Study on interfacial adhesion of the aramid fibers/rubber matrix by grafting mercapto hyperbranched polysiloxane

In order to improve the interfacial adhesion between aramid fiber (AF) and rubber matrix, the mercapto hyperbranched polysiloxane (HPSi) was grafted onto the AFs via a novel in-situ growth strategy, which combines the formation of polydopamine (PDA) precursor layer and the co-dehydration condensation between (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane. Based on the results of characterizations including morphology observations and chemical structure analyses, the growth process of mercapto HPSi with the reaction time was investigated and discussed. The pull-out force tests of AFs/rubber composites, which were carried out by universal testing machine, showed that the modification strategy proposed in this study could increase the interfacial adhesion up to approximately 96.5%, and the key factor could be inferred to be the covalent interaction between mercapto groups and double bonds. It is also worth mentioning that the phenomenon of excessive surface modification will occur with the overlong growth time, which would result in the reduction of the interfacial adhesion.     

Highly improved mechanical strength of aramid paper composite via a bridge of cellulose nanofiber

A novel aramid paper composite based on pretreated meta-aramid fiber via the addition of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was fabricated, and the mechanical strength and interfacial strength of the aramid paper composite were investigated. The results indicated that modified fibers showed higher roughness and more available hydrophilic groups. Besides, compared with the pristine aramid paper, it turned out that the tensile index, tear index and interlayer bonding strength of the paper composites with CNF increased by 2.04 times, 2.36 times and 3 times, respectively. In addition, tensile energy absorption (TEA) was also improved by an increment of 99.7% with 20 wt% CNF. These apparent evidences can be accounted for the following mechanisms. On the one hand, enhanced mechanical properties of aramid paper composite were derived from the strong hydrogen bonding or dipole–dipole coupling interaction between aramid fiber and CNF. On the other hand, significant reinforcement of interlayer bonding strength can be attributed to the pivotal bonding bridge and filling agent between aramid chopped fibers (ACFs) and fibrid, which could improve interfacial adhesion of paper sheet. The thin film structure like “spider web” or “silk” from SEM images indicated the CNF was used as a bridge actually.     

Wettability of carbon fibers modified by acrylic acid and interface properties of carbon fiber/epoxy

The oxidation-reduction and pre-irradiation induced methods were employed to study the effect of acrylic acid modification on the wetting and adsorption ability of carbon fiber (CF) in epoxy solution and the interfacial properties of CF/epoxy. Systematic experimental work was conducted to determine the surface topography, surface energy, surface chemical composition, absorbability and tensile strength of carbon fibers and interfacial adhesion of CF/epoxy before and after modification. The roughness, surface energy, amount of containing-oxygen functional groups and wetting ability were all found to increase significantly after modifications. The tensile strength of carbon fibers was improved marginally by γ-ray pre-irradiation while was decreased little by oxidation-reduction modification. Consequently, the surface modifications of carbon fibers via both oxidation-reduction and pre-irradiation led to an improvement (more than 15%) of the interlaminar shear strength of CF/epoxy composites. The mechanisms of interfacial improvement of modified CF/epoxy composites are proposed.     

连续纤维增强含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构聚芳醚砜酮树脂基复合材料的界面

利用射频感性耦合冷等离子体(ICP)处理技术改性连续纤维表面,分别采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)及动态接触角分析(DCA)系统研究了等离子体处理时间、放电气压、放电功率等工艺参数对连续碳纤维、芳纶纤维和对亚苯基苯并二噁唑(PBO)纤维的表面化学成分、表面形貌、表面粗糙度及表面自由能的影响.研究结...     

芳纶纤维/SMPU-SiO2复合材料的界面性能研究

选用形状记忆聚氨酯(SMPU)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,固体酸对甲基苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,利用空气中的水分为水解水源,通过溶胶-凝胶法原位制备了形状记忆聚氨酯与二氧化硅( SMPU-SiO2)杂化材料,并将杂化材料应用于芳纶纤维增强的柔性复合材料中,以期改善芳纶纤维与基体的界面性能.同时,针对芳纶纤维表面...     

