Bacteriorhodopsin O-state Photocycle Kinetics: A Surfactant Study

The spectroscopy and dynamics of interaction between the O intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and several surfactants (cetrimonium bromide [CTAB], sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] and diethylene glycol mono- n -hexyl ether [C6E2]) were investigated using steady-state UV–VIS spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and time-resolved absorption techniques. The steady-state spectral results show that bR can retain its trimeric state without severe damage in the molar concentration ratio of C6E2/bR ranging up to 4000. Time-resolved observations indicate that the rise and decay rates and transient populations of the O state can be increased in the presence of nonionic surfactant C6E2; however, these studies indicate the opposite phenomenon in the presence of the ionic surfactants CTAB and SDS. The observed 40% enhancement in the transient population of the O intermediate state that results from treatment of C6E2 is proposed to result from an expanding bR structure, which leads to more effective proton pumping efficiency in the photosynthetic system of bR.     

季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂的胶束化动力学研究

采用停流法并结合Aniannson-Wall理论, 研究了联接基为(CH2)2, (CH2)3, (CH2)4和(CH2)6的季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂胶束的形成-破坏过程. 动力学的研究结果表明, 胶束形成-破坏过程的弛豫时间(τ2)与联接基的长度、表面活性剂的浓度、反离子的浓度以及温度有关. 随联接基长度的增加, 季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂胶束形成-破坏过程的弛豫时间缩短. 当温度高于293 K时, 随着反离子浓度的增加, 1/τ2将出现一个最低值. 根据核化焓结果提出了不同的联接基长度的季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂具有不同的胶束形成-破坏过程的机理.     

具有甲状腺素脱碘酶活性的抗体酶的化学修饰

甲状腺素脱碘酶是一种膜硒蛋白[1], 它能够将甲状腺素降解为不同产物, 并对甲状腺素的生理功能起调控作用. 但是, 甲状腺素脱碘酶极易变性失活, 到目前为止仍未得到纯酶[2]. 近来, 此酶的人工模拟工作逐渐成为热点. 我们小组[3]首次以3,5,3′,5′-四碘甲状腺原氨酸五水钠盐(T4)为半抗原, 采用单克隆抗体技术和苯甲基磺酰氟及硒氢化钠修饰的方法, 成功地制备了具有甲状腺素脱碘酶活性的抗体酶.     

易水解类表面活性剂的表面与胶团性质

对直链烷基羧酸盐与烷基氯化伯铵两类易水解型表面活性剂进行了较系统的研究,发现pH 值、温度、 盐浓度的变化对体系表面性质及胶团形成有较明显的影响.二类体系中相应水解产物的存在均可较大幅度地提高体系的表面活性,但pH 值在碱性范围内的变化仍对羧酸钠的表面性质与胶团形成有明显影响,而烷基氯化铵的表面性质与聚集能力在酸性条件下则主要受盐浓度的影响,而不受pH 值影响.表明这两类易水解体系产生的极性有机物对各自体系的表面性质和聚集能力影响力度不同.考察了温度对易水解类表面活性剂的影响,并利用相分离模型对相应体系的胶团形成热力学参数进行了计算与讨论.     

[6O]富勒烯的化学修饰

对近年来一些新的[60]富勒烯的化学修饰方法进行了综述。参考文献76篇。     

Chemical Modification of Graphene

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - Methods of graphene preparation, its structure, physical and chemical properties are reviewed. Two stages of chemical modification of graphene are...     

非线性化学反应动力学*

本文从实验和理论的角度综述非线性化学反应动力学。介绍了若干非线性化学反应动力学现象如时钟反应、反馈、混合振荡、化学混沌及反应扩散图案等; 对时空序列、功率谱、Lyapunov 指数、吸引子及其维数、Poincare 截面及分叉理论等常用于分析非线性动力学特征的手段作了介绍; 探讨了对非线性化学反应的实验装置、测试方法、机理和模型研究的方法; 简要回顾了非线性化学反应动力学的发展历史, 并展望了其发展趋势。     

Chemical Oscillations in Enzyme Kinetics

The Higgins model is a two variable model in enzyme kinetics. In contrast with other popular simple dynamical models like the Lotka-Volterra model, the Higgins model shows steady states, damped oscillations and stable limit cycles. For these three dynamical behaviors, stability analysis yields expressions of the eigenvalues, which are easy to obtain either analytically or with the use of Mathematica. With these expressions we can find the boundaries between the three dynamical regions in parameter space and the bifurcation point. Also, we have compared the Higgins model with the other two variable models and find that the origin of the richer dynamical behavior of the Higgins model is due to the enzymatic step in the mechanism.     

Chemical Modification of PVC

Despite the fact that polyvinyl chloride) (PVC) has occupied the most important position among general-purpose plastics, its industrial applications are limited due to its inferior thermal stability and mechanical properties. Many studies have been conducted to remedy these disadvantages. This paper reviews these studies from the viewpoint of chemical modification of PVC.     

Efficient Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes with Metallacarboranes

As‐produced single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) tend to aggregate in bundles due to π–π interactions. Several approaches are nowadays available to debundle, at least partially, the nanotubes through surface modification by both covalent and noncovalent approaches. Herein, we explore different strategies to afford an efficient covalent functionalization of SWCNTs with cobaltabisdicarbollide anions. Aberration‐corrected HRTEM analysis reveals the presence of metallacarboranes along the walls of the SWCNTs. This new family of materials presents an outstanding water dispersibility that facilitates its processability for potential applications.     

