全维高精度势能面上F+CH3OH反应的产物振动态分布

甲醇与氟原子之间的抽氢反应可以生成HF和CH₃O、CH₂OH自由基等产物. 该反应在环境化学、燃烧化学、辐射化学和星际化学中都非常重要. 基于之前构建的全维高精度势能面,本文采用准经典轨线方法研究了该典型反应的动力学. 特别是使用正则模式分析方法确定了多原子产物CH₃O和CH₂OH的振动态分布. 研究发现,当反应物处于振转基态时,CH₃O和CH₂OH主要分布在基态. 当反应物CH₃OH的OH伸缩模式激发为第一激发态时,产物CH₂OH的OH伸缩模式、扭转模式、H₂CO 面外弯曲模式及其组合会被有效激发. 在两条通道中,可用能量大部分都流入HF的振动能和产物的平动能,而自由基产物CH₃O或CH₂OH只得到非常少的能量,与实验结果一致,这也表明了自由基的旁观者性质.     

F和CH3OH多通道反应的速率常数与分支比的研究

F和CH₃OH有两个夺氢反应通道,分别生成HF+CH₃O 和HF+CH₂OH. 尽管这两个通道都没有能垒,但前一个通道即生成HF+CH₃O的反应分支比远远高于期望的统计平均值(四分之一). 不同实验测得的分支比不仅相去甚远,而且定量上与早期由过渡态理论(稳定点信息在MP2以及G2理论水平下计算得到)得到的计算结果也不符合. 此前在CCSD(T)-F12a/AVDZ水平上计算得到了121000个几何构型的能量,采用对易不变多项式结合神经网络的方法拟合得到了该体系的全维高精度势能面. 本文采用该势能面,结合准经典轨线动力学方法,对该反应的反应速率常数和反应分支比进行了理论研究,得到的结果与实验吻合. 由于反应没有能垒,理论计算结果表明反应速率常数随温度升高而有微弱的下降趋势.     

O-与CH3CN反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用G3MP2B3方法研究了氧负离子与乙腈反应的势能剖面.在(U)B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)理论水平下分别优化了该反应势能面上反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的分子结构,采用G3MP2B3方法校正了这些关键点的能量. 势能面上的各个反应路径均通过针对过渡态的內禀反应坐标理论计算加以确定. 分别考察了四个可能的热力学产物通道,即质子转移、氢原子转移、H₂⁺转移和双分子亲核取代反应途径. 其中,经H₂⁺转移生成H₂O的反应通道为该反应的主要产物通道.     

密度泛函理论研究α-MoC(100)在甲醇水蒸汽重整中的催化作用

本文通过密度泛函理论计算方法探究了α-MoC催化甲醇水蒸气重整(CH₃OH+H₂O→CO₂+3H₂)反应,系统地研究了甲醇水蒸气重整反应中相关中间体的吸附行为和基本步骤的动力学. 结果表明,在α-MoC(100)表面,甲醇容易裂解形成CH₃O中间体,CH₃O进一步脱氢为CH₂O. 通过比较CH₂O和OH缔合过程和CH₂O直接分解过程,发现CH₂O和OH之间更容易形成CH₂OOH而不是分解成CHO和H. 计算结果表明,CH₂OOH中间体的连续脱氢对CO₂有很高的选择性. 相反,在α-MoC(111)表面,由于CH₂O中间体的强吸附使其更偏向于脱氢生成CHO,最后生成产物CO. 此外,高水解离产生的OH物种可以促进中间体O-H键的断裂,并显著降低反应能垒. 本文不仅揭示了α-MoC(100)晶面在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中的催化作用,也为α-MoC基催化剂的设计提供了理论指导.     

