共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
A recent paper [A.A. Krokhin, J. Arriaga, L.N. Gumen, Speed of sound in periodic elastic composites, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2004) 264302-1-4] addresses the speed of sound in periodic elastic composites (phononic crystals) with particular emphasis to the case where air bubbles are present in water and arranged periodically. In such periodically arranged mixtures, the well-known phenomena of the drop of the speed of sound may occur and applications related to, e.g., sound-beam focusing and acoustic surgery are possible [F. Cervera, L. Sanchez, J.V. Sanchez-Perez, R. Martinez-Sala, C. Rubio, F. Meseguer, C. Lopez, D. Caballero, J. Sanchez-Dehesa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 023902]. In this paper, the analysis is extended theoretically to include cases where a background flow in a periodic structure is maintained. Calculations of dispersion relations and group velocities are presented in cases with one- and two-dimensional material periodicity for background flow values in the range: 0-1m/s. Materials considered in the calculations are periodic water-air mixtures. It is shown that acoustic waves couple to the group velocities only if the (acoustic) wave vector has a component along the background flow velocity direction. 相似文献
2.
G. Kopitkovas I. Mikulskas K. Grigoras I. Simkiene R. Tomasiunas 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,73(4):495-501
Laser-induced transient-grating measurements were performed to monitor the influence of porous silicon on the surface recombination
of a highly doped n+-silicon emitter of solar cells. With this technique, photocarrier diffusion and recombination with a time resolution of some
tens of picoseconds can be studied. Using pulses of the second- and third-harmonic radiation from an Nd3+:YAG laser (quantum energy 2.34 and 3.51 eV, respectively), two different-depth regions of the emitter were excited. Using
a kinetic model, which includes carrier diffusion and recombination at the surface and in the bulk of the emitter, surface-recombination
velocities in a series of samples typical for each successive operation of solar-cell technology with different surface-doping
level and surface preparation were evaluated. From the analysis, we conclude that porous silicon formed on the emitter passivates
the surface of the silicon layer, i.e. reduces the rate of surface recombination at the porous silicon–crystalline silicon
interface. Ytterbium as a co-dopant of the emitter increases the surface-recombination velocity.
Received: 26 June 2000 / Accepted: 4 December 2000 / Published online: 26 April 2001 相似文献
3.
Isotopic ratio measurement of methane in ambient air using mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Dahnke D. Kleine W. Urban P. Hering M. Mürtz 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2001,72(1):121-125
We report on infrared laser spectroscopic measurements of the isotopic composition of methane (12CH4, 13CH4) in natural air samples with a cavity ring-down technique. A CO overtone sideband laser is utilized to excite a high-finesse
cavity which provides an effective optical absorption path length of 3.6 km. We achieved a detection limit of 105 ppt methane
in ambient air using an integration time of 20 s. This corresponds to a minimum detectable absorption of 1.9×10-9 /cm. Rapid determination of the 13C/12Cisotopic ratio of methane in ambient air without sample preconcentration or gas processing is realized. The present system
requires only few minutes for an isotopic ratio measurement with a precision of 11%o .
Received: 14 July 2000 / Revised version: 25 October 2000 / Published online: 6 December 2000 相似文献
4.
Filamentary iron nanostructures from laser-induced pyrolysis of iron pentacarbonyl and ethylene mixtures 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
H. Hofmeister F. Huisken B. Kohn R. Alexandrescu S. Cojocaru A. Crunteanu I. Morjan L. Diamandescu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,72(1):7-11
In this work, we present results of the synthesis and characterization of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles aggregated in
filamentary, spider-web-like structures. The particles were produced in a flow reactor by CO2 laser pyrolysis of gaseous mixtures of iron pentacarbonyl and ethylene. Low- and high-resolution electron microscopy reveals
chain-like structures of particles, most of them being composed of an α-iron core and an iron oxide shell, identified as magnetite
and, to a lesser extent, hematite. These results are in good agreement with a M?ssbauer analysis carried out for the same
samples. The role of the reaction temperature on the synthesis of filamentary iron nanostructures by infrared laser pyrolysis
of Fe(CO)5/C2H4 mixtures is discussed.
Received: 31 May 2000 / Accepted: 6 June 2000 / Published online: 2 August 2000 相似文献
5.
