纳米结构及浸润性对液滴润湿行为的影响

液滴在纳米结构表面的润湿模式研究(Dewetting,Cassie,Partial Wenzel及Wenzel)对强化冷凝、表面自清洁、油水分离等具有重要意义,现有文献主要研究了液滴在微柱阵列纳米结构表面的润湿行为.本文采用分子动力学模拟,研究了纳米结构倾角及表面浸润性对氩液滴在铂固体壁面上润湿模式及其相互转换的影响,...     

微纳米结构超疏水表面低浓度乙醇液滴的合并弹跳

本文以去离子水、质量分数为8%和16%的低浓度乙醇溶液为工质,研究了液体表面张力对液滴在平超疏水和层级微槽超疏水表面合并弹跳的影响,揭示液体表面张力变化引起液滴合并过程中与表面结构相互作用的改变,为实现低表面张力工质的动力学行为调控研究提供前期探索。研究发现,在平超疏水表面,质量分数为8%和16%的乙醇液滴合并弹跳过程由惯性效应主导,合并弹跳速度遵循惯性毛细定律,无量纲速度为0.23～0.27,能量转化效率为5.6%～6%。液体表面张力的减小导致平超疏水表面液滴合并弹跳速度的减小,并未影响液滴合并过程中内部动量的传递机制。在层级微槽超疏水表面,槽道边缘增强的黏附作用改变了乙醇液滴合并过程的形态演变,影响了其内部动量的传递,导致液滴合并弹跳速度和能量转化效率降低。随着液体表面张力的减小,液滴间凸台结构对合并弹跳性能的强化作用减弱,而凹槽结构对合并弹跳性能的恶化作用增强。     

双液滴在具有润湿梯度的斜面顶端融合弹跳的LBM模拟

基于格子Boltzmann方法,对液滴在具有润湿梯度的斜面顶端融合弹跳的过程进行模拟。研究润湿梯度、斜面顶端润湿性、液滴尺寸和Bond数对液滴融合弹跳过程的影响。计算结果表明：在较疏水的润湿梯度斜面上,两个液滴在非平衡张力作用下融合后能够发生弹跳行为;液滴融合速度和跳跃高度最大值均随着润湿梯度的增大而增加;随着斜面顶端润湿性的增大,液滴跳跃高度最大值减小;存在一个最佳液滴尺寸,使得跳跃高度最大值最优。Bond数越大,液滴跳跃高度最大值越小。     

正癸烷纳米液滴润湿特性的分子动力学研究

流体液滴在固体表面的浸润性对其润滑性能至关重要.本文利用分子动力学方法研究了正癸烷纳米液滴在铜表面上的润湿特性.结果表明：在平坦光滑表面上,壁面的厚度和分子数目对润湿效果影响不大.随着壁面能量势阱参数εs 增大,接触角线性减小.随着温度升高,液滴的接触角减小.在沟槽粗糙表面上,随着粗糙度因子增大,对于疏液表面,接触角增大到一定值后基本保持不变,符合Cassie理论;中性和亲液表面接触角则会减小,为Wenzel润湿模式.当表面分数增大时,疏液与亲液表面接触角整体呈减小的趋势,对中性表面影响不大.当温度升高时,粗糙疏液表面接触角会增大,润湿效果更差,而粗糙中性和亲液表面液滴润湿性会更好.     

电场下液滴合并自弹跳行为的分子动力学研究

在工程上通常利用滴状冷凝提高冷凝换热效率、进而强化传热.而当冷凝液滴发生合并自弹跳时,冷凝换热系数是传统滴状冷凝的1.3至1.5倍,因此液滴合并自弹跳现象对冷凝传热强化的贡献是非常大的.一些宏观实验和理论研究表明,加入外电场能进一步促进冷凝液滴合并自弹跳的频率和高度,但在纳米尺度下是否仍遵守这一规律还未可知,因此本文使...     

