引入阻断剂的硫酸稀土皂化萃取工艺研究

硫酸稀土溶液是稀土分离过程中的重要中间产品,皂化剂引入的Na+,NH4+等离子易导致硫酸稀土复盐沉淀,制约了皂化萃取剂在硫酸体系中萃取稀土元素的工业应用。提出了一个在硫酸体系中引入阻断剂实现皂化萃取稀土的工艺设想,并给出了阻断剂的选取方法。利用萃取分离过程中一价阳离子、阻断剂离子和稀土离子按萃取顺序在槽体中形成的自然分布,隔断一价阳离子与稀土离子的接触,从而避免了难溶硫酸稀土复盐的生成,为工业实现硫酸体系皂化萃取稀土提供了可能。     

Aliquat336络合萃取NdFeB盐酸浸出液中铁、钴的研究

NdFeB废料湿法回收技术中常采用中和除铁后萃取分离的方式进行酸浸液中有价元素的有效回收,传统方式工艺过程中不可避免的存在有价元素损失、二次废水污染的问题。基于绿色环保理念,优化现有工艺流程,探索一种离子液体萃取分离Fe/Co的方法,使Fe,Co元素能够较好分离,实现NdFeB废料的绿色回收。基于未经稀释的离子液体Aliquat336在高氯酸度条件下萃取Fe,Co不萃取稀土的特点,通过NH₄~+,Cl~-含量的调节,可实现Fe萃取的同时Co仍位于水相中,最终达到Fe,Co,稀土的分离。Fe在萃取过程中与Aliquat336的结合能力更强,因此较短的反应时间即可达到萃取平衡,这也是Fe能够优先萃取的重要原因之一。经实验得Fe与Aliquat336的萃取机制为离子络合,络合比为1∶1,相关FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱仪)表征显示Co与Aliquat336的萃取机制与Fe相同。由于Aliquat336萃取Co时可能是以较为复杂的钴铵氯络离子的形式进行的,因此在优先萃取Fe后需补充一定量的NH₄~+,Cl~-才能实现Co的萃取。经相关实验得：在实际NdF...     

NdCl3-AlCl3-H2C2O4体系稀土沉淀热力学研究

稀土矿在浸出过程中杂质离子将随稀土离子一同浸出进入稀土料液中,针对稀土料液中Al³⁺离子杂质对后续萃取过程乃至最终稀土纯度造成不利影响的问题,根据同时平衡原理,对Nd Cl₃-Al Cl₃-H₂C₂O₄体系进行热力学平衡计算,绘制出该体系中各离子lgc-p H图,对其中的计算过程思路与依据进行解释说明,分析了边界条件变化以及各沉淀稳定区形成原因。通过改变草酸浓度,对体系中总钕与总铝含量以及沉淀稳定区域随p H变化的情况进行讨论与分析。研究结果表明,理论上1

11.74条件下均能保证钕沉淀而铝不沉淀析出,结合实际生产情况,着重考察高酸度条件下Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃的沉淀稳定区。草酸浓度超过与钕离子完全结合生成草酸钕沉淀所需浓度时,Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃     

稀土萃取分离中混合澄清槽的仿真模拟系统

稀土是现代工业中至关重要的战略性资源,稀土分离是稀土资源综合高效利用的重要基础。大量的稀土萃取分离实践经验表明,混合澄清槽的体积平衡和流量平衡问题对萃取分离生产线的控制至关重要,是构建稀土萃取分离智能控制系统的关键环节。随着生产线运行状态的调整变化,混合澄清槽中的两相体积和流量也在不断变化,并且这种变化具有显著的非线性和滞后性特征,槽体的体积平衡和流量平衡控制会直接影响萃取分离生产线输出的稀土产品质量。通过综合应用压强平衡、堰流模型、萃取平衡、非均相混合过程等多种理论模型,能够以数值计算的方法来模拟混合澄清槽的实际运行方式,并建立混合澄清槽的仿真模拟系统,为实际生产控制和智能化改造提供数据支持。     