M. Gutfleisch D.I. Shin T. Dreier P.M. Danehy 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2000,71(5):673-680
Laser-induced thermal gratings (LITG) were generated in mixtures of ethylene and ammonia in nitrogen using mid-infrared laser
radiation from a grating-tuned, low-pressure, pulsed (5 ms pulse width) CO2 laser, and read out with a continuous wave Nd:YLF laser. The LITG signal intensity was measured as a function of pressure
(0.1–2 MPa) and temperature (300–800 K, at 0.1 and 1 MPa) by tuning the laser to the accidental coincidences of the 10P(14)
and 10R(6) emission lines with molecular absorption transitions of C2H4 and NH3, respectively. Comparisons are made with theoretical predictions for the grating efficiency from a simple thermalization
model. A theoretical comparison of the temporal LITG signal response for three excitation pulse shapes – a delta function,
a realistic pulse, and a square wave is presented. Furthermore, it is shown that for NH3, most of the decrease of the LITG signal intensity with increasing temperature is due to the corresponding decrease in fractional
molecular absorption of the pump beam radiation. The diagnostic capabilities of the mid-infrared LITG experiment is demonstrated
for spatially resolved ethylene measurements with long laser pulses in a premixed stoichiometric CH4–air flame at atmospheric pressure.
Received: 17 March 2000 / Revised version: 23 March 2000 / Published online: 13 September 2000 相似文献
6.
A closed flowing thick film filtered water immersion technique ensures a controlled geometry for both the optical interfaces of the flowing liquid film and allows repeatable control of flow-rate during machining. This has the action of preventing splashing, ensures repeatable machining conditions and allows control of liquid flow velocity. To investigate the impact of this technique on ablation threshold, bisphenol A polycarbonate samples have been machined using KrF excimer laser radiation passing through a medium of filtered water flowing at a number of flow velocities, that are controllable by modifying the liquid flow-rates. An average decrease in ablation threshold of 7.5% when using turbulent flow velocity regime closed thick film filtered water immersed ablation, compared to ablation using a similar beam in ambient air; however, the use of laminar flow velocities resulted in negligible differences between closed flowing thick film filtered water immersion and ambient air. Plotting the recorded threshold fluence achieved with varying flow velocity showed that an optimum flow velocity of 3.00 m/s existed which yielded a minimum ablation threshold of 112 mJ/cm2. This is attributed to the distortion of the ablation plume effected by the flowing immersion fluid changing the ablation mechanism: at laminar flow velocities Bremsstrahlung attenuation decreases etch rate, at excessive flow velocities the plume is completely destroyed, removing the effect of plume etching. Laminar flow velocity regime ablation is limited by slow removal of debris causing a non-linear etch rate over ‘n’ pulses which is a result of debris produced by one pulse remaining suspended over the feature for the next pulse. The impact of closed thick film filtered water immersed ablation is dependant upon beam fluence: high fluence beams achieved greater etch efficiency at high flow velocities as the effect of Bremsstrahlung attenuation is removed by the action of the fluid on the plume; low fluences loose efficiency as the beam makes proportionally large fluence losses at it passes through the chamber window and immersion medium. 相似文献
7.
It is shown that condensation of water vapor produces dynamic instability of atmospheric air and induces air circulation that is characterized by observable air velocities and persists independently of the magnitude of horizontal temperature gradients. 相似文献
8.
A. Dreizler S. Lindenmaier U. Maas J. Hult M. Aldén C.F. Kaminski 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2000,70(2):287-294
This study reports the application of a novel, high speed laser-detector system for the time-resolved study of flame propagation
in a well-controlled spark ignition system. The ignition system allowed full and reproducible control over the energy deposited
during breakdown and the ensuing arc discharge of the spark plasma. Ignition was performed in a closed vessel which was filled
with stoichiometric mixtures of methane and air. Four sequential snapshots of two-dimensional OH distributions were recorded
during single ignition events by the use of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). From these OH distributions flame front
velocities have been extracted with an accuracy of better than 2%. One-dimensional numerical simulations of the ignition event
including detailed chemistry and transport processes have been performed. Experimental results and results from the simulations
have been compared to each other with respect to flame front velocities as well as spatial concentration profiles of OH radicals.
In general a good agreement was obtained. In this way the ignition system was carefully characterised.
Received: 6 April 1999 / Published online: 27 October 1999 相似文献
9.
Light experiences a moving medium as an effective gravitational field. In the limit of low medium velocities the medium flow
plays the role of a magnetic vector potential. We review the background of our theory [U. Leonhardt and P. Piwnicki, Phys.
Rev. A 60, 4301 (1999); Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 822 (2000)], including our proposal of making optical black holes.