微观结构尺度对液滴润湿状态的影响

在分析表面微观特征对液滴润湿状态的影响时,尺度效应是无法绕过的前提条件和分析基础。本文以矩形微结构表面液滴为研究对象,通过数值模拟,得到了给定微结构表面液滴在不同液滴半径与矩形微结构宽度比例下的润湿状态。此外,本文还模拟得到了液滴完全浸润矩形微结构的临界接触角及其相对于微结构尺寸的变化规律。结果表明,液滴半径与微结构宽度比越小,液滴下气液界面开始浸润微结构时的临界接触角越大,无重力条件下表面液滴下气液界面的稳定性越差。若重力不可忽略,则液滴半径与微结构宽度比越大,重力的影响越大,表面液滴下气液界面的稳定性越差。     

疏水性润湿梯度表面液滴脱离过程的实验研究

基于标准MEMS工艺设计并加工了一种具有微结构的疏水润湿梯度表面,通过光学可视化测试系统,采用高速图像采集装置和标准振动台研究了液滴与润湿梯度表面脱离过程中,形态、接触角、受力等参数的变化规律。结果表明:液滴在与疏水润湿梯度表面脱离过程中,将出现拉伸现象,处于相对疏水侧的边缘脱离速度要快于处于相对亲水侧。脱离过程中液滴高度、宽度和接触角变化可明显分为两个区域,两区域内液滴高度、宽度和左右两侧接触角变化呈现出显著不同。通过液滴与微结构顶部间受力分析发现,润湿梯度造成的液滴受力不均是导致液滴边缘脱离速度出现不对称的原因。     

微液滴在不同能量表面上润湿状态的分子动力学模拟

微小液滴在不同能量表面上的润湿状态对于准确预测非均相核化速率和揭示界面效应影响液滴增长微观机理具有重要意义. 通过分子动力学模拟, 研究了纳米级液滴在不同能量表面上的铺展过程和润湿形态. 结果表明, 固液界面自由能随固液作用强度增加而增加, 并呈现不同液滴铺展速率和润湿特性. 固液作用强度小于1.6的低能表面呈现疏水特征, 继续增强固液作用强度时表面变为亲水, 而固液作用强度大于3.5的高能表面上液体呈完全润湿特征. 受微尺度条件下非连续、非对称作用力影响, 微液滴气液界面存在明显波动, 呈现与宏观液滴不同的界面特征. 统计意义下, 微小液滴在不同能量表面上铺展后仍可以形成特定接触角, 该接触角随固液作用强度增加而线性减小, 模拟结果与经典润湿理论计算获得的结果呈现相似变化趋势. 模拟结果从分子尺度为核化理论中的毛细假设提供了理论支持, 揭示了液滴气液界面和接触角的波动现象, 为核化速率理论预测结果和实验测定结果之间的差异提供了定性解释.     

基于异形微结构表面的低表面能工质液滴润湿特性研究

尺寸效应是探索异形微结构表面液滴润湿特性的研究基础。本文以单凹角异形微结构和双凹角异形微结构为研究对象,通过数值模拟,得到了微结构的几何参数尺寸与低表面能液滴润湿特性间的变化规律。对于单凹角异形微结构,临界本征接触角随着悬臂长度减小呈指数增加,微结构间的间距直接影响着表观接触角的大小,悬臂高度的增加不利于疏液状态的实现。对于双凹角异形微结构,悬臂长度和悬臂高度不是影响液滴润湿的主要因素,微结构间的间距和支柱高度共同作用下决定了液滴润湿状态。     

悬垂液滴研究及表面张力和润湿角测定

对光滑固体表面下悬挂的液滴进行了理论分析,建立了悬垂液滴特征尺寸R和H与液滴表面张力σL和固液界面润湿角θ之间的关系式,计算发现对于特定的ρ,σL,θ值,液滴质量m与固液界面润湿半径R、液滴高度H满足特殊的曲线关系.利用此关系可以同时测量液滴的表面张力σL以及固液界面间的润湿角θ.     

