分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中甲拌磷农药

建立了基于分散液液微萃取(DLLME)的新型样品前处理方法,并采用气相色谱/氢火焰离子化检测器对水样中痕量的甲拌磷农药进行了测定。考察了影响分散液液微萃取的因素包括萃取溶剂、分散剂、样品体积、萃取温度和离心速度等。在最佳实验条件下,对甲拌磷的富集倍数达到300倍;检出限为0.001μL/L;方法的线性范围为0.01~10μL/L,R2为0.9986;相对标准偏差为6.65%;回收率为104%。将分散液液微萃取法与单滴液相微萃取和离子液体-液相微萃取方法进行了对比,结果表明,分散液液微萃取技术具有操作简单、快捷(前处理时间小于5 min)、富集效果好、回收率高等优点。同时预言,将离子液体与分散液液微萃取结合,将会产生更加满意的结果。     

水中酚类化合物的液-液-液微萃取/ 高效液相色谱联用分析研究

建立了液-液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱联用(LLLME/HPLC)测定环境水中痕量酚类化合物2-甲基苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚的分析方法,研究了有机相溶剂种类及其体积、料液相pH值与离子强度、接受相的体积、组成及浓度和搅拌速率、萃取时间等因素对分析物萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法对酚类化合物的富集倍数可达到404~747倍,方法的线性范围为0.2~300μg/L,RSD(n=6)为6.8%~11.4%。测定加标自来水、江水以及生活污水样品的回收率为83%~110%。     

分散固相萃取/分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定甘蓝中的拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

采用分散固相萃取和分散液液微萃取方法,建立了气相色谱法快速检测甘蓝中氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。使用乙腈作为萃取溶剂,经乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷固相萃取吸附剂净化提取液,分散液液微萃取将农药富集到50μL二甲苯中后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行分析。考察了萃取溶剂的种类与体积、分散剂体积及盐效应等因素对分散液液微萃取萃取效率的影响。结果表明:除氟氯氰菊酯在0.01~0.1 mg/L范围外,其余3种拟除虫菊酯农药均在0.01~5.0mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.997 9~0.999 2;加标浓度为0.02~0.5μg/g时,除氟氯氰菊酯外其他拟除虫菊酯农药的平均回收率为81.9%~93.5%,相对标准偏差为9.5%~20.7%。该方法简单、高效、重现性好、富集倍数高,可用于甘蓝中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测。     

离子液体和氯代溶剂分散液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱法联用富集和分析环境水样中酞酸酯类污染物的对比研究

以4种室温离子液体和4种氯代溶剂为萃取剂,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,对比研究了分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)对5种痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的富集分离性能。以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMim][PF6])和建议研究四氯化碳替代品为典型萃取溶剂优化了萃取条件。结果表明,在1.00～100μg/L范围内色谱峰面积与PAEs浓度成良好的线性关系(相关系数>0.995);对于10.0μg/L加标混合样品,平均加标回收率88.2%～103.3%,RSD在2.1%～6.8%之间(n=5),LOD在0.01～0.08μg/L范围内(S/N=3)。与四氯化碳相比,[OMim][PF6]作为DLLME的萃取溶剂对PAEs的富集倍数较高,水相盐效应影响较小。超声波辅助微萃取(USA)可在2 min达到平衡,建立的USA-DLLME-HPLC方法可用于黄河水样和城生活区污水样品中痕量PAEs的富集分离和测定。     

脂肪酸基天然低共熔溶剂悬浮固化分散液-液微萃取/液相色谱法检测水样和人尿中抗真菌药

建立了基于新制备的天然低共熔溶剂悬浮固化(SFNADES)分散液-液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测环境样品中酮康唑、克霉唑、特比萘芬和益康唑4种抗真菌药的分析方法。选用月桂酸为氢键供体,正辛醇为氢键受体合成的天然低共熔溶剂(NADES)作为萃取剂。通过优化萃取剂的种类与摩尔比、萃取剂体积、样品体积、样品pH值与离子强度、涡旋时间及离心时间等获得了最佳萃取效率。在最优条件下,方法的线性范围为0.56～500μg/L,线性系数(r²)≥0.999 8,检出限为0.17～0.80μg/L,定量下限为0.56～2.67μg/L,富集倍数为101～114,日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=6)分别不大于4.8%和5.4%。该方法已成功用于实际水样和人尿中抗真菌药的检测,回收率为91.5%～107%。     