H+CH3D→H2+CH2D反应的十维量子动力学研究

本文采用最近发展的十维含时波包方法研究了H+CH₃D→H₂+CH₂D反应的模式选择性,计算了反应物CH₃D在基态、CH₃对称和不对称伸缩振动激发态、CD伸缩振动激发态以及CH₃弯曲模式的基频和倍频激发态等6个初始状态下的反应几率. 计算结果表明,在碰撞能0.0∽1.0 eV区间内,激发CH₃的任意一种伸缩振动模都能增强反应活性,而CD伸缩振动激发对反应的促进作用不明显. CH₃弯曲振动模的基频激发对促进反应活性几乎没有影响,由于CH₃对称伸缩振动模的基频与CH₃弯曲振动模倍频之间的费米共振作用,CH₃弯曲振动模的倍频激发显著增强了反应活性.     

用神经网络方法拟合的反应体系H+CH4→H2+CH3的一个全域势能 (cited:12)

利用神经网络方法,基于47783个高精度从头算能量点构建了反应体系H+CH₄→H₂+CH₃的一个全域势能面．通过大量的准经典轨线以及量子散射计算测试了势能面的收敛性质．这个势能面对于拟合过程以及从头算点的数目都已经完全收敛,拟合误差很小且比Shepard插值的势能面计算速度更快,代表了此标志性多原子反应体系最好的势能面．     

OH+H2S→H2O+SH反应的模式特异性量子动力学研究

研究氢抽取反应OH+H₂S对于理解酸雨形成、空气污染和气候变化的原因具有重要意义. 本文在降维模型下使用量子含时波包方法研究了OH+H₂S→H₂O+SH反应的动力学行为. 研究表明，该反应在低碰撞能时表现出无垒反应的特征，而在高碰撞能下表现出具有显著势垒的激活反应的特征. 激发反应物H₂S分子的对称或反对称伸缩模式比激发弯曲模式更有效地促进了反应，该动力学特征可以通过各正则模式与反应坐标的耦合强度来解释. 此外，模式指定的反应速率常数表现出明显的非阿伦尼乌斯温度依赖性.     

F+H2O/D2O→HF+OH反应的准经典轨迹研究：能垒、反应物转动激发和同位素取代的影响 (cited: 4)

在新构建的含旋轨耦合校正的FH₂O基态势能面上,采用准经典轨迹方法详细研究了F+H₂O/D₂O→HF/DF+OH/OD的反应动态学．氢和氘抽取反应经过较低的类反应物过渡态直接发生反应,生成振动激发的HF/DF和内能较低的OH/OD产物．由于新构建的势能面能垒较低,得到的积分反应截面与实验值吻合．但新势能面对产物态分布和模式选择性影响较小．理论计算结果显示H2O的转动态激发对反应有很强的促进作用,说明其与反应坐标耦合紧密．     

OH+C2H3F的反应机理及产物支化比反应的理论研究

本文对HOC₂H₃F可能解离通道的势能面进行从头算CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)计算,同时对速率常数进行Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus计算. 生成主要产物CH₂CHO+HF最有利的反应途径是OHC₂H₃F→i2→TS14→i6→TS9→i3→TS3→CH₂CHO+HF,其中速率决定步骤是HF通过TS11从CO桥接位置解离,能量比反应物高3.8 kcal/mol. 借助中间态TS14,F原子从C_α迁移到C_β位置生成CH₂O+CH₂F,然后通过中间态TS16,H从O迁移到C_α位置;通过中间态TS5,C-C键断裂生成产物,其能量比反应物低1.8 kcal/mol,比TS11低4.0 kcal/mol.     

CH3OH在ZnO(0001)表面的光催化解离

本文利用266 nm波长的激光及程序升温脱附的方法研究了甲醇在ZnO(0001)表面的光催化反应. TPD结果显示部分的CH₃OH以分子的形式吸附在ZnO(0001)表面,而另外一部分在表面发生了解离. 实验过程中探测到H₂,CH₃^·,H₂O,CO,CH₂O,CO₂和CH₃OH这些热反应产物. 紫外激光照射实验结果表明光照可以促进CH₃OH/CH₃O^·解离形成CH₂O,在程序升温或光照的过程中它又可以转变为HCOO^-. CH₂OH_Zn与OH_ad反应在Zn位点上形成H₂O分子. 升温或光照都能促进CH₃O^·转变为CH₃^·. 该研究对CH₃OH在ZnO(0001)表面的光催化反应机理提供了一个新的见解.     