染料木素的化学修饰研究进展

大豆异黄酮染料木素具有抗氧化活性、心血管保护、抗癌、抗炎、抗溃疡及雌激素等多种药理功能。本文综述了染料木素的化学修饰研究进展,为进行前药分子设计、寻找活性化合物提供依据。     

多糖对客体分子非共价改性的研究

多糖一般来自于生物体,在自然界中广泛存在.它们有着复杂的化学结构、分子构象和生理功能,正越来越受到研究者的关注.多糖家族中的β-1,3-葡聚糖由于具有很强的螺旋结构形成能力而被研究得最多.碳纳米管由于具有优异的力学、电学、光学和热性能已成为有应用潜力的纳米材料.合成寡核苷酸在近年的研究中也显示出可能用于治疗疑难杂症.利...     

论化学反应动力学中的稳态假设

对单分子气相反应undemann机理提出了一个不用稳态假设的动力学新表述，并指出经典表述中的稳态假设是主观硬性加上的，缺少了一个条件。当反应气体压强变小时，经典表述中虽然应用稳态假设，但实际上是高活性中间产物的近似，并不真正存在稳态。稳态假设的适用性有两种不同的近似本质，一是平衡态近似或真稳态，另一是高活性中间产物近似，应予分辨。过去文献中往往把两者混在一起，这会导致得不到一般性结论，或所得一般性结论会有错误。文中也讨论了在复杂反应中真稳态的存在，而平衡态和真稳态的建立，都需经过一个初期瞬间过程，而高活性中间产物近似没有初期瞬间过程，因为不是一个形成稳态的过程。     

Chemical Modification of Silica Gels

Highly porous pure and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-doped silica gels have been prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in ethanol using NH₄OH base-catalysis. Addition of PEG to the SiO₂-system increases the average particle size and most frequent pore diameter of the resultant gels while their total surface area decreases. The viscosity of the sol increases with PEG concentration and passes through a maximum with increasing molecular weight at PEG 200. Results obtained indicate a definite interaction of the polymer with SiO₂ and that this interaction is not as a result of direct formation of Si– O– C linkage, but is more likely to be due to hydrogen bonding between the hydrated PEG and the Si– O– Si network. Structure-process correlations are considered.     

球壳烯类的化学修饰

自从Kratschmer和Huffman发表了较为简便的制备和分离碳-60,碳-70的方法以来,对于球壳烯类,特别是碳-60的表征和物化性质已进行了较为翔实的研究。关于球壳烯类的化学修饰,尽管起步较晚,对其兴趣也日益高涨。本文综述了球壳烯类的化学修饰,特别在球壳烯外壳的化学反应方面。     

Chemical Modification of Activated Carbons

Mesoporous activated carbons and silica gel (Kieselgel 100, Merck) were modified as follows: (i) treatment with vinyltrimethoxysilane; or (ii)chlorination with CCl₄ followed by the reaction with a Grignard reagent. Modification of silica gel was proved by methods FTIR, NMR-¹³C and element analysis on carbon. The chemical modification of coals by alkans and olefins was supported by comparison of results of thermogravimetry for modified coals and modified silica gels. Polymerization of vinyl groups on carbon surface is shown by methods thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人纤维蛋白溶酶原的化学修饰

分别以乙基咪唑 (NAI)、 1 ,2 -环己二酮 (CHD)、碳二亚胺 (EDC)和氯氨 -T(Ch-T)作修饰剂 ,研究人纤维蛋白溶酶原 (HPg)中的酪氨酸、精氨酸、羧基和蛋氨酸残基对 HPg活性的影响 ,发现 HPg中的酪氨酸和精氨酸残基的修饰对 HPg活性影响不大 ,而羧基和蛋氨酸残基的修饰导致 HPg酶活性丧失 .按 Keech和Farrant动力学方法分析 ,得出有以两个羧基和一个蛋氨酸残基为 HPg活性的必需基团 ,其中一个羧基为活性中心外的必需基团     

多相催化研究中化学动力学的作用(英文)

The paper presents shortly some of the important elements of the theory and of the practical applications of the kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Discussed are some of the most important concepts of the kinetics of complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions,methodology of building kinetic models and mathematical treatment of experimental data,influence of heat and mass transfer,types of laboratory reactors,kinetics and nanosized catalysts and others. Examples for use of the kinetic studies for the development and application of industrial catalysts and modeling of industrial reactors are presented.     

Palladium in the Chemical Synthesis and Modification of Proteins

The field of site‐specific modification of proteins has drawn significant attention in recent years owing to its importance in various research areas such as the development of novel therapeutics and understanding the biochemical and cellular behaviors of proteins. The presence of a large number of reactive functional groups in the protein of interest and in the cellular environment renders modification at a specific site a highly challenging task. With the development of sophisticated chemical methodologies it is now possible to target a specific site of a protein with a desired modification, however, many challenges remain to be solved. In this context, transition metals in particular palladium‐mediated C−C bond‐forming and C−O bond‐cleavage reactions gained great interest owing to the unique catalytic properties of palladium. Palladium chemistry is being explored for protein modifications in vitro, on the cell surface, and within the cell. Very recently, palladium complexes have been applied for the rapid deprotection of several widely utilized cysteine protecting groups as well as in the removal of solubilizing tags to facilitate chemical protein synthesis. This Minireview highlights these advances and how the accumulated knowledge of palladium chemistry for small molecules is being impressively transferred to synthesis and modification of chemical proteins.