出口雷诺数对平面射流自保持性的影响

通过实验研究出口雷诺数对平面湍流射流自保持性的影响. 测量的射流来自相同的喷嘴但不同的雷诺数Re（≡U_jh/ν,其中U_j是出口平均速度、h是窄缝出口的厚度和ν是黏性系数）,其变化范围是Re=4582—57735.所得的数据包括沿轴线的平均速度、湍流强度、积分尺度、高阶矩和能谱. 实验发现,随着Re的增大,平面射流发展减慢,平均速度和湍流强 关键词： 平面射流 雷诺数 自保持性     

雷诺数对圆形渐缩喷嘴湍流射流的影响

本文研究雷诺数(Re)对圆形渐缩喷嘴湍流射流的影响.实验在射流出口雷诺数为 Re = 4050—20100 的范围内进行,分别测量了射流出口、中心线的平均及湍流流场以及部分径向剖面速度分布.所有测量均采用单热线恒温热线风速仪进行高频采样,所测流场范围在轴向上为 0—30d(这里d为射流出口直径).虽然出口速度分布均为"平顶帽"形,但测量结果依然反映出Re对射流出口以及下游流场有强烈的影响.当Re小于临界值(～10000)时 关键词： 雷诺数 圆形射流 热线风速仪     

脉冲流冲击冷却换热的液晶显示实验研究

采用热色液晶定量测温技术对稳态及脉冲式空气-氮气圆形浸没射流冲击冷却换热进行了实验研究.脉冲射流的实验结果表明,对于喷嘴直径D=3 mm的情形,无论脉冲频率高低,均无强化换热效果;对于D=I0 mm的情形,在较高Re数时出现个别工况的驻点换热强化.脉冲射流表现出换热系数沿径向分布趋于均匀的特点.     

等腰三角形湍流射流的流动特性实验研究

对喷嘴等效直径相同出口Reynolds数均为15000的3种等腰三角形（顶角分别为30,60和90°）以及圆形孔口射流进行了流场显示与速度场测量.结果表明:相比于圆形射流,等腰三角形射流的出口中心线速度衰减更快,湍流度更高,三角形射流卷吸周围流体能力显著增强.随着三角形顶角减小,近场区涡结构三维性更强,卷吸效果更明显.此外,对不同射流的中心线湍动能谱概率密度函数Taylor尺度和Kolmogorov尺度进行了分析讨论,发现出口形状对湍流小尺度运动的影响较小.      

变压器油圆形冲击射流在较高Re数下恢复效应的实验研究

本文以变压器油为工质,系统地研究了圆形冲击射流在自由和浸没情况下的恢复效应。Re数范围为528～2590,喷嘴出口到壁面无量纲距离Z/D范围为2～20。得到自由和浸没冲击射流恢复系数的径向分布。发现随Re数的增加,在 Re＊处,恢复系数有一突降;在较高Re数下,恢复系数随Z/D的增大而减小;相同Re和Z/D时,自由射流的恢复系数大于浸没射流恢复系数。并对这些现象的形成机理进行了分析。     

旋转射流冷却数值模拟研究

使用 ANSYS FLUENT 软件和 RNG k-ε 湍流模型分别研究了十字形、内十字形和花形结构的螺旋喷 嘴内部流动特性和耦合面换热特性。模拟结果研究表明,螺旋角 θ 越小喷嘴出口速度越高,喷出的水流更集中, 水流运动轨迹越清晰且规律越明显。同一工况下,θ=30°的花形喷嘴的换热效率和换热均匀性均优于其余两种喷嘴的值;耦合面努塞尔数 Nu 最大值会随着雷诺数 Re 不断增加而逐渐远离射流中心处(r/d_j=0,d_j 为喷嘴当量直径); 随着靶距 H 逐渐增大,Nu 逐渐减小,旋流效果逐渐减弱。当 H=2d_j、4d_j 时,Nu 最大值位于 r/d_j=1 处;当 H=6d_j 时,Nu 最大值位于射流中心处。     

两相圆湍射流大颗粒调制作用的PDPA实验研究

采用相多普勒颗粒分析仪(PDPA)测量了雷诺数为8500的两相圆湍射流速度场,研究了两种大粒径颗粒对湍流的调制作用.发现在相同气载比条件下,大粒径颗粒加入后,在射流近场区域(X/D<10)气相湍流度增强,沿着射流中心轴线轴向和径向气相湍流度增强;较小粒径颗粒加入后削弱气相湍流度.在射流远场X/D=20截面,较大粒径颗粒的加入会削弱气相湍流度,但其削弱程度不如小粒径颗粒.随着粒径的增大,两相射流湍流的气相湍流度进一步增加.     