有机悬浮固化分散液-液微萃取测定水样中痕量铅

建立了以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠为配位剂,十二醇为萃取剂,乙醇为分散剂的悬浮固化分散液-液微萃取—火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量铅的方法。详细探讨了影响萃取效率的因素。优化条件为:二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠的用量为10-6 mol,十二醇体积为90.00μL,乙醇体积为1.00 mL,pH为7.00。在最佳条件下,铅的检出限为1.12μg/L,富集倍率为16.00,线性范围5.00～600.00μg/L,对含有20.00μg/L和600.00μg/L Pb的标准溶液平行萃取测定11次,测定结果的RSD分别为3.73%和2.62%。本方法应用于自来水、河水及海水中痕量铅的分析,加标回收率为90.10%～100.70%。     

分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化/高效液相色谱法测定沉积物中的十溴联苯醚

建立了沉积物中痕量十溴联苯醚的分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化-高效液相色谱-紫外法(DLLME-SFO-HPLC-UV)。以正交试验数据为训练样本,采用BP(Back propagation)神经网络模型优化了分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化条件:分散剂为1.00mL甲醇、萃取剂为35.0μL十二醇、NaCl质量浓度为10.00%、萃取时间10min和pH=5,其萃取率(ER)可达62.22%。方法的线性范围为3.5～1400ng/g(r=0.9960),检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为2.3pg/g(S/N=2)和5.6pg/g(S/N=5),实际样品的加标回收率为97.7%～104.2%。本方法集萃取、富集、分离步骤于一体,简化了沉积物中十溴联苯醚的前处理过程。     

分散固相萃取/分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定甘蓝中的拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

采用分散固相萃取和分散液液微萃取方法,建立了气相色谱法快速检测甘蓝中氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。使用乙腈作为萃取溶剂,经乙二胺-Ｎ-丙基硅烷固相萃取吸附剂净化提取液,分散液液微萃取将农药富集到50 μL二甲苯中后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行分析。考察了萃取溶剂的种类与体积、分散剂体积及盐效应等因素对分散液液微萃取萃取效率的影响。结果表明：除氟氯氰菊酯在 0.01~0.1 mg/L范围外,其余3种拟除虫菊酯农药均在 0.01~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.997 9~0.999 2;加标浓度为0.02~0.5 μg/g时,除氟氯氰菊酯外其他拟除虫菊酯农药的平均回收率为81.9%~93.5%,相对标准偏差为9.5%~20.7%。该方法简单、高效、重现性好、富集倍数高,可用于甘蓝中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测。     

离子液体-分散液液微萃取-比色法测定水样中痕量铁

建立了基于分散液液微萃取(DLLME)-数字成像比色(DIC)法测定水样中Fe的方法。在乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中,Fe(Ⅲ)被盐酸羟胺还原成Fe(Ⅱ)后与邻菲罗啉作用生成橙红色络合物。以离子液体[C6M IM][PF6]为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂,采用涡旋辅助的分散液液微萃取方法对该络合物进行萃取和富集后,直接通过手机比色装置对Fe进行测定。优化了手机比色装置参数和分散液液微萃取的萃取剂种类及用量、分散剂种类及用量等条件。结果表明,在最佳条件下,方法的线性范围为24～200μg/L,相关系数(r~2)为0.9973,检出限为3μg/L,加标回收率为90.0%～108.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%～1.8%。该方法可用于测定环境水样中痕量Fe。     

分散液液微萃取结合测汞仪分析水产食品中甲基汞

建立了以分散液液微萃取技术作为分离富集手段,以测汞仪分析水产品中的甲基汞的方法。以测汞仪直接测定样品中总汞,并用差减法计算出无机汞的含量。实验优化了分散液相微萃取的条件。实验表明,以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,乙醇为分散剂,二者体积比为1：5,HCl浓度为1 mol/L,NaCl浓度为120 g/L时,可以得到较为理想的结果。本方法的动态线性范围为0.2~20μg/L,检出限为0.10μg/L,相对标准偏差6.0%,富集倍数为8。仪器测定总汞的检出限为0.1 μg/kg,线性范围0.2~50μg/kg,相对标准偏差2.4%。本方法简单、快速,溶剂消耗量少。以标准参考物质验证本方法的准确性,其测定结果与标准值吻合较好。将本方法应用于实际水产制品的分析,得到较满意的结果。     

Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid‐liquid Micro‐extraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Volatile Components in Tobacco

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (DLLME) has been developed for extraction of volatile components in tobacco. 35 volatile components were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Methanol–methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) (8:2, v/v) was selected as PLE extraction solvent. The optimized DLLME procedure, 3 mL of pure water and 1.0 mL tobacco extract solution, 40 μL of chloroform as extraction solvent, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile as disperser solvent, was validated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range of 96‐159. The limits of detection were between 0.14 and 0.33 μg/kg. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 4.3 and 7.5% (n = 6). The recoveries of the analytes evaluated by fortification of tobacco samples were in the range of 84.7‐96.4%. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method for determination of volatile components in tobacco, the proposed method was quick and easy to operate, and had high‐enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.     