A statistical model for the product energy distribution in reactions leading to prompt dissociation

Direct dynamics calculations have been performed for three reactions: C₃H₈ + H → i-C₃H₇ + H₂, C₃H₈ + H → n-C₃H₇ + H₂, and C₂H₃ + O₂ → HCO + CH₂O. The fraction of the population for the radical products that promptly dissociates is computed. The results for C₃H₈ + H are qualitatively similar to previous results for C₃H₈ + OH, but the new results exhibit a slightly higher branching fraction for prompt dissociation products, owing to the fact that a greater fraction of the internal energy in the transition state ends up in the radical. For C₂H₃ + O₂ → HCO + CH₂O, the fraction of HCO that promptly dissociates is in excess of 99%. Consequently, the main product for C₂H₃ + O₂ at lower temperatures should be written as H + CO + CH₂O and not HCO + CH₂O. These results are then compared with four previous systems: CH₂O + H → HCO + H₂, CH₂O + OH → HCO + H₂O, C₃H₈ + OH → i-C₃H₇ + H₂O, and C₃H₈ + OH → n-C₃H₇ + H₂O. Based upon these seven system, several statistical models are presented. The goal of these statistical models is to predict the fraction of the transition state energy that ends up in the rovibrationally excited radical. On average, these statistical models provide an excellent prediction of product energy distribution. Consequently, these models can be used instead of costly trajectory simulations for predicting prompt radical dissociation for larger species.     

Theoretical rate coefficients for the reaction of methyl radical with hydroperoxyl radical and for methylhydroperoxide decomposition

The kinetics of the CH₃ + HO₂ bimolecular reaction and the thermal decomposition of CH₃OOH are studied theoretically. Direct variable reaction coordinate transition state theory (VRC-TST), coupled with high level multireference electronic structure calculations, is used to compute capture rates for the CH₃ + HO₂ reaction and to characterize the transition state of the barrierless CH₃O + OH product channel. The CH₂O + H₂O product channel and the CH₃ + HO₂ → CH₄ + O₂ reaction are treated using variational transition state theory and the harmonic oscillator and rigid rotor approximations. Pressure dependence and product branching in the bimolecular and decomposition reactions are modeled using master equation simulations. The predicted rate coefficients for the major products channels of the bimolecular reaction, CH₃O + OH and CH₄ + O₂, are found to be in excellent agreement with values obtained in two recent modeling studies. The present calculations are also used to obtain rate coefficients for the CH₃O + OH association/decomposition reaction.     

Termolecular chemistry facilitated by radical-radical recombinations and its impact on flame speed predictions

Recent theoretical studies have shown that termolecular chemistry can be facilitated through reactions of flame radicals (H, O, and OH) or O₂ with highly-energized collision complexes (either radical or stable species) formed in exothermic reactions. In this work, radical-radical recombination reaction induced termolecular chemistry and its impact on combustion modeling was studied. Two recombination reactions, H + CH₃ + M → CH₄ + M and H + OH + M → H₂O + M, were analyzed using ab-initio master equation analyses guided by quasiclassical trajectory results. The dynamics results and the master equation calculations indicate that CH₄^? and H₂O^? (formed in the two radical-radical reactions outlined above) react rapidly with flame radicals and O₂ at rates that are competitive with collisional cooling. The addition of these processes into conventional combustion modeling requires two modifications: the inclusion of the new nonthermal termolecular reaction rates and the simultaneous reduction of the competing recombination reaction rates. The former is described with newly derived Arrhenius expressions based on quasiclassical trajectories, and the latter is achieved by perturbing the recombination reaction rate during the simulation. Kinetic modeling was used to gauge the impact of including this nonthermal chemistry for H₂/CH₄-air laminar flames speeds. Inclusion of this nonthermal chemistry has a noticeable impact on simulated flame speeds. The procedure developed here can be utilized to properly quantify the effects of such nonthermal reactions in macroscopic kinetic models.     

