Principal Compliance and Robust Optimal Design

The paper addresses a problem of robust optimal design of elastic structures when the loading is unknown and only an integral constraint for the loading is given. We propose to minimize the principal compliance of the domain equal to the maximum of the stored energy over all admissible loadings. The principal compliance is the maximal compliance under the extreme, worst possible loading. The robust optimal design is formulated as a min-max problem for the energy stored in the structure. The maximum of the energy is chosen over the constrained class of loadings, while the minimum is taken over the design parameters. It is shown that the problem for the extreme loading can be reduced to an elasticity problem with mixed nonlinear boundary conditions; the last problem may have multiple solutions. The optimization with respect to the designed structure takes into account the possible multiplicity of extreme loadings and divides resources (reinforced material) to equally resist all of them. Continuous change of the loading constraint causes bifurcation of the solution of the optimization problem. It is shown that an invariance of the constraints under a symmetry transformation leads to a symmetry of the optimal design. Examples of optimal design are investigated; symmetries and bifurcations of the solutions are revealed.     

Optimum design of a supercavitating torpedo considering overall size,shape, and structural configuration

A supercavitating torpedo is a complex high speed undersea weapon that is exposed to extreme operating conditions due to the weapon’s speed. To successfully design a torpedo that can survive in this environment, it is necessary to consider the torpedo shell as a critical component. The shell of a supercavitating torpedo must be designed to survive extreme loading conditions (depth pressure and thrust loading), meet frequency constraints, and fit inside the cavity generated by the cavitator. In this research, an algorithm to determine the optimal configuration of the torpedo is presented. This method formulates an optimization problem that determines the general shape of the torpedo in order to satisfy the required performance criteria. Simultaneously, a method to determine the optimal stiffener configuration in the torpedo structure is also presented. A torpedo configuration for a desired speed is obtained and the details of the process are thoroughly discussed.     

受随机激励作用结构的演化设计算法

提出了研究受随机激励作用的结构动力优化的演化设计方法,演化模型以随机激力作用下结构的位移方差为约束,寻求最优的构件尺寸使结构的重量最轻。演化算法采用多种群遗传与搜索空间收缩策略,并利用高效的虚拟随机激励法进行随机响应重分析和准精确罚函数处理约束,保证了算法稳定而迅速地收敛于最优解,算例显示出本文方法的有效性。     

Limit Design of Frames with Axial Force-Bending Moment Interaction

ABSTRACT

A method for optimum plastic design of plane frames is studied, taking into account the axial force-bending moment interaction plastic behavior. The frame is regarded as a discrete model, formed by rigid elements which are separated by (generalized) plastic hinges. Alternative loading conditions are considered, in addition to the action of the design-dependent self-weight. The optimization problem is solved as a problem of linear programming into which some technological and construction requirements are also introduced. Optimality conditions are also discussed.     

On energy focusing with multiple sources in an inviscid field

A concept has been proposed for focusing underwater energy. An array of independently detonated spherical TNT charges has been suggested to achieve this aim. The goal of the present research effort is to model this system and identify optimal array geometry and detonation timing. A reduced-order model must be developed due to the highly iterative nature of most optimization algorithms. The fast computational speed required by the optimization problem renders the use of the sophisticated numerical solvers impractical. An analytical, physics-based model must be developed to satisfy the computational time and accuracy demands of the multiple charge problem. This model must capture shock propagation speed, pressure–time histories throughout the fluid domain, and shock wave interaction phenomena. Such a model is presented herein.     

Parameter identification for cracks in elastic plate structures based on remote strain fields

A method for the detection of cracks in plate structures is presented. In contrast to most of the common monitoring concepts taking advantage of the reflection of elastic waves at crack faces, the presented approach is based on the strain measured at different locations on the surface of the structure. This allows both the identification of crack position parameters, such as length, location and angles with respect to a reference coordinate system and the calculation of stress intensity factors (SIF). The solution of the direct problem is performed on the basis of the BFM (body force method). The inverse problem is solved applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The BFM is based on the principle of linear superposition which allows the calculation of the strain field in a cracked body. The strain at an arbitrary point in the structure is replaced by the strain provided by body force doublets in the uncracked structure. The doublets as well as external loads are parameters which have to be determined solving the inverse problem by minimizing a fitness function, which is defined by a square sum of residuals between measured strain distributions and computed ones for an assumed crack. The PSO algorithm applied to the fitness function operates on the basis of a swarm of candidate solutions. Once knowing loading and crack parameters, the SIF can be determined.     