TbCl_3-DyCl_3-HCl-H_2O-P507体系的萃取平衡数学模型和最优工艺的选择

本文研究了TbCl_3-DyCl_3-HCl-H_2O-P507体系的萃取平衡关系,关联了分配比模型:(1)以水相中稀土总浓度的分区模型;(2)以摩尔分数的分区模型;(3)铽和镝的模型。利用上述模型研究了铽镝二元体系的萃取行为,其与单一铽或镝相比,由于第二元素的存在导至了分配比、分离因数和有机相的稀土浓度的变化。利用水相稀土浓度的分区模型,进行了分馏萃取静态特性模拟。探索了影响分离工艺的因素、研究了萃取因数与分离效率的关系和在实际中达到材料消耗低和分离效率高的最优条件。提出了达到铽>95％和镝>99.5％的最优分离工艺。     

仲辛基苯氧基乙酸从稀土中萃取分离钪及其机理

首次研究了一种新型萃取剂仲辛基苯氧基乙酸 (CA 12 )萃取钪的性能及其机理。通过研究平衡水相酸度、萃取剂浓度和温度对萃取平衡的影响 ,用斜率法和等摩尔系列法确定了CA 12萃取钪的机理 ,并求得了CA 12萃取钪的热力学函数 ,计算了平衡反应的浓度平衡常数及钪同其它稀土离子的分离系数 ,指出CA 12是一种从稀土 中分离钪的优良萃取剂     

多组分多出口稀土串级萃取静态优化设计研究(I)静态设计算法

研究了多组分、多出口稀土串级萃取体系静态优化设计过程的精确计算方法. 首先推导出串级萃取体系最重要的物料平衡和萃取平衡关系, 其次根据分离要求等条件确定了各出口的相对流量, 利用萃取平衡和物料平衡关系进行静态递推, 并在求解过程中根据物料平衡关系引入了校正参数, 通过对递推结果的迭代校正, 最终得到收敛的计算结果, 解决了静态设计算法的关键问题. 这一方法为多组分多出口稀土串级萃取过程的静态优化设计提供了精确算法.     

仲辛基苯氧基乙酸从烯土中萃取分离钪及其机理

首次研究了一处新型萃取剂仲辛基苯氧基乙酸(CA-12)萃取钪的性能及其机理,通过研究平衡水相酸度,萃取剂浓度和浊度对萃取平衡的影响,用斜率法和等摩尔系法确定了CA-12萃取钪的机理,并求得CA-12萃取钪的热力学函数,计算了平衡反应的浓度平衡数学及钪同其它稀土离子的分离系数,指出CA-12是一种从稀土(III)中分离钪的优良萃取剂.     

四元尖晶石相Li-M-Mn-O(M=Ni,Cr,M0,V)嵌入电极的研究

制备了用不同价态的几种金属阳离子(Ni2+,Cr3+,V5+,Mo6+)修饰的尖晶石LiMn2O4嵌入化合物作为锂二次电池的阴极材料,对Li/LiMyMn2-yO4电池进行了电化学和X射线衍射研究.结果表明,其它离子的掺杂使标准尖晶石LiM2O4电极对锂的反复脱嵌和嵌入有了更强的承受力,但在不同程度上降低了其初始容量.循环性能的提高归于掺杂的金属阳离子使尖晶石结构趋于更稳定.同时还讨论了修饰离子对尖晶石相在充放电时5V电压平台出现的影响.     

硫酸铵-溴化钾铵-正丙醇体系萃取分离和富集锗的研究

研究了硫酸铵-溴化钾铵-正丙醇体系萃取分离和富集锗的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件.硫酸铵能使正丙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Ge4+与KBr生成(GeBr62-),并与质子化正丙醇(C3H7OH2+)形成缔合物[GeBr62-][C3H7OH2+]2,此缔合物能被正丙醇相完全萃取.当正丙醇、KBr和硫酸铵的浓度分别为30％(V/V)、7.0×10-3mol/L、0.20g/mL时,(GeBr62-)的萃取率达到97.7％以上,而Ni2,Pb2,Cr3+,Co2,Fe3+,Al3+,Mg2+,Ag+,Bi3+,CH2,W(Ⅵ)和V(Ⅴ)基本不被萃取,实现了Ge4+与上述金属离子的分离.     