空气湍射流速度时间序列的最大Lyapunov指数以及湍流脉动

用热线风速仪采集了圆喷嘴空气射流的速度时间序列,并采用一种基于最大Lyapunov指数不变性的混沌时间序列分析方法,计算了出口雷诺数在939≤Re≤3758范围内的速度信号的最大Lyapunov指数以及湍流的非拟序脉动.结果表明,最大Lyapunov指数随着雷诺数的增加而增大,随着离开喷嘴出口距离的增加而减小,而且最大Lyapunov指数的倒数与关联时间是正相关的.湍流的非拟序脉动随着雷诺数的增加以及随着离开喷嘴出口距离的增加均是逐渐增大的,而且湍流的非拟序脉动与Kolmogorov尺度是负相关的.     

圆形射流中心线上小尺度湍流的统计特性及其受高频噪声的影响

本文采用热线风速仪测量了出口雷诺数为Re (≡ U_jd/ν) = 20100的圆形射流的中心线轴向速度,其中U_j为动量平均出口速度,d为喷嘴出口直径,ν为运动黏性系数.在有效去除热线测量数据中的高频噪声后,作者对射流中心线上小尺度湍流统计量的变化规律进行了系统的分析.研究发现,射流在经过一定距离的发展后,其小尺度统计量逐渐进入自相似状态,湍动能平均耗散率ε随下游距离的增加以指数形 关键词： 恒温热线 圆形湍射流 耗散率 小尺度     

石墨烯/Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3柔性热电薄膜及其面内散热器件的设计制备与性能评价

基于柔性热电薄膜制冷的面内散热技术有望为电子器件高效面内散热提供解决方案,但柔性热电薄膜电输运性能太低和面内散热器件结构设计困难严重制约了该技术在电子元器件散热中的应用.本文通过在环氧树脂/Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃柔性热电薄膜中掺入具有同时调控电热输运行为功能的石墨烯,发现不仅有助于Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃晶粒沿(000l)择优取向,而且还提供了载流子快速传输通道,石墨烯/Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃柔性热电薄膜的载流子浓度和迁移率同时显著增大;石墨烯掺入量为1.0%的柔性热电薄膜室温最高功率因子达到1.56 mW/(K~2·m),与环氧树脂/Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃柔性热电薄膜相比提高了71%,其最大制冷温差提高了1倍.利用这种高性能石墨烯/Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te_3...     

Flow Characteristics of Flapping Motion of a Plane Water Jet Impinging onto Free Surface

A submerged turbulent plane jet in shallow water impinging vertically onto the free surface will produce a large-scale flapping motion when the jet exit velocity is larger than a critical one. The flapping phenomenon is verified in this paper through a large eddy simulation where the free surface is modeled by volume of fluid approach. The quantitative results for flapping jet are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data in terms of mean velocity, flapping-induced velocity and turbulence intensity. Results show that the flapping motion is a new flow pattern with characteristic flapping frequency for submerged turbulent plane jets, the mean centerline velocity decay is considerably faster than that of the stable impinging jet without flapping motion, and the flapping-induced velocities are as important as the turbulent fluctuations.     

平面射流沿轴线的特征尺度及其对测量信号过滤程度的依赖

对出口雷诺数约为13000的湍流平面射流瞬时速度(u)测量信号(u_m)进行高频过滤研究. 在分析了高频噪声对u测量精度的影响后,使用Mi等人 (2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 066304)提出的快速收敛迭代法对u_m进行了数值过滤,并考察过滤前后统计湍流量的变化. 结果发现,噪声的存在不仅对湍流小尺度统计量的估算影响显著,也对与大尺度关联的量产生一定的影响. 在有效去除噪声造     

PIV studies of large scale structures in the near field of small aspect ratio elliptic Jets

The near flow field of small aspect ratio elliptic turbulent free jets (issuing from nozzle and orifice) was experimentally studied using a 2D PIV Two point velocity correla tions in these jets revealed the extent and orientation of the large scale structures in th e major and minor planes. The spatial filtering of the instantaneous velocity field using Gaussian convolution kernel shows that while a single large vortex ring circumscribing the jet seems to be present at the exit of nozzle, the orifice jet exhibited a number of smaller vortex ring pairs close to jet exit. The smaller length scale observed in the case of the orifice jet is rep resentative of the smaller azimuthal vor tex rings that generate axial vortex field as they are convected. This results in the axis-switching in th e case of orifice jet and may have a mechanism differ ent from the self induction process as observed in the case of contoured nozzle jet flow.     