Selective extraction of emerging contaminants from water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using functionalized ionic liquids

Functionalized ionic liquids containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP) anion were used as extraction solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the extraction of 14 emerging contaminants from water samples. The extraction efficiencies and selectivities were compared to those of an in situ IL DLLME method which uses an in situ metathesis reaction to exchange 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) to 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BMIM-NTf(2)). Compounds containing tertiary amine functionality were extracted with high selectivity and sensitivity by the 1-(6-amino-hexyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (HNH(2)MPL-FAP) IL compared to other FAP-based ILs and the BMIM-NTf(2) IL. On the other hand, polar or acidic compounds without amine groups exhibited higher enrichment factors using the BMIM-NTf(2) IL. The detection limits for the studied analytes varied from 0.1 to 55.1 μg/L using the traditional IL DLLME method with the HNH(2)MPL-FAP IL as extraction solvent, and from 0.1 to 55.8 μg/L using in situ IL DLLME method with BMIM-Cl+LiNTf(2) as extraction solvent. A 93-fold decrease in the detection limit of caffeine was observed when using the HNH(2)MPL-FAP IL compared to that obtained using in situ IL DLLME method. Real water samples including tap water and creek water were analyzed with both IL DLLME methods and yielded recoveries ranging from 91% to 110%.     

Ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

In this article, a novel and simple microextraction method, termed ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL/IL‐DLLME), has been designed and developed for the rapid enrichment and analysis of environmental pollutants. Instead of using hazardous organic solvents, two kinds of ILs, hydrophobic IL and hydrophilic IL, were used as extraction solvent and disperser solvent in IL/IL‐DLLME step, respectively. Permethrin and biphenthrin, two of the often‐used pyrethroid pesticides, were used as model compounds. Factors that may affect the enrichment efficiencies were investigated and optimized in detail. Under optimum conditions, permethrin and biphenthrin exhibited a wide linear relationship over the range 1–100 μg/L. For permethrin and biphenthrin, the precisions were 4.65–7.78%, and limits of detection were found to be 0.28 and 0.83 μg/L, respectively. Satisfactory results were achieved when the present method was applied to analyze the target compounds in real‐world water samples with spiked recoveries over the range 84.1–113.5%. All these facts indicated that IL/IL‐DLLME is a simple and rapid alternative for the enrichment and analysis of environmental pollutants and will have a wide application perspective in the future.     

Sensitive determination of amide herbicides in environmental water samples by a combination of solid‐phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to GC–MS

In this paper, solid‐phase extraction (SPE) in combination with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed as a sample pretreatment method with high enrichment factors for the sensitive determination of amide herbicides in water samples. In SPE–DLLME, amide herbicides were adsorbed quantitatively from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) onto a multiwalled carbon nanotube adsorbent (100 mg). After elution of the target compounds from the adsorbent with acetone, the DLLME technique was performed on the resulting solution. Finally, the analytes in the extraction solvent were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Some important extraction parameters, such as flow rate of sample, breakthrough volume, sample pH, type and volume of the elution solvent, as well as salt addition, were studied and optimized in detail. Under optimum conditions, high enrichment factors ranging from 6593 to 7873 were achieved in less than 10 min. There was linearity over the range of 0.01–10 μg/L with relative standard deviations of 2.6–8.7%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.006 μg/L. The proposed method was used for the analysis of water samples, and satisfactory results were achieved.     

Solid phase microextraction of alkenylbenzenes and other flavor-related compounds from tobacco for analysis by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Some constituents found in natural flavorings are known to exhibit toxic properties. We developed a rapid method for quantifying 12 flavor-related compounds in cigarette tobacco using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using selected ion monitoring, we quantified and positively identified coumarin; pulegone; piperonal and nine alkenylbenzenes, including trans-anethole, safrole, methyleugenol and myristicin in one or more brands of cigarettes. In 62% of 68 brands analyzed, we detected one or more of the flavor-related compounds ranging from 0.0018 to 43 microg/g. Toxic properties of these flavor-related compounds may constitute an additional health risk related to cigarette smoking.     

分散液液微萃取快速测定中药中4种呋喃香豆素化合物

建立分散液相微萃取(DLLME)与HPLC结合快速测定中药样品中呋喃香豆素类化学成分含量的方法.对影响萃取效率的因素进行了优化:在含2.5%(w/V) NaCl的1.5 mL样品溶液中加入50 μL CCl_4和300 μL乙腈,分散均匀后,以3500 r/min离心3 min,吸取CCl_4聚集相,用2倍于CCl_4体积的甲醇溶解后进行HPLC分析.补骨脂素、氧化前胡素在0.006～6.00 mg/L范围内,欧前胡素、异欧前胡素在0.006～12.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好;检出限为1.0～3.0 μg/L(S/N=3);相对标准偏差在2.3%～5.4%(n=5);浓缩倍数为12.6～38.5倍;回收率97.5%～114.8%.将本方法应用于快速测定白芷及其制剂元胡止痛片中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素及微量成分补骨脂素、氧化前胡素的含量,结果令人满意.     