液膜分离富集金与测定微量金

提出采用乳状液膜体系分离、富集金。该体系包括协同流动载体（TBP和PMBP），表面活性剂（SPAN80），膜的增强剂（液体石蜡），膜溶剂（煤油）和内相（1％质量分数的NaOH水溶液）。实验结果表明，金的迁移率达90．5％以上。此条件下，许多共存金属高于如∑RE3+、Ag2+、Pd2+、Pt4+、Rh3+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Al3+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Mo6+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn4+、Te4+、Se4+、Ca2+和Mg2+等不被迁移，只有金能与这些金属离子得到满意的分离。该法已应用于测定提金溶液和氰化物没出贵金属溶液中的微量金，相对标准偏差为1．3％－3．9％。     

共沉淀法合成稀土正磷酸盐(La,Gd)PO4:RE3+(RE=Eu,Tb)及其真空紫外光谱特性

采用共沉淀法制备了稀土正磷酸盐荧光粉(La,Gd)PO4:RE3+(RE=Eu,Tb).红外光谱分析发现GdPO4的红外光谱吸收峰与LaPO4一致,只是峰位向高波数方向移动.(La,Gd)PO4:RE3+的真空紫外光谱特性研究表明,Gd3+在能量传递过程中起中间体作用.XPS研究揭示,LaPO4的价带由O2-的2p能级构成,而GdPO4的价带则是由O2-的2p能级和Gd3+的4f能级共同构成.     

Density functional theory-based prediction of the formation constants of complexes of ammonia in aqueous solution: indications of the role of relativistic effects in the solution chemistry of gold(I)

A prediction of the formation constants (log K1) for complexes of metal ions with a single NH3 ligand in aqueous solution, using quantum mechanical calculations, is reported. DeltaG values at 298 K in the gas phase for eq 1 (DeltaG(DFT)) were calculated for 34 metal ions using density functional theory (DFT), with the expectation that these would correlate with the free energy of complex formation in aqueous solution (DeltaG(aq)). [M(H2O)6]n+(g) + NH(3)(g) = [M(H2O)5NH3]n+(g) + H2O(g) (eq 1). The DeltaG(aq) values include the effects of complex changes in solvation on complex formation, which are not included in eq 1. It was anticipated that such changes in solvation would be constant or vary systematically with changes in the log K(1) value for different metal ions; therefore, simple correlations between DeltaG(DFT) and DeltaG(aq) were sought. The bulk of the log K1(NH3) values used to calculate DeltaG(aq) were not experimental, but estimated previously (Hancock 1978, 1980) from a variety of empirical correlations. Separate linear correlations between DeltaG(DFT) and DeltaG(aq) for metal ions of different charges (M2+, M3+, and M4+) were found. In plots of DeltaG(DFT) versus DeltaG(aq), the slopes ranged from 2.201 for M2+ ions down to 1.076 for M4+ ions, with intercepts increasing from M2+ to M4+ ions. Two separate correlations occurred for the M3+ ions, which appeared to correspond to small metal ions with a coordination number (CN) of 6 and to large metal ions with a higher CN in the vicinity of 7-9. The good correlation coefficients (R) in the range of 0.97-0.99 for all these separate correlations suggest that the approach used here may be the basis for future predictions of aqueous phase chemistry that would otherwise be experimentally inaccessible. Thus, the log K1(NH3) value for the transuranic Lr3+, which has a half-life of 3.6 h in its most stable isotope, is predicted to be 1.46. These calculations should also lead to a greater insight into the factors governing complex formation in aqueous solution. All of the above DFT calculations involved corrections for scalar relativistic effects (RE). Au has been described (Koltsoyannis 1997) as a "relativistic element". The chief effect of RE for group 11 ions is to favor linear coordination geometry and greatly increase covalence in the M-L bond. The correlation for M+ ions (H+, Cu+, Ag+, Au+) involved the preferred linear coordination of the [M(H2O)2]+ complexes, so that the DFT calculations of DeltaG for the gas-phase reaction in eq 2 were carried out for M = H+, Cu+, Ag+, and Au+. [M(H2O)2]+(g) + NH3(g) = [M(H2O)NH3]+(g) + H2O(g) (eq 2). Additional DFT calculations for eq 2 were carried out omitting corrections for RE. These indicated, in the absence of RE, virtually no change in the log K1(NH3) value for H+, a small decrease for Cu+, and a larger decrease for Ag+. There would, however, be a very large decrease in the log K1(NH3) value for Au(I) from 9.8 (RE included) to 1.6 (RE omitted). These results suggest that much of "soft" acid behavior in aqueous solution in the hard and soft acid-base classification of Pearson may be the result of RE in the elements close to Au in the periodic table.     