Strength reliability of statically indeterminate heterogeneous beams

The strength reliability of linearly elastic (up to failure) beams, made from random heterogeneous microstructures is studied, based on the weakest link approach. Heterogeneity is confined to the longitudinal direction. The problem is statically indeterminate, and the local stress at each point in any cross section is a function of the stiffness morphology of the whole beam. External loading is not random, but reaction forces are, due to their statistical correlation with the beam morphology. The case of one degree of indeterminacy is studied here, for simplicity. The strength and reliability of the beam, being a stochastic function of local stresses, is therefore morphology dependent, in addition to (coupled with) the classical inherent probabilistic nature, associated with surface defects and irregularities. This dependence is found analytically as a function of external loading shape. A simple design formula for the bound of these effects on the beam strength has been found, covering any possible external loading. For example, for a beam of 10 grains (compliance correlation length of 0.1L) and a 10% compliance variance, the bound of the heterogeneity effect on strength is about 8%.     

Analysis and Optimization of Plane Cable Trusses∗

ABSTRACT

A method for the optimization of plane cable trusses with loads distributed along the cables according to any arbitrary law, as well as a suitable finite element model for the individual cable section, is presented. The optimization method is divided into two steps. In the first, the structure is optimized through the use of a simplified model in which the two main cables are considered continuously connected by an infinite number of vertical inex-tensible wires. In the second step the optimal solution obtained for the simplified model serves as the point of departure for the optimization of the real structure, using Powell's method of conjugate directions. Suitable external penalty functions guarantee that the solution is feasible. A numerical example is also given.     

A novel yield function for single crystals based on combined constraints optimization

A novel yield function representing the overall plastic deformation in a single crystal is developed using the concept of optimization. Based on the principle of maximum dissipation during a plastic deformation, the problem of single crystal plasticity is first considered as a constrained optimization problem in which constraints are yield functions for slip systems. To overcome the singularity that usually arises in solving the above problem, a mathematical technique is used to replace the above constrained optimization problem with an equivalent problem which has only one constraint. This single constraint optimization problem, the so-called combined constraints crystal plasticity (CCCP) model, is implemented into a finite element code and the results of modeling the uniaxial tensions of the single crystal copper along different crystallographic directions and also hydroforming of aluminum tubes proved the capability of the proposed CCCP model in accurately predicting the deformation in polycrystalline materials.     

Some extremum properties of finite-step solutions inelastoplasticity

For the nonholonomic elastic–plastic problem under a given external action history overa time interval, an extremal formulation is given in terms of the complete solution over the wholeinterval. The assumed elastic–plastic behaviour is of the associated type with piecewiselinearized yield surface and linear hardening.When the loading history is reduced to an infinitesimal increment of the external actions(incremental problem) or when the material behaviour is assumed to be of the holonomic type (finite holonomic step) problem, the functional of the extremal formulation may be split into thesum of two other simpler functionals (previously introduced) whose minimum, for both of them,gives the problem solution under less constraints than in the original problem.For general non-holonomic loading histories the above splitting is shown to be still possiblewhen a particular change of the complementarity condition of the constitutive law is considered,which leads to a new class of holonomic problems.It is shown that some problems of this new class, together with a suitable time discretization,represent the schematization of the original problem corresponding to well known numericalintegration schemes.     

销钉耳片连接件接触应力分析的能量解法

针对光滑无间隙的钉孔接触情况,根据圣维南原理,以耳片孔为中心取出一圆形区域,采用叠加原理将受力状态分解为对称和反对称状态,利用正交完备的三角级数和勒让德级数构造这两种受力状态的位移场.假设接触表面的载荷分布模态,由最小势能原理确定位移函数中的待定系数,得到耳片孔边的位移场和应力场.本文计算结果与有限元数值解比较显示:两...     

Optimisation de renforts composites internes de structures tridimensionnelles

The reinforcement of a 3D structure with composite panels is considered. The behaviour of those panels are to be optimized considering the external loading of the 3D structure. The study is within the framework of anisotropic linear elasticity. The 3D model takes into account the rigidity induced by Kirchhoff–Love plate reinforcement. An optimization of the behavior characteristics of the composite reinforcement (density and orientation of fibers at each point) is presented.     

Compaction of a mixture of copper and molybdenum nanopowders modeled by the molecular dynamics method

A problem of compacting a mixture of copper and molybdenum nanopowders under the action of external loading generated by a spherical piston is solved by the molecular dynamics method. Interatomic interaction is calculated with the use of a multiparticle potential obtained by the embedded atom method. It is shown that compaction leads to significant deformations in copper, resulting in the loss of the crystalline structure; copper nanoparticles melt and fill the entire porous space. Molybdenum particles are deformed to a much smaller extent; they are not destroyed and preserve their crystalline structure. Under high loading, there appear voids in copper at the stage of compact extension; these voids rapidly grow in size and coagulate into one large void located in the nanocell center. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 11–23, September–October, 2008.     