分散液液微萃取/气相色谱-质谱法测定蜂蜜中六六六和滴滴涕类农药残留

建立了分散液液微萃取(DLLME)与气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)联用快速检测蜂蜜中六六六(BHC)和滴滴涕(DDT)类农药残留的分析方法.使用三氯甲烷为萃取剂,通过涡旋、离心使分析物富集到微量三氯甲烷中,采用气相色谱-质谱进行分析.实验对影响DLLME萃取效率的因素,如萃取剂种类和体积、分散剂种类和体积、萃取时间等进行了考察,同时对方法的基质效应和性能进行了评估.结果显示:由于基质效应,8种六六六和滴滴涕类农药都出现信号增强现象.8种六六六和滴滴涕类农药在2~500 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)为0.991~0.998,方法富集倍数为74~96;当试样的加标水平为20、50和100 μg/kg时,8种六六六和滴滴涕类农药的回收率为61.0%~100.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)为2.2%~19.5%.8种六六六和滴滴涕类农药的最低检测浓度均为20 μg/kg,最小检出量皆为1.0 ng.该方法简单、快速、高效,适用于蜂蜜中六六六和滴滴涕类农药的残留检测.     

Dispersion‐solidification liquid–liquid microextraction for volatile aromatic hydrocarbons determination: Comparison with liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop

Two microextraction techniques – liquid phase microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic drop (LPME‐SFO) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with a solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME‐SFO) – are explored for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o‐xylene sampling and preconcentration. The investigation covers the effects of extraction solvent type, extraction and disperser solvents' volume, and the extraction time. For both techniques 1‐undecanol containing n‐heptane as internal standard was used as an extracting solvent. For DLLME‐SFO acetone was used as a disperser solvent. The calibration curves for both techniques and for all the analytes were linear up to 10 μg/mL, correlation coefficients were in the range 0.997–0.998, enrichment factors were from 87 for benzene to 290 for o‐xylene, detection limits were from 0.31 and 0.35 μg/L for benzene to 0.15 and 0.10 μg/L for o‐xylene for LPME‐SFO and DLLME‐SFO, respectively. Repeatabilities of the results were acceptable with RSDs up to 12%. Being comparable with LPME‐SFO in the analytical characteristics, DLLME‐SFO is superior to LPME‐SFO in the extraction time. A possibility to apply the proposed techniques for volatile aromatic hydrocarbons determination in tap water and snow was demonstrated.     

Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection for the Analysis of Trihalomethane Formation Potential

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is an attractive miniaturized technique that utilizes microliter volumes of extraction solvents. In this study, a DLLME technique was employed for the determination of four major trihalomethane (THM) compounds and analyzed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Optimization was conducted in terms of type and volume of disperser solvent, type and volume of extraction solvent, and addition of salt and extraction time. Optimized conditions employed methanol (0.25 mL) as the disperser solvent containing carbon disulfide (20 µL) as the extraction solvent. The linear range was 0.020–4.00 µg/L. Low limits of detection for the analytes were obtained in the range of 0.01 to 0.24 µg/L with enrichment factors ranging from 95–283. The relative recoveries of THMs from water samples at spiking level of 2 µg/L were in the range of 79.9 to 103.4%. This method was successfully applied to the determination of THM formation potential (THMFP) in river water samples. It was found that the concentration of THMFP in three Malaysian rivers were below the maximum permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO).     

悬浮固化分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水体中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了悬浮固化分散液液微萃取（SFO-DLLME）结合高效液相色谱（HPLC）快速测定水样中6种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的分析方法。通过对影响萃取效率因素的优化,确定了最佳萃取条件：十二烷醇萃取剂20 μL、萃取温度60℃、离子强度20 g/L、萃取时间1 min。6种PAEs在2~2000 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）为0.9995~0.9999,检出限（S/N=3）为0.3~0.6 μg/L。对自来水、湖水、江水、污水、海水、市售塑料瓶装纯净水和矿泉水进行测定,能检测到部分PAEs。对加标水样进行回收率试验（10、100和1000 μg/L）,6种PAEs的回收率为84.9%~94.5%,相对标准偏差为4.1%~6.8%（n=5）。该法环保、简单,可用于实际水样中6种PAEs的检测分析。