Studies on PAN-based carbon fibers irradiated by Ar+ ion beams

In this work, the effects of Ar+ ion beam irradiation on carbon fibers were studied using tensile and surface analytical techniques. The single-fiber pull-out test was executed in order to characterize the fiber/epoxy matrix interfacial adhesion. The Ar+ ion beam was irradiated using an ion-assisted reaction (IAR) method in reactive gas conditions under an oxygen environment with 1 x 10(16) ions/cm(2) Ar+ ion dose (ID), 6 sccm blown gas flow rate, and different ion beam energy intensities. From the experimental results, both the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and fracture toughness (Gi) were found to increase with increasing Ar+ ion irradiation intensity. This was probably due to the fact that Ar+ ion beam irradiation on carbon fibers was effective in altering their surface physical chemistry and structural morphology, resulting in improved interfacial adhesion in the fiber/epoxy matrix. The reliability of single-fiber pull-out test data could be improved by statistical analysis using the Weibull distribution, which served to predict the variation of the mechanical interfacial properties in a composite system.     

Interfacial studies on the ozone and air‐oxidation‐modified carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites

In this work, ozone modification method and air‐oxidationwere used for the surface treatment of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)‐based carbon fiber. The surface characteristics of carbon fibers were characterized by XPS. The interfacial properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced (polyetheretherketone) PEEK (CF/PEEK) composites were investigated by means of the single fiber pull‐out tests. As a result, it was found that IFSS (interfacial shear strength) values of the composites with ozone‐treated carbon fiber are increased by 60% compared to that without treatment. XPS results show that ozone treatment increases the amount of carboxyl groups on carbon fiber surface, thus the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and PEEK matrix is effectively promoted. The effect of surface treatment of carbon fibers on the tribological properties of CF/PEEKcomposites was comparativelyinvestigated. Experimental results revealed that surface treatment can effectively improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and PEEK matrix. Thus the wear resistance was significantly improved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of surface treatment with potassium permanganate on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced natural rubber composites

The effects of surface treatment using potassium permanganate on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The results showed the surface roughness and the oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the modified fibers were effectively increased. The NR matrix composites were prepared with as-received and modified UHMWPE fibers added 0–6 wt%. The treated fibers increased the modulus and tensile stress at a given elongation. The tear strength increased with increasing fiber mass fraction, attained maximum values at 4 wt%. The hardness of composites exhibited continuous increase with increasing the fiber content. The dynamic mechanical tests showed that the storage modulus and the tangent of the loss angle were decreased in the modified UHMWPE fibers/NR composites. Several micro-fibrillations between the treated fiber and NR matrix were observed, which meant the interfacial adhesion strength was improved.     

Study of the carbon fiber–Poly(Ether–Ether–Ketone) (PEEK) interfaces, 4: influence of fiber–matrix adhesion on the mechanical properties of unidirectional composites

The aim of the last part of this general study is to analyze the influence of the interfacial properties and, more precisely, the adhesion energy, between carbon fibers and PEEK on the final performance of unidirectional composites. A set of mechanical properties, i.e. interlaminar shear strength, longitudinal tensile and compressive and transverse tensile properties, of different unidirectional laminates with the same content (60% by volume) of carbon fibers is determined. It is first shown that the interlaminar shear strength is constant, whatever the type of materials. Therefore, this test is not appropriate to characterize the strength of the fiber–matrix interface in PEEK-based composites. On the contrary, in agreement with previous work on other systems, it appears that the ultimate properties (longitudinal tensile and compressive as well as transverse tensile strengths and strains) of the laminates increase with the interfacial adhesion energy, whereas the stiffness of these composites remains unaffected in all cases.     

Mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane composites reinforced with surface treated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers

The mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers reinforced rigid polyurethane (PU) composites were studied, and the effects of the fiber surface treatment and the mass fraction were discussed. Chromic acid was used to treat the UHMWPE fibers, and polyurethane composites were prepared with 0.1 to 0.6 wt% as‐received and treated UHMWPE fibers. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared demonstrated that oxygen‐containing functional groups were efficiently grafted to the fiber surface. The mechanical performance tests of the UHMWPE fibers/PU composites were conducted, and the results revealed that the treated UHMWPE fibers/PU composites had better tensile, compression, and bending properties than as‐received UHMWPE fibers/PU composites. Thermal gravimetric analyzer showed that the thermal stability of the treated fiber composites were improved. The interface bonding of PU composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis, and the results indicated that the surface modification of UHMWPE fiber could improve the interaction between fiber and PU, which played a positive role in mechanical properties of composites.     