基于功能度量法的桁架结构非概率可靠性拓扑优化方法研究

在结构优化中,拓扑优化相比于尺寸优化和形状优化,设计空间更加广泛,因而能够取得更大的效益.近年来,结构拓扑优化逐渐成为人们研究的热点和难点.随着科学技术的发展,工程结构越来越复杂,材料本身和外部环境的不确定性影响加剧,因此在拓扑优化中需要考虑不确定性的影响.本文研究了桁架结构的非概率可靠性拓扑优化问题,用区间模型来量化...     

多工况应力约束下刮板取料机输送链板的拓扑优化

应用ICM方法建立了悬臂式刮板取料机输送链板的拓扑优化模型,针对多工况应力约束下连续体拓扑优化中出现的载荷病态现象,提出了在优化过程中对载荷进行分层放大处理的策略.将ANSYS中单元生死法与ICM方法及分层优化过程有机结合起来,实现单元的删除、保留与复活.借助ANSYS软件平台,利用APDL语言实现了对输送链板的拓扑优化,完成了对输送链板的轻量化设计.     

考虑性态约束时多工况桁架结构拓扑优化设计

本文提出了一种适用于桁架结构的拓扑优化设计方法。它以杆内力为设计变量,以结构重量为目标函数。该方法的主要特点是:第一,通过引入杆内力为设计变量,既克服了已有方法要求预定位移场这一主要困难,又为在拓扑优化过程中考虑应力、位移等性态约束创造了条件;第二,将多工况的拓扑优化问题描述为一个非光滑的数学规划问题,再通过一个变量代换将其转化为一般的规划为题,进而将原问题的求解又转化为几个线性规划问题的求解;第三,基于结构力学的三个基本方程,将位移与应力约束提成为线性不等式约束,这些约束同重量的目标函数一起构成了拓扑优化设计的线性规划模型。最后,将本方法应用于几个工程算例,得到了满意的数值计算结果。     

统一骨架与连续体的结构拓扑优化的ICM理论与方法

技术了基于ＩＣＭ方法的结构拓扑优化新模型并应用于骨架与连续体结构。ＩＣＭ方法意指独立、连续变量与映射及其反演。新模型将两种结构统一建立了具有重量目标函数和多工况下应力与位移约束下的优化问题,提出的过滤函数是ＩＣＭ方法的关键技术之一。说明了优化策略与算法。     

The plane elasticity problem of an isotropic wedge under normal and shear distributed loading––application in the case of a multi-material problem

The problem of a multi-material composite wedge under a normal and shear loading at its external faces is considered with a variable separable solution. The stress and displacement fields are determined using the equilibrium conditions for forces and moments and the appropriate Airy stress function. The infinite isotropic wedge under shear and normal distributed loading along its external faces is examined for different values of the order n of the radial coordinate r. The proposed solution is applied to the elastostatic problem of a composite isotropic k-materials infinite wedge under distributed loading along its external faces. Applications are made in the case of the two-materials composite wedge under linearly distributed loading along its external faces and in the case of a three-materials composite wedge under a parabolically distributed loading along its external faces.     

Optimal design of steel frames accounting for buckling

A formulation of a special design problem devoted to elastic perfectly plastic steel frame structures subjected to different combinations of static and dynamic loads is presented. In particular, a minimum volume design problem formulation is presented and the structure is designed to be able to elastically behave for the assigned fixed loads, to elastically shakedown in presence of serviceability load conditions and to prevent the instantaneous collapse for suitably chosen combinations of fixed and ultimate seismic loadings as well as of fixed and wind actions. The actions that the structure must suffer are evaluated by making reference to the actual Italian seismic code. The dynamic response of the structure is performed by utilizing a modal technique. In order to prevent other undesired collapse modes further constraints are introduced in the relevant optimization problem taking into account the risk of element buckling. Different applications devoted to flexural frames conclude the paper. The sensitivity of the structural response has been investigated on the grounds of the determination and interpretation of the Bree diagrams of the obtained optimal structures.     

模型外载与自重并存变动外载的光弹性分析法

提出一个变动模型外载，分析大模型在外载与自重共同作用时的尤弹性法。它与用离心力模拟自重试验的传统方法完全不同，只要在大模型上变动外载，就可以获得上述两种载荷共同作用下的应力分析结果。此法避免了用离心模型自重受模型尺寸限制等诸多因素影响的缺点，为自重不可的大型复杂空间工程结构模型试验应力分析提出了一条新的途径。文中给出了本方法的基本原理及其简要的实验验证和工程应用结果。