浆态床反应器中生物质合成气合成二甲醚的研究

进行了浆态床反应器中,甲醇合成催化剂与分子筛混合制复合催化剂上,生物质制取的合成气(简称生物质合成气)一步法合成二甲醚的研究,重点考察了不同脱水组分和工艺条件对催化剂反应性能的影响,同时,结合NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,含有较弱酸性SAPO-11分子筛的复合催化剂更适合生物质合成气原料气杂质多、氢碳比低的特点,在合成二甲醚反应中具有更高的选择性和稳定性。250℃、5 MPa、500 h^-1时,在甲醇催化剂与SAPO-11分子筛比例为3:1的复合催化剂上,合成气合成二甲醚反应35 h内,CO转化率稳定在40%以上,二甲醚在有机产品中的选择性保持在97%左右。     

等离子体催化甲烷干重整实验研究

本文利用等离子体耦合催化剂的方式进行CH4干重整(Dry Reforming of Methane,DRM),重点考察了反应温度、CO2/CH4物质的量比、合成气主要气体组分浓度(N2、H2、CO、H2O)对CH4转化率及等离子体催化能量效率的影响.结果表明,以La-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,当反应温度450℃,C...     

Ni/Al2O3催化剂表面状态对CH4氧化反应的影响

采用瞬变响应技术研究了常压700℃条件下气相O2、Ni/Al2O3催化剂表面上可逆吸附氧物种及催化剂的表面状态对CH4吸附、反应以及CH4部分氧化反应的影响,同时也对CH4部分氧化制合成气反应过程中催化剂表面所处的状态进行了研究.结果表明,如果催化剂表面处于氧化态,CH4不能吸附分解,只能通过RidealEley机理与催化剂表面的吸附氧进行非选择性氧化反应,这将严重影响CH4的转化和目的产物H2、CO的选择性.只有在还原的催化剂上,CH4部分氧化制合成气反应才能高转化、高选择性地进行.在CH4部分氧化制合成气反应过程中,催化剂表面处于还原态,不存在多余的中间氧物种NiO,但存在少量的碳物种,这有利于保持催化剂的还原态和抑制CO2的生成.     

氧化铝的改性及其在合成气直接制二甲醚反应中的应用

 采用浸渍法制备了经硼、磷和硫的含氧酸根阴离子改性的γ-Al2O3, 以其为甲醇脱水活性组分,与铜基甲醇合成活性组分CuO-ZnO-Al2O3组成双功能催化剂,并在连续流动加压固定床反应器上考察了催化剂对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能. 结果表明, SO2-4改性可以显著提高γ-Al2O3的甲醇脱水活性,从而提高产物中二甲醚的选择性和一氧化碳的转化率. 此外,还详细研究了SO2-4改性条件如SO2-4含量、焙烧温度及前驱物种类的影响. 结果表明,当SO2-4含量为10%, 焙烧温度为550 ℃时,二甲醚的选择性及一氧化碳的转化率最高; SO2-4前驱物的种类对其改性效果的影响很小.     

生物质炭和富二氧化碳合成气制取二甲醚

研究了一种利用富二氧化碳合成气和生物质炭联合制取二甲醚的方法, 其过程包括两个步骤: 富二氧化碳合成气调整以及调整后合成气合成二甲醚. 在合成气调整过程中, 利用生物质炭为原料在Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂上将富二氧化碳合成气调整为富一氧化碳合成气. 经过800 °C合成气调整后, 合成气中CO₂含量大幅降低而CO含量大幅提高, CO₂/CO的摩尔比从原始合成气的6.33降至0.21. 然后, 分别用调整前后的合成气合成二甲醚, 结果表明, 经过调整后, C转化率得到很大的提高, 二甲醚产率比调整前高4倍. 本工作提供了一种可利用富二氧化碳生物质合成气制取燃料的途径, 并且提供了一种新的利用生物质炭的方法.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

流化床中 CH4/C3H8 自热重整制合成气

 在流化床反应器中, 考察了 Ni/SiO2 催化剂上 CH4 或 CH4-C3H8 临氧 CO2 重整 (自热重整) 制合成气反应性能. 结果表明, 在 CH4-C3H8 混合气自热重整反应中, Ni 粒径较小催化剂的活性和抗积炭性能较高, CH4 和 CO2 转化率分别达 75.5% 和 72.6%. C3H8 比 CH4 更易解离及被氧化, 部分 C3H8 解离出来的中间产物 CHx 物种可与吸附 H 结合为 CH4, 因而降低了 CH4 的表观转化率; CHx 也可与吸附的 CO2 物种反应生成 H2 与 CO, 从而促进了 CO2 的转化.     

Rh/SiO_2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气的反应机理

采用原位Raman光谱技术,在原料气中的O2未完全耗尽的条件下,对CH4部分氧化制合成气反应的Rh/SiO2催化剂床层前部贵金属物种的化学态以及由CH4解离所生成的碳物种进行了表征.在此基础上采用脉冲反应和同位素示踪技术,比较了CH4的部分氧化及其与H2O和CO2的重整等反应对催化剂床层氧化区内CO和H2生成的相对贡献,并将实验结果与Ra-man光谱表征结果进行了关联.结果表明,在600°C下将还原后的4%Rh/SiO2催化剂切入CH4:O2:Ar=2:1:45原料气,催化剂床层前部未检测到铑氧化物的Raman谱峰,但可清晰检测到源于CH4解离的碳物种;在700°C和接触时间小于1ms的条件下,催化剂床层的氧化区内已有大量CO和H2生成,在相同的实验条件下,CH4与H2O或CO2重整反应对氧化区内合成气生成的贡献则很小;以CH4:16O2:H218O:He=2:1:2:95为原料气的同位素示踪实验结果表明,在原料气中16O2未完全耗尽的情况下,反应产物中C16O的含量占CO生成总量的92.3%,表明CO主要来自CH4的部分氧化反应.上述结果均表明,在O2存在下Rh/SiO2催化剂上CO和H2可以通过CH4直接解离和部分氧化机理生成.     

介孔Ni-β-Mo2C/SBA-16催化剂在CH4/CO2重整制合成气反应中的催化性能

采用等体积浸渍将双金属活性组分负载到介孔分子筛SBA-16上,通过热分解制备了负载型催化剂Ni--Mo2C/SBA-16.N2吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射和透射电镜等结果表明,引入活性组分后,样品依然保持原有的有序介孔结构,活性组分高度分散于载体上,没有团聚.在CH4/CO2重整制合成气反应中,Ni--Mo2C/SBA-16催化剂具有较高的CH4和CO2转化率,以及CO和H2选择性,有明显的抗积炭作用.     

整体式催化剂催化重整净化生物质粗燃气性能研究

采用分步浸渍法制备了以Ni为活性组分的整体式催化剂,以萘为生物质焦油的模型化合物,考察了整体式催化剂催化重整生物质粗燃气的性能,通过元素分析、热重分析等方法对催化剂的表面积炭进行了研究。结果表明,在整体式催化剂作用下,108h的连续反应中,CH4的平均转化率达到92%,最高达到93.8%。合成气H2/CO的摩尔比保持0.95左右,最高达到1.15,适合液体燃料合成。CO2 的平均转化率为80%,最高达到88%。实验中添加萘模拟生物质焦油的成分,经检测焦油全部转化为H2、CO及微量轻质组分。反应连续进行108h,未发现反应器压降变化和CH4与焦油转化率的下降,表明整体式催化剂具有较好的活性和抗积炭性能。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.