Strong interfacial modified aramid fabric reinforced degradable thermosetting composites: reinforcing and tribological effects

In this work, dense molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets were grown onto polydopamine (PDA) functionalized aramid fabric (AF) surface via a simple hydrothermal method to improve the wettability between AF surface and polyhexahydrotriazine (PHT) resin, thus resulting in stronger AF/resin interfacial bonding. The PDA-assisted surface modification on AF generated a high active interface allowing the nucleation and subsequent growth of MoS₂. Moreover, this nanosheet-coated reinforcement fiber enabled the viscous liquid of resin precursor to spread over and form intimate contact with its surface, which eventually promoted the formation of strong interfacial bonding between AF-MoS₂ and cured resin matrix. In addition, the enhanced interfacial bonding between the reinforcement and matrix generated stable mechanical interlock within the resulting AF-MoS₂/PHT composites, and thus, contributed better thermal stability, higher tensile strength, and tribological properties. Compared with AF/PHT composites, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the AF-MoS₂/PHT composites increased by 32.5% and 50%, and the average friction coefficient and wear rate of AF-MoS₂/PHT composites decreased by 43.9% and 86.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the composites realized the non-destructive recovery of expensive AF at 25 °C. Overall, our study demonstrates a dependable strategy to construct the recyclable AF-MoS₂/PHT composites, which exhibit valuable applications in tribology.     

The effects of cauliflower-like short carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane matrix composites

Stress concentration and weak interfacial strength affect the mechanical properties of short carbon fibers (CFs) reinforced polymer composites. In this work, the cauliflower-like short carbon fibers (CCFs) were prepared and the point was to illuminate the effects of fiber morphology on the mechanical properties of the CCFs/rigid polyurethane (RPU) composites. The results indicated that the surface structure of CCFs could increase the surface roughness of the fibers and the contact area between fibers and matrix, thereby promoting the formation of irregular interface. Compared with pure RPU and initial CFs/RPU composites, the strength and toughness of CCFs/RPU composites were simultaneously improved. The satisfactory performance was attributed to the special fibers structure, which played an anchoring role and consumed more energy during crack propagation.     

Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical interfacial properties of glass fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

A silane coupling agent, γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, for the surface modification of glass fibers was varied between 0.1 and 0.8 wt %. To understand the role of interfacial adhesion of glass fiber/unsaturated polyester composites, contact angles of the silane‐treated glass fibers were measured by the wicking method on the basis of the modified Washburn equation with deionized water, diiodomethane, and ethylene glycol as testing liquids. As a result, silane‐treated glass fibers led to increased surface free energy, mainly because of their increased specific or polar component. The mechanical interfacial behaviors based on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites determined by short‐beam tests and the critical stress‐intensity factor (K_IC) were also improved in the case of silane‐treated composites. The surface free energy and the mechanical interfacial properties especially showed the maximum value in the presence of 0.4 wt % silane coupling agent. It revealed that the increase of a specific component of the surface free energy or hydrogen bonding between the glass fibers and the coupling agents plays an important role in improving the degree of adhesion at interfaces in a composite system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 55–62, 2003     

Improved interfacial properties of carbon fiber/UHMWPE composites through surface coating on carbon fiber surface

Carbon fibers were coated in an attempt to improve the interfacial properties between carbon fibers and ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene resin matrix. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were performed to characterize the changes of carbon fiber surface. Atomic force microscopy results show that the coating of carbon fiber significantly increased the carbon fiber surface roughness. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that silicon containing functional groups obviously increased after modification. Interlaminar shear strength was used to characterize the interfacial properties of the composites.     

Surface modification of PBO fibers with 2,2-Bis (3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane in supercritical carbon dioxide for enhancing interfacial strength

PBO fiber is one of the most promising reinforcements in resin matrix composite because of its excellent mechanical properties. However, the inert and smooth surfaces make it the poor interface adhesion with resin matrix, which seriously limits the application in composites. In this article, we report a method to modify the surface of PBO fibers with 2,2-Bis (3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane（BisAPAF）in supercritical CO₂ to enhance interfacial properties. Chemical structures, surface elemental composition and functional groups, and surface morphology were characterized by FT-IR spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The mechanical properties of the samples were tested by a tensile tester. Static contact angle and microdebonding tests were used to characterize the wetting ability and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the fiber and epoxy resin. The results showed that the BisAPAF could be solved in scCO₂ and introduced more groups, –NH₂, –OH, and –CF₃ on the fiber surface, resulting in the mechanical properties and the wettability of PBO fiber slightly improved. Moreover, the fiber surface roughness was also increased obviously. The IFSS between the modified PBO fiber and epoxy resin increased from 8.18 MPa to 31.4 MPa when the treating pressure was 14 MPa. In general, the method to modify PBO fibers surface using BisAPAF in scCO₂ can effectively improve their interfacial properties.     