A comparative study of the self-propelled jumping capabilities of coalesced droplets on RTV surfaces and superhydrophobic surfaces

Understanding the mechanism of coalescence-induced self-propelled jumping behavior provides distinct insights in designing and optimizing functional coatings with self-cleaning and anti-icing properties.However,to date self-propelled jumping phenomenon has only been observed and studied on superhydrophobic surfaces,other than those hydrophobic surfaces with weaker but fairish water-repellency,for instance,vulcanized silicon rubber(RTV) coatings.In this work,from the perspective of thermodynamic-based energy balance aspect,the reason that self-propelled jumping phenomenon does not happen on RTV coatings is studied.The apparent contact angles of droplets on RTV coatings can be less than the theoretical critical values therefore cannot promise energy surplus for the coalesced droplets onside.Besides,on RTV and superhydrophobic surfaces,the droplet-size dependent variation characteristics of the energy leftover from the coalescence process are opposite.For the droplets coalescing on RTV coatings,the magnitudes of energy dissipations are more sensitive to the increase in droplet size,compared to that of released surface energy.While for superhydrophobic coatings,the energy generated during the coalescence process can be more sensitive than the dissipations to the change in droplet size.     

Probing droplets with biological colloidal suspensions on smart surfaces by synchrotron radiation micro- and nano-beams

Droplets with colloidal biological suspensions evaporating on substrates with defined wetting properties generate confined environments for initiating aggregation and self-assembly processes. We describe smart micro- and nanostructured surfaces, optimized for probing single droplets and residues by synchrotron radiation micro- and nanobeam diffraction techniques. Applications are presented for Ac-IVD and β-amyloid (1–42) peptides capable of forming cross-β sheet structures. Complementary synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy addresses secondary structure formation. The high synchrotron radiation source brilliance enables fast raster-scan experiments.     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

An experimental study on the motion of water droplets in oil under ultrasonic irradiation

The motion of a single water droplet in oil under ultrasonic irradiation is investigated with high-speed photography in this paper. First, we described the trajectory of water droplet in oil under ultrasonic irradiation. Results indicate that in acoustic field the motion of water droplet subjected to intermittent positive and negative ultrasonic pressure shows obvious quasi-sinusoidal oscillation. Afterwards, the influence of major parameters on the motion characteristics of water droplet was studied, such as acoustic intensity, ultrasonic frequency, continuous phase viscosity, interfacial tension, and droplet diameter, etc. It is found that when the acoustic intensity and frequency are 4.89 W cm⁻² and 20 kHz respectively, which are the critical conditions, the droplet varying from 250 to 300 μm in lower viscous oil has the largest oscillation amplitude and highest oscillation frequency.     

限位液滴瞬时失重自激振荡

为探索重力瞬变引起的约束液滴自激振荡机理, 本文利用落塔装置模拟短时微重力环境并借助高速CCD记录圆形限位基片上液滴整个过程的运动情况. 自激振荡是微重力下液滴形态的重整恢复过程, 边界的限位作用使得液滴在整个运动过程接触线钉扎不变, 具体可分为两个阶段: 首先是振荡的高低点位置高度渐进上升的液滴形态变化阶段, 与重力环境渐进变化有关; 而后是平衡位置附近的阻尼衰减振荡阶段, 此时振荡的频率恒定, 振幅衰减类似孤立黏性液滴的指数衰减过程. 对于第二阶段, 在高低点等位置处存在高度不变过程, 高度起伏变化时液滴振荡模式类似自由液滴二阶振荡, 高度不变时振荡模式类似自由液滴三阶振荡. 此外, 对于本实验体系的恒定接触面积的钉扎约束, 液滴的体积量不同时, 内驱振荡的阶段和模式不变, 但具体的振荡过程有所不同. 对于大体积液滴, 会在初始振荡的中间位置出现高度不变现象, 并且随振荡逐渐消失; 而小液滴中间位置则不存在此现象, 波形较一致; 第二阶段小体积液滴振幅衰减的阻尼率更大, 无量纲频率也更高.     

