化学知识与环境化学知识的关系

化学知识是环境化学知识的基础。化学概念和理论能够对大气环境中的化学反应、土壤环境中的化学反应、水体环境中的化学反应以及水体中存在的平衡等内容进行分析和解释。环境化学知识是运用化学知识研究物质的环境化学行为以及治理化学污染物质而形成的知识体系。对环境化学问题的深入研究能够促进化学的发展。     

农药化学中的绿色化学

绿色化学是从根本上消除环境污染的必由之路。由于某些传统农药是引起环境污染的一个重要因素,因而对农药化学中的绿色化学进行研究和推广具有非常重要的意义。本文应用绿色化学原理,对农药化学中的一些绿色化学方法和技术作了简单介绍。     

面向未来的化学——绿色化学

综述了绿色化学的发展背景与历史,重点介绍了绿色化学反应的基本原则以及绿色化学在原子经济、绿色原料、绿色催化剂、绿色溶剂、绿色化学产品等领域取得的进展,希望能够推动社会和民众对绿色化学的理解与认知。     

塑造亲和的化学形象——简论化学的公众形象及其对化学教育的启示

随着工业对化学品需求的扩大和化学研究的发展,不断有化学事件被曝光。无论在中国还是在世界,化学的公众形象都不容乐观。化学教育在化学形象形成过程中起着重要作用。化学教育应该塑造亲和的化学形象,体现化学的趣味性、实用性、创造性和人文性。通过科学本质教育、人文教育、研究性学习等手段可以提升化学教学内涵,帮助学生树立正确的化学形象。     

化学师范生对化学本质及其教学的认识研究

使用问卷调查法与访谈法,以广东某高校的化学师范生为样本,测查了30名化学师范生对化学本质的认识状况、教学意愿及教学策略。结果表明,（1）师范生对化学本质（包括化学知识的性质、来源、论证、评价等维度）的认识主要体现了辩证唯物主义取向;（2）师范生仅在对个别化学本质维度的认识上涉及到化学的学科专属性;（3）师范生有进行化学本质教学的意愿并能阐述原因,但缺乏进行化学本质教学的策略。据此对我国化学师范生教育及其研究提出相关建议。     

化学化工专业学生绿色化学认识的调查与思考

就化学化工专业学生对绿色化学认识的调查显示：多数学生对绿色化学的属性有较好的理解与认识;不少学生对绿色化学作用的理解与认识不足,甚至是错误的;对绿色化学的12条原则认识不全面。学校与教师应提高对学生进行绿色化学教育重要性的认识,通过开设专门的绿色化学课程,在化学理论课与实验课教学中自觉地渗透绿色化学理念,在实践中培养绿色化学意识。     

化学定义的研究进展

综述了化学定义近些年来对化学的最新研究进展,化学定义仍然是一个随着化学科学的发展而发展的,是一个有待进一步解决的课题。     

农村化学教师化学核心概念理解调查研究

对农村化学教师化学核心概念的理解情况进行了调查.调查表明农村化学教师对化学核心概念的理解处于较低水平.教师应该从认识论角度反思化学核心概念.     

如何从化学学科的角度理解化学生物学的内涵

化学生物学作为一个新兴的交叉学科,已经引起了我国各个高校化学院系密切关注,为了顺应这一新学科发展的需要,众多高校纷纷建立与化学生物学学科相关的实验室或研究组,并开始招收化学生物学专业的本科生和研究生。但是,有关化学生物学的基本知识结构仍然不清楚,化学、生物学和药学家对于化学生物学内容的理解均本着本学科相关的一些方面,侧重点各不相同。因此,本文从化学学科的角度对目前化学生物学的研究内容、化学生物学学科的建立以及化学生物学的定义进行讨论。     

化学符号对化学思维能力发展的教学功能研究

基于维果茨基的符号工具理论,将高中必修课程中的化学符号分为：化学用语、仪器符号、模型符号3类,每种类型促进化学思维能力发展的机制都互有联系与区别。化学符号作为思维的工具,对促进化学思维能力发展具有重要教学功能。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.