Received: 4 July 2000 / Revised version: 17 October 2000 / Published online: 6 December 2000 相似文献
10.
2 laser photoacoustic spectrometer has been developed for the in-situ monitoring of atmospheric trace gases in different environments.
Numerous air pollutants, such as ammonia, ethene, ozone and alcohols, can be monitored with a time resolution of a few minutes.
A new fitting algorithm based on the numerical method of Levenberg–Marquardt is discussed and applied to the derivation of
individual gas concentrations from measured photoacoustic signal amplitudes and phases at selected CO2 laser wavelengths. The algorithm has been tested with artificially generated multicomponent gas mixtures exhibiting gas concentrations
in the ppb to ppm range. Furthermore, its potential is demonstrated with the analysis of an air sample from a fruit storage
chamber and with ambient air measurements during a field study in a rural environment.
Received: 23 March 1998/Revised version: 18 June 1998 相似文献
11.
Multi-wavelength excimer ultraviolet sources from a mixture of krypton and iodine in a dielectric barrier discharge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
New ultraviolet (UV) sources (excimer lamps) have been demonstrated using mixtures of krypton and iodine in a high-pressure
dielectric barrier discharge to provide intense multi-wavelength radiation at λ=183 nm (atomic iodine line, 4
P
5/2?2
P
3/2), 191 nm (KrI*, B
1/2?X
1/2), 206 nm (atomic iodine line, 2
P
3/2?2
P
1/2), and 342 nm (I*
2, D
1/2?X
1/2). The characteristics of the optical emission spectra of the atomic species and the excited dimers (excimers) formed for
different total gas pressures and in the presence of a buffer gas have been investigated. The highest intensity, at 183 nm,
is obtained at pressures up to 1 bar while the overall emission spectra can be controlled by adjusting the total pressure.
The results show that these strong multi-wavelength lamps offer an interesting alternative to conventional UV sources.
Received: 1 March 2000 / Revised version: 5 April 2000 / Published online: 30 June 2000 相似文献
12.
J.-M. Lee J.-H. Jang T.-K. Yoo 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2000,70(5):561-564
Chemical doping of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) with K and Br was examined by vapor-phase reaction and studied by
Raman scattering. Electro-chemical Li-ion doping using an electrolyte of LiAsF6 in a mixture (1:1 by volume) of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was also carried out. All these experiments indicate
that an anomalously small charge transfer occurs in saturation-doped SWNHs using these reagents, in sharp contrast to the
behavior observed for single-wall carbon nanotube bundles and graphite. This rather remarkable result is not understood at
present.
Received: 13 July 2000 / Accepted: 14 July 2000 / Published online: 5 October 2000 相似文献
13.
Field-electron emission from polyimide-ablated films 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Ma L. Zhang N. Yao Z. Bi B. Zhang H. Hu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2000,71(3):281-284
Polyimide-ablated film was deposited by using pulsed laser ablation of a polyimide target, and field-electron emission from
the film was observed for the first time. The turn-on field of the polyimide-ablated film is 12 V/μm. The current density
is 0.725 mA/cm2, and the emission sites density is on the order of 106/cm2 at the applied field of 24 V/μm. The field-electron emission measurements indicate that this kind of film could be a new
cold cathode material. It is suggested that the graphite-like clusters contained in the film play an important role in the
field-electron emission.
Received: 2 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000 / Published online: 9 August 2000 相似文献
14.
X.R. Zhang Q.L. Zhang Y.N. Lu C.M. Gan P.Z. Fu H. Yin J.L. Zhou 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1998,66(3):351-355
4 O7 crystal is a new nonlinear optical crystal. For the first time the anisotropy of the velocities of its longitudinal and surface
acoustic waves (SAWs) are determined by laser ultrasonic technique. The velocities of surface waves for X-, Y-, and Z-cut
crystals are also calculated. The theoretical calculations of slowness curves are in good agreement with experimental results.
The SAW slowness curve is elliptical for Y- or Z-cut crystal wafers, and circular for an X-cut wafer.
Received: 27 January 1997/Accepted: 30 July 1997 相似文献
15.
We distinguish six classes of families of locally equivalent states in a straightforward scheme for classifying all 2–q-bit
states; four of the classes consist of two subclasses each. The simple criteria that we stated recently for checking a given
state’s positivity and separability are justified, and we discuss some important properties of Lewenstein–Sanpera decompositions.
An upper bound is conjectured for the sum of the degree of separability of a 2–q-bit state and its concurrence.
Received: 17 July 2000 / Published online: 6 December 2000 相似文献
16.