Field dependent shape variation of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic dots

The morphology of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic thin film dots is studied experimentally, including the aspect ratio and the contact angle variation of the droplets. Under a uniform external magnetic field, the droplet's aspect ratio increases with the external field and with the diameter of the magnetic dot due to the concentrated magnetic flux inside the magnetic fluid droplet. Similar to the electrical wetting phenomenon, the induced magnetic dipoles in the magnetic film and in the magnetic fluid near the solid–liquid interface change the solid–liquid interfacial tension, and in consequence reduce the apparent contact angle of the magnetic fluid droplet.     

Effects of gravity on the shape of liquid droplets

We report the gravity effects on the shape and focal length changes of liquid droplets. As the droplet size decreases, the gravity effect is gradually weakened. Moreover, if the outside space of the droplet is filled with another immiscible liquid rather than air, the filled liquid helps to offset the gravity effect even though their densities do not match well. Good agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained. The negligible gravity effect enables us to improve the optical performances of the liquid lens by choosing suitable liquids without worrying their density mismatch.     

Stability of small chemical groups on hexagonal-SiC(0001) surfaces: A theoretical study

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate the stability on SiC(0001) surfaces of different chemical groups -NH₂, -NO₂, -CH₃, -OH, -SH and -CN. The adsorption stability decreases in the order -NO₂ > ? OH > ? NH₂ > ? SH > ? CN > ? CH₃. The stability of the single molecule-substrate bond is strongly influenced by the polarizability, which in turn depends on different parameters such as the electronegativity, atomic size and chemical environment. In a further step, methyl (? ACH₃) and phenyl (? AC₆H₅) substituted groups are also considered and similar behaviour is observed. The inductive effect of the -CH₃ or -C₆H₅ groups modifies the polarization of the Si adatom-molecule bond and the steric hindrance due to their size influences the molecular orientation. These two parameters affect the calculated adsorption energy, and are more important for –C₆H₅ substituent. This study provides clear tendencies that can be applied to more complex systems. Comparison of the adsorption of two large molecules, H₂Pc (metal-free phthalocyanine) and PTCDI (perylene tetracarboxylic diimide) on the SiC(0001) surface is presented as an example.     

低温光滑壁面上水滴撞击结冰行为

采用高速摄像技术测试低温光滑壁面上水滴撞击结冰过程, 分析了撞击速度、壁面温度和材料热导率对水滴撞击铺展、振荡及结冰行为的影响规律. 结果表明, 低温壁面造成水滴最大铺展直径缩小, 且结冰时间随温度降低而缩短; 当撞击We数提高时, 水滴最大铺展直径增大, 而振荡和结冰时间减小; 同时材料热导率越高, 最大铺展直径越小, 结冰越迅速. 另外, 从热力学角度推导出水滴撞击结冰时间的理论公式, 预测误差<5.3%.     

Experimental and theoretical evaluation of wettability on micro/nano hierarchically engineered surfaces based on robust micro-post-arrayed- and highly ordered nano-rippled-structures

This paper reports a simple approach for demonstrating a micro/nano hierarchical surface, ensuring both geometrical regularity and mechanical stability, for improving the hydrophobicity. The proposed dual-scale hierarchical surfaces were realized simply by combining the highly self-ordered ripple-like nano patterns with the robust micro-post arrays, based on the cost-effective nonlithographic chemical oxidation process and well-established microfabrication technologies. The wettability of the proposed nano-scale mono- and micro/nano dual-roughened surfaces was evaluated by measuring the apparent contact angles (ACAs), and analyzed theoretically with analytic models based on the Wenzel, Cassie, and combined wetting theories. Through experimental and theoretical observations, it was found that the proposed micro/nano hierarchical structures can improve the wetting property and the superhydrophobic robustness of high- and low-density micro-post arrayed surfaces, respectively.