Short Twaron aramid fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane

Mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and rheological behaviors of a short p‐aramid fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) have been studied in the range of 0–30 wt% of fibers. The tensile strength of the composite is improved slightly at higher fiber content with a minimum at around 10 wt% of fibers. The addition of fibers markedly reduces elongation at break and entails a steady increase in the elastic modulus, but decreases the wear resistance of the matrix. Storage modulus (E′) is increased and the shapes of loss tangent (tan δ) peaks point to a possible fiber–matrix interaction. Rheological studies show a power law behavior for all composites and increased viscosity with fiber loading. Study of the tensile and cryogenic fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates good correlation between the modes of failure and strength of the composites. The micrographs reveal good interfacial adhesion and extensive peeling and fibrillation of the fibers in the compounded and fractured composites. Theoretical models have been used to fit the experimental modulus data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Smart modification of inorganic fibers and flammability mechanical and radiation shielding properties of their rubber composites

Facile and smart method for the modification of inorganic fibers has been developed. The polyaniline was synthesized on basalt fiber surface presenting an organic polymer shell to the inorganic fibers. The modified basalt fibers were dispersed in rubber-producing well-dispersed rubber composites. Various mass loadings of modified basalt fibers were dispersed and optimized. The effect of radiation on the properties of developed rubber composites was investigated by exposure to different gamma radiation doses. The flammability, thermal and mechanical properties were studied. The flammability of developed composites was improved achieving 62 and 16% reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to blank rubber and unmodified basalt fiber-based rubber composite, respectively. This is in addition to significant reduction in emission of CO and CO₂ gases by 65 and 58%, respectively. Also, the tensile strength property was enhanced by 38 and 53% compared to blank and unmodified basalt composite, respectively. The role of polyaniline layer on inorganic fiber surface and their effect on the properties of the produced composites was studied. The organic polymer shell achieved good compatibility and interfacial adhesion of basalt fibers with rubber matrix and radiation protection effect for the developed composites.     

Design and characterization of cellulose fibers with hierarchical structure for polymer reinforcement

This paper describes an approach to manufacture hierarchical composites from environmentally friendly materials by grafting cellulose whiskers onto regenerated cellulose fibers (Cordenka 700). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed to verify the degree of modification. The mechanical properties of the unmodified and modified fibers were analyzed using fiber bundle tensile static and loading–unloading tests. To show the effect of cellulose whiskers grafting on the Cordenka fibers, epoxy based composites were manufactured and tensile tests done on transverse uni-directional specimens. The mechanical properties were significantly increased by fiber modification and addition of the nano-phase into composite reinforced with micro-sized fibers.     

Surface modification of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene fibers

To prevent the loss of fiber strength, ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated with an ultraviolet radiation technique combined with a corona‐discharge treatment. The physical and chemical changes in the fiber surface were examined with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance. The gel contents of the fibers were measured by a standard device. The mechanical properties of the treated fibers and the interfacial adhesion properties of UHMWPE‐fiber‐reinforced vinyl ester resin composites were investigated with tensile testing. After 20 min or so of ultraviolet radiation based on 6‐kW corona treatment, the T‐peel strength of the treated UHMWPE‐fiber composite was one to two times greater than that of the as‐received UHMWPE‐fiber composite, whereas the tensile strength of the treated UHMWPE fibers was still up to 3.5 GPa. The integrated mechanical properties of the treated UHMWPE fibers were also optimum. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 463–472, 2004     

Effects of plasma treatment of carbon fibers on interfacial properties of BMI resin composites

High performance continuous fiber surface modification by inductively coupled RF plasma (ICP) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) low temperature plasma were conducted. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other analytical testing methods systematically studied plasma treatment time, discharge power, discharge pressure, etc, on fiber surface state, surface composition, and surface shape changes in the appearance and wetting properties. The results show that after plasma treatment the surface of the fiber is grafted with a large number of polar functional groups such as carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups. The surface roughness increases, the surface free energy increases, and the fiber wetting property is significantly improved, resulting in improvement in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) between the fiber and the resin matrix. Finally, the surfaces of the fibers and its relationship with interfacial properties of fiber reinforced bismaleimide composites are also discussed.