Resonant optical excitation of a direct bandgap semiconductor below the band edge induces excitonic coherences. Experiments
based on transient four-wave mixing or cw spectral-hole burning provide an excellent approach to eliminate inhomogeneous broadening
and enable determination of the time scale and origin of the decay of the optically induced quantum coherence. Such measurements
are of interest in basic physics since they reflect fundamental interactions between the exciton and the surrounding environment
including, for example, lattice vibrations and interface fluctuations. They also relate to potential applications of these
excitations such as in coherent control or quantum information processing.
Received: 30 March 2000 / Accepted: 2 September 2000 / Published online: 12 October 2000 相似文献
17.
G. Lengl A. Plettl P. Ziemann J.P. Spatz M. Möller 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,72(6):679-685
Diblock-copolymers (PS(1700)-b-P2VP(450) or PS(1350)-b-P2VP(400)) forming spherical micelles, can be loaded with a Au-salt
and deposited on top of various substrates. Such polymer films have been exposed to a pulsed ArF excimer laser in order to
remove the polymer matrix and, in parallel, to chemically reduce the salt into metallic Au nanodots. To analyze this process
in detail, it was subdivided into three steps: (a) laser ablation of thick and thin diblock-copolymer films; (b) laser irradiation
of Au-salt loaded diblock-copolymer films; and (c) laser irradiation of arrays of metallic Au nanodots. In (a) it was found
that a complete removal of the polymer by laser ablation is only possible in air under ambient conditions while identical
laser irradiations under vacuum result in a residual layer of approximately 14 nm. Substep (b) revealed a nucleation process
of the resulting metallic Au within the micellar core leading to clusters of small Au dots. Furthermore, this substep provided
evidence for an asymmetric interplay between the macroscopic temperature of a polymer film during laser treatment and the
energy density per laser pulse. In (c) it could be demonstrated that metallic Au nanodots on mica are stable against laser
irradiation under conditions leading to a polymer removal.
Received: 7 August 2000 / Accepted: 2 November 2000 / Published online: 3 April 2001 相似文献
18.
Ultrafast melting of a charge-ordered state has been observed in the photo-irradiated colossal magnetoresistive compound Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3. Pump-and-probe spectroscopy experiments reveal the formation of a conducting phase with typical features of an insulator–metal
transition (IMT) after less than 1 ps. This phase is metastable and can be maintained for about 1 μs unless it is stabilized
persistently into a pathlike metallic region by an electric field. Although laser-induced lattice heating may play a role
in the initial excitation, electronic correlations are the dominant effect which leads to the formation of the metallic state
upon the breakdown of the charge-ordered state.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Published online: 16 June 2000 相似文献
19.
The azimuthal angle dependence and the temperature dependence of terahertz (THz) radiation generated from n-type (111) InSb and n-type (111) InAs surfaces irradiated with ∼80 fs near-infrared laser pulses are investigated. The azimuthal angle dependence
shows that the contribution of the difference-frequency mixing (DFM) is not dominant for both materials at the excitation
density of ∼1 GW/cm2. At an appropriate azimuthal angle, the radiation due to DFM is excluded from the total THz radiation and the temperature
dependence of THz radiation due to the surge current is observed. The increase of THz radiation with decrease of the temperature
is found to be much more pronounced for InSb than for InAs. The different temperature dependence can be attributed to the
different radiation mechanisms dominant for both materials. Especially, the temperature dependence of the THz radiation from
InSb is well explained by the photo-Dember effect.
Received: 9 May 2000 / Revised version: 17 August 2000 / Published online: 5 October 2000 相似文献
20.
H.-P. Wu A. Okano K. Takayanagi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2000,71(6):643-646
Size-dispersed Si nanocluster films have been synthesized by a method of crossing an Ar gas beam perpendicularly to a silicon
cluster beam that is produced by a laser ablation technique. Flight directions of the nanoclusters are changed due to Ar gas
collisions, and smaller nanoclusters are deflected further from the axis of the primary cluster beam. The size-dispersed nanocluster
films exhibit strong red photoluminescence (PL) after exposure to the air. The PL peak energy changes between 1.42 and 1.72 eV
depending on the sample position. The average diameter of the oxidized nanoclusters characterized by transmission electron
microscopy is 10 nm at the position of the primary cluster beam axis and becomes smaller as deviated from the axis. The relation
between the PL peak energy and the size of the oxidized Si nanoclusters is discussed.
Received: 4 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 May 2000 / Published online: 13 July 2000 相似文献