Two-dimensional condensation of water and alcohols on NaF

On the surface of NaF the adsorption isotherms of H₂O, D₂O, CH₃OH, C₃H₃OH and 1-C₃H₇OH as well as the infrared spectra of H₃O, D₂O, dilute HDO, CH₃OH and CH₃OD were measured. The adsorption temperatures of H₃O (253–308 K) were within the phase transition region where two phases of low and high density coexist, while those of CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH and 1-C₃H₃OH were yet within a super-critical region. The entropy of the 2D condensed H₂O on NaF was found to be 14.0 cal K^?1 mol^?1, which suggests that the condensed phase of water on NaF is liquid-like. The OD stretching band of dilute HDO in the 2D condensed water gives a maximum adsorption at ca. 2530 cm^?1 with a half width of ca. 150 cm^?1, being in good agreement with that in liquid water. Comparison of the integrated absorbance of the D₂O bending mode with that of the OD stretching mode suggests that the cluster size of the 2D condensed water on NaF decreases with increasing temperature. The 2D critical temperature and the occupied areas of these adsorbates enable us to conclude that the compatibility of the molecular size with the surface lattice is not important in the occurrence of the 2D condensation of the hydrogen-bonding molecules on NaF and that adsorbed molecules are randomly oriented on the surface to the extent similar to that in 3D liquid state.     

Hydration-induced conformational changes in protonated 2,4-pentanedione in the gas phase

Starting with H⁺[CH₃C(O)CH₂C(O)CH₃] (denoted H⁺PD), the protonated diketone-water clusters H⁺PD(H₂O) _n (n = 1–3) have been characterized by density functional theory calculations in combination with vibrational predissociation spectroscopy to explore the conformational changes of a protonated bifunctional ion solvated by water in the gas phase. Theoretical calculations for H⁺PD revealed that the ion contains an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB), with two oxygen atoms bridged by the extra proton in an O—H⁺ … O form. Attachment of one water molecule to it readily ruptures this IHB, replacing the H⁺ by the H₃O⁺ moiety. Further replacement of the IHB by two water molecules occurs at n = 2 and the ?C(O)CH₂C(O)- chain is fully opened (or unfolded) after transfer of the extra proton to the water trimer at n = 3. To verify the computational findings, infrared spectroscopic measurements were performed using a vibrational predissociation ion trap spectrometer to identify cluster isomers from the signatures of hydrogen bonded and non-hydrogen bonded OH stretching spectra of H⁺PD(H₂O)_2,3 produced in a corona discharge supersonic expansion. Besides open form isomers, evidence for the formation of water-bridged structures has been found for H⁺PD(H₂O)₃ at an estimated temperature of 200 K. A detailed illustration of the unfolding steps as well as the energy profiles for the evolution of a two-water bridge isomer from the protonated H⁺PD monomer are analysed pictorially (including both stable intermediates and transition states) in the present investigation.     

Kinetics for the reactions of phenyl with methanol and ethanol: Comparison of theory and experiment