Determination of U(IV) and U(VI) by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and its application to kinetic studies

The ions normally formed by actinides in aqueous solutions by the oxidation states III-VI are M3-, M4+, MO2+ and MO2(+2), respectively. Oxidation state representatives such as Am3+, Th4+, NpO+ and UO+, which resist oxidation state changes, were used to investigate a method to separate the oxidised species (MO2 and MO2(2+)) from the reduced species (M3+ and M4+). With this method the hexavalent state of uranium could be separated from the tetravalent state of uranium in aqueous media in less than 8 min. Uranium concentrations down to 10(-9) M could be analysed without changing the redox composition during the separation. The oxidation kinetics of the tetravalent uranium for different hydrochloric acid concentrations was investigated. The measurements showed good agreement with values found in the literature, although the uranium concentrations were one million times lower.     

多组份多出口稀土串级萃取静态优化设计研究(Ⅱ)静态程序设计及动态仿真验证

基于多组分多出口稀土串级萃取优化参数的静态设计算法, 设计了相应的计算程序, 采用该程序针对某稀土分离实例进行了静态参数计算, 并对最优化工艺参数进行了动态仿真验证. 结果表明, 采用该静态设计算法的软件在参数计算中运行快速、结果准确, 完全可满足萃取分离工艺的参数设计要求.     

Differential interactions of plasmid DNA, RNA and endotoxin with immobilised and free metal ions

Separation of negatively charged molecules, such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), RNA and endotoxin forms a bottleneck for the development of pDNA vaccine production process. The use of affinity interactions of transition metal ions with these molecules may provide an ideal separation methodology. In this study, the binding behaviour of pDNA, RNA and endotoxin to transition metal ions, either in immobilised or free form, was investigated. Transition metal ions: Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+ and Fe3+, typically employed in the immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), showed very different binding behaviour depending on the type of metal ions and their existing state, i.e. immobilised or free. In the alkaline cell lysate, pDNA showed no binding to any of the IMAC chemistries tested whereas RNA interacted significantly with Cu2+-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and Ni2+-IDA but showed no substantial binding to the rest of the IMAC chemistries. pDNA and RNA, however, interacted to varying degrees with free metal ions in the solution. The greatest selectivity in terms of pDNA and RNA separation was achieved with Zn2+ which enabled almost full precipitation of RNA while keeping pDNA soluble. For both immobilised and free metal ions, ionic strength of solution affected the metal ion-nucleic acid interaction significantly. Endotoxin, being more flexible, was able to interact better with the immobilised metal ions than the nucleic acids and showed binding to all the IMAC chemistries. The specific interactions of immobilised and/or free metal ions with pDNA, RNA and endotoxin showed a good potential, by selectively removing RNA and endotoxin at high efficiency, to develop a simplified pDNA purification process with improved process economics.     

硫氰酸钾-氯化十六烷基吡啶-水体系浮选分离钛

研究了氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN分离钛的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件。结果表明,在水溶液中,Ti4+与氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN形成不溶于水的三元缔合物[Ti(SCN)62-][CPC+]2,此三元缔合物沉淀浮于水相上层形成界面清晰的液-固两相。当溶液中氯化十六烷基吡啶和KSCN的浓度分别为8.0×10-4mol/L和6.0×10-2 mol/L时,Ti4+可与V5+、Mg2+、Al3+、Cd2+、Mn2+、Ga3+、Fe2+、Ni2+和Cr3+进行分离,该方法在微量Ti的分离和富集分析中有一定的实用价值。     

Nonaqueous based microchip separation of toxic metal ions using 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino)phenol

The colorimetric metal chelating agent, 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino)phenol (5-Br-PAPS), was demonstrated on a capillary electrophoresis microchip in the separation and detection of six metal ions of environmental concern, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Hg2+. The inclusion of methanol in the buffer was found to improve both the separation efficiency and sensitivity, in addition to making the technique directly amenable to the application of solid-phase extraction. The combination of metal chelation with solid-phase extraction on a C18 silica gel microcolumn gave several hundred fold improvements in detection limits for the CE microchip measurements of toxic metal ions in water and extracted from a solid Plexiglas surface.