with respect to gentamicin against both bacteria. In conclusion, Co₃O₄ nanoparticles seemed to have potent antibacterial potential and these might be very helpful to replace the conventional antimicrobials to solve the problem of antibacterial resistance.     

On demand release of ionic silver from gold-silver alloy nanoparticles: fundamental antibacterial mechanisms study

Synthesis and biomedical research of bimetallic gold-silver nanoparticles (Au–Ag NPs) have gained much attention due to their unique properties. Antibacterial mechanism of gold-silver nanoparticles is a current topic of interest in nanomedicine engineering. We used three routes in the synthesis of Au–Ag NPs alloy: i) Co-reduction of [HOOC-4-C₆H₄NN]AuCl₄/AgNO₃, ii) Seeding of AuNPs-COOH/AgNO₃ and iii) immobilization of AgNPs over the parent AuNPs-COOH. Two mild reducing agents, NaBH₄ and 9-BBN (9-borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane), were used. Colloidal alloy nanoparticles structure was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The particles reduced using NaBH₄ were larger (~20 nm) than those synthesized using 9-BBN (<10 nm). The synthesized nanoparticles showed high stability under notoriously leaching conditions of chloride-containing electrolytes. Moreover, we studied the Au–Ag NPs antibacterial activity against the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC strain 25922 and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC strain 29213. The antibacterial mechanisms were evaluated by studying the time-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A major destruction of the bacterial cell wall and leakage of cell components were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is clearly visible towards E. coli more than S. aureus bacterial strain. The destruction of the bacterial cell wall was further confirmed by detecting the DNA leakage using gel electrophoresis. The synergistic effect of gold enhanced the antibacterial properties, however, with low cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblast cells. This study deals with the important aspects of time-dependent mechanisms of the antibacterial action of Au–Ag NPs since the leaching out of Ag ion is slow compared to AgNPs. The Au–Ag NPs alloy efficiently tackles microbial activity that can be controlled to minimize cytotoxicity and thus opens their future applications as antibacterial agents.     

Acylphloroglucinol derivatives from the twigs and leaves of Callistemon salignus

Three new acylphloroglucinol derivatives, callisalignones A–C (1–3), six new meroterpenoids, callisalignenes A–F (4–9), along with 18 known analogues (10–27) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Callistemon salignus. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by comprehensive spectroscopic evidences (NMR, MS, amd electronic circular dichroism calculations). The absolute configurations of callistenones B (13) and H (14) were determined by comparison of their ECD spectra with that of callisalignone B (2). Callisalignones B and C are new adducts of β-triketone and acylphloroglucinol, whereas callisalignenes A–D are new meroterpenoids of acylphloroglucinol and α-phellandrene with different coupling models via hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, respectively. Myrtucommulone D (15) showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and three drug resistant S. aureus strains with MIC values of 1.953 and 0.975 μg/mL, respectively. Isomyrtucommulone B (17) displayed remarkable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 0.122 μg/mL. Cytotoxic assay revealed that isomyrtucommulone B (17) was the most active against HCT116 with an IC₅₀ value of 2.09 ± 0.10 μM.     

Degradation of electrospun SF/P(LLA-CL) blended nanofibrous scaffolds in vitro

Nanofibrous scaffolds of silk fibroin (SF) and poly(l-lactic acid-co-?-caprolactone) (P(LLA-CL)) blends fabricated via electrospinning possessed good mechanical property and biocompatibility, as demonstrated by a previous study in vitro. However, the degradation behavior of the scaffolds, which may significantly influence tissue repair and regeneration, needs further exploration. In this study, in vitro degradation of pure SF, P(LLA-CL) and SF/P(LLA-CL) blended nanofibrous scaffolds were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4 ± 0.1) at 37 °C for 6 months. A series of analyses and characterizations (including morphologic changes, loss weight, pH changes of PBS solutions, DSC, XRD and FTIR-ATR) were conducted to the nanofibrous scaffolds after degradation and the results showed that the pure SF nanofibrous scaffolds were not completely degradable in PBS while pure P(LLA-CL) nanofibrous scaffolds had the fastest degradation rate. Moreover, the addition of SF reduced the degradation rate of P(LLA-CL) in SF/P(LLA-CL) blended nanofibrous scaffolds. This was probably caused by the intermolecular interactions between SF and P(LLA-CL), which hindered the movement of P(LLA-CL) molecular chains.     

Polycaprolactone-polymethyl methacrylate electrospun blends for biomedical applications

Electrospinning is one of most versatile process to fabricate porous scaffolds in biomedical field. Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) provide excellent properties for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. PCL-PMMA electrospun blends combine compressive/tensile properties of individual polymers as well as biocompatibility/biodegradability. Together with porosity of scaffold, drug/nutrient supply is required in tissue regeneration and healing. High pressure CO₂ has been investigated to plasticize many biopolymers and impregnate drugs in scaffolds. This study explores several compositions of PCL-PMMA electrospun scaffolds for morphological and mechanical properties. These scaffolds are impregnated with hydrophilic (Rhodamine B) and hydrophobic (Fluorescein) dyes using high pressure CO₂ and air plasma treatment. Furthermore, release profiles of dyes have been studied from thin films and porous scaffolds to understand several controlling factors for controlled release applications. Results show dye-polymer interactions, CO₂ impregnation and stress relaxation of electrospun fibers are key factors in release profile from electrospun fibers. This study is a step forward in developing PCL-PMMA based electrospun scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering.     

Diazenyl schiff bases: Synthesis,spectral analysis,antimicrobial studies and cytotoxic activity on human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116)

A series of diazenyl schiff bases have been synthesized by reaction of salicylaldehyde containing azo dyes with various substituted aniline derivatives in the presence of acetic acid as catalyst. The structures of diazenyl derivatives were determined by FTIR, UV–vis, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, CHN analysis, fluorimetric and mass spectroscopic studies. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus), Gram-negative (S. typhi, S. enterica, E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacterial and fungal (C. albicans, A. niger and A. fumigatus) strains, using cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal) as standard drugs. The diazenyl schiff bases were also screened for their cytotoxicity against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) using 5-fluorouracil as standard drug by Sulforhodamine-B Stain (SRB) assay. The schiff bases exhibited significant activity toward both Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains. Most of the synthesized derivatives showed high activity against S. enterica. 4-((2,5-Dichlorophenyl)diazenyl)-2-((3-bromophenylimino)methyl)phenol (SBN-40) was found to be very active against S. aureus, B. cereus and E. coli, with MIC = 0.69 (µM/ml × 10²). The compound 4-((2-bromophenyl)diazenyl)-2-((4-nitrophenylimino)methyl)phenol (SBN-13) possessed comparable activity (IC₅₀ = 7.5 µg/ml) to the standard drug 5-fluorouracil (IC₅₀ = 3.0 µg/ml) against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116).     

Methylene Blue/Carbon Dots Composite with Photothermal and Photodynamic Properties: Synthesis,Characterization, and Antibacterial Application

Photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy provide new ways to combat antibiotic resistance. In this research, methylene blue (MB) as an effective photosensitizer was conjugated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs), the composite product not only possessed good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) due to excellent singlet oxygen (¹O₂) production rate and light heat transfer performance, but also showed good biocompatibility. Combined with 808 nm and 660 nm laser irradiation, the minimum bactericidal concentration of CQDs-MB towards S. aureus and E. coli was 5 μm . Therefore, this study provides a potential candidate material based on CQDs for clinical applications.     

Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material

In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.