The kinetics of the C₆H₅ reactions with CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH has been measured by pulsed-laser photolysis/mass-spectrometry (PLP/MS) employing acetophenone as the radical source. Kinetic modeling of the benzene formed in the reactions over the temperature range 306–771 K allows us to reliably determine the total rate constants for H-abstraction reactions. In order to improve our low temperature measurements down to 304 K we have also applied the cavity ring-down spectrometric technique using nitrosobenzene as the radical source. Both sets of data agree closely. A weighted least-squares analysis of the two complementary sets of data for the two reactions gave the total rate constants k(CH₃OH) = (7.82 ± 0.44) × 10¹¹ exp [?(853 ± 30)/T] and k(C₂H₅OH) = (5.73 ± 0.58) × 10¹¹ exp [?(1103 ± 44)/T] cm³ mol^?1 s^?1 for the temperature range studied. Theoretically, four possible product channels of the C₆H₅ + CH₃OH reaction producing C₆H₆ + CH₃O, C₆H₆ + CH₂OH, C₆H₅OH + CH₃ and C₆H₅OCH₃ + H and five possible product channels of the C₆H₅ + C₂H₅OH reaction producing C₆H₆ + C₂H₅O, C₆H₆ + CH₂CH₂OH, C₆H₆ + CH₃CHOH, C₆H₅OH + CH₃CH₂ and C₆H₅OCH₂CH₃ + H have been computed at the G2M//B3LYP/6?311+G(d, p) level of theory. The hydrogen abstraction channels were predicted to have lower energy barriers than those for the substitution reactions and their rate constants were calculated by the microcanonical variational transition state theory at 200–3000 K. The predicted rate constants are in good agreement with the experimental values. Significantly, the rate constant for the CH₃OH reaction with C₆H₅ was found to be greater than that for the C₂H₅OH reaction and both reactions were found computationally to be dominated by H-abstraction from the hydroxyl group attributable to the affinity of the phenyl toward the OH group and the predicted lower energy barriers for the OH attack.     

Theoretical study on the reactions of CH3NHNH2 with ground state O(3P) atom and excited state O(1D) atom

The reaction mechanisms of methylhydrazine (CH₃NHNH₂) with O(³P) and O(¹D) atoms have been explored theoretically at the MPW1K/6-311+G(d,p), MP2/6-311+G(d,p), MCG3-MPWPW91 (single-point), and CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ (single-point) levels. The triplet potential energy surface for the reaction of CH₃NHNH₂ with O(³P) includes seven stable isomers and eight transition states. When the O(³P) atom approaches CH₃NHNH₂, the heavy atoms, namely N and C atoms, are the favourable combining points. O(³P) atom attacking the middle-N atom in CH₃NHNH₂ results in the formation of an energy-rich isomer (CH₃NHONH₂) followed by migration of O(³P) atom from middle-N atom to middle-H atom leading to the product P6 (CH₃NNH₂+OH), which is one of the most favourable routes. The estimated major product CH₃NNH₂ is consistent with the experimental measurements. Reaction of O(¹D) + CH₃NHNH₂ presents different features as compared with O(³P) + CH₃NHNH₂. O(¹D) atom will first insert into C–H2, N1–H4, and N2–H5 bonds barrierlessly to form the three adducts, respectively. There are two most favourable paths for O(¹D) + CH₃NHNH₂. One is that the C–N bond cleavage accompanied by a concerted H shift from O atom to N atom (mid-N) leads to the product P_I (CH₂O + NH₂NH₂), and the other is that the N–N bond rupture along with a concerted H shift from O to N (end-N) forms P_IV (CH₃NH₂ + HNO). The similarities and discrepancies between two reactions are discussed.     

Thermochemistry of the reactions between CN+ and H2O in the gas phase

The [H₂, C, N, 0]⁺ potential energy surface (PES) has been explored by means of high-level ab initio calculations, carried out in the framework of the G2 theory. From this survey we concluded that the predominant products of the CN⁺ + H₂O reaction are the result of the dissociation of HNCOH⁺ species and to a much lesser extent of the CNHOH⁺ cation to yield CNH⁺ + OH. According to our results HCN⁺ should not be a product of this reaction because all pathways leading to its formation are unfavourable with regards to other competitive processes. Other reactive channels lead to the formation of the H₂ONC⁺ structure which dissociates into CN + H₂O⁺. The loss of NH(3σ) and O(³P) seems to take place following spin-forbidden reaction paths through an intersystem crossing between the singlet and the triplet PESs. The global minimum of the PES, H₂NCO⁺ is easily accessible and should lead to the loss of carbon monoxide which has not been experimentally observed in CN⁺ + H₂O reactions. We cannot offer a clear explanation for this disagreement between theory and experiment.