An experimental investigation on mixing enhancements in non-circular sharp-edged nozzles using the entropy production concept

An experimental study on mixing enhancement in free jets, issuing from sharp-edged nozzles of different geometry, is performed by using particle image velocimetry. The attention is focused on the jet near-field and interaction zones (0 < X/D < 18, where X is the axial coordinate and D the diameter of the equivalent circular jet). The mixing efficiency is evaluated and quantified using the definition of entropy production derived from the velocity field. The effect of Reynolds number is also discussed by performing measurements at Re = 8000 and Re = 35,000. The results are compared to circular nozzle data to evaluate the change in mixing efficiency among axisymmetric and non-symmetric nozzles. While the effect of Reynolds number on mixing is small, at least for the values tested here, the change in geometry is rather crucial. In terms of entropy production, the rectangular and elliptical nozzles show higher mixing for X/D< 7, whereas the other ones attain the best results for larger distances. This behaviour is basically related to the axis-switching phenomenon observed in elongated jets. Different variables are tested and compared as possible velocity and length scales to derive a meaningful non-dimensional entropy production.     

Flow characteristics of an offset jet over a surface mounted square rib

A three-dimensional offset jet flow over a surface mounted square rib was investigated using particle image velocimetry at Reynolds number of 7600. The square rib was mounted at three different locations downstream of the nozzle exit. Contour and profile plots in the symmetry plane were used to investigate the effect of the rib on the mean flow distribution and turbulence statistics. Changing the rib location enhanced the mixing and entrainment characteristics of the jet thereby leading to larger wall-normal spread rates. The quadrant analysis revealed a significant contribution of all events towards the Reynolds shear stress. The joint probability density function analysis showed that the structures within the outer shear layer of the jet differed from those of boundary layers. Results from the two-point correlation analysis indicated that the introduction of a surface mounted rib modified the flow structures within the developing region. However, there was no significant structural difference between the flow with mounted rib and the no rib case within the self-similar region. The proper orthogonal decomposition was used to examine how changes in rib location modified the dynamics of the energetic modes towards the turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress within the developing and self-similar regions.     

Controlled mixing enhancement in turbulent rectangular jets responding to periodically forced inflow conditions

We present numerical studies of active flow control applied to jet flow. We focus on rectangular jets, which are more unstable than their circular counterparts. The higher level of instability is expressed mainly by an increased intensity of mixing of the main flow with its surroundings. We analyse jets with aspect ratio A_r = 1, A_r = 2 and A_r = 3 at Re = 10,000. It is shown that the application of control with a suitable excitation (forcing) at the jet nozzle can amplify the mixing and qualitatively alter the character of the flow. This can result in an increased spreading rate of the jet or even splitting into nearly separate streams. The excitations studied are obtained from a superposition of axial and flapping forcing terms. We consider the effect of varying parameters such as the frequency of the excitations and phase shift between forcing components. The amplitude of the forcing is 10% of the inlet centreline jet velocity and the forcing frequencies correspond to Strouhal numbers in a range St = 0.3–0.7. It is shown that qualitatively different flow regimes and a rich variety of possible flow behaviours can be achieved simply by changing aspect ratio and forcing parameters. The numerical results are obtained applying large eddy simulation in combination with a high-order compact difference code for incompressible flows. The solutions are validated based on experimental data from literature for non-excited jets for A_r = 1 at Re = 1.84 × 10⁵ and A_r = 2 at Re = 1.28 × 10⁵. Both the mean velocities as well as their fluctuations are predicted with good accuracy.     

Structure of Liquid‐Sheet Sprays

Spray characteristics and their spatial distribution have been investigated experimentally for sprays generated by the breakup of thin liquid sheets in co‐flowing air streams. The spray characteristics such as droplet mean and fluctuation velocity and Sauter mean diameter have been measured by using phase Doppler anemometry under various liquid and air flow conditions at the nozzle exit. The results show that at a given spray cross section the droplet axial mean velocity has a maximum value at the spray center, and decreases towards the edge of the spray; whereas the Sauter mean diameter has a minimum value at the center and increases monotonically towards the spray periphery. Data analysis indicates that sufficiently downstream of the nozzle exit the droplet mean velocity attains a jet‐like self‐similar distribution in the transverse direction, and such universal distribution is also observed for the turbulent fluctuation velocity and turbulent intensity, although it is achieved further downstream compared to the mean velocity profile. The Sauter mean diameter at the spray center has a complex variation in the downstream direction due to secondary atomization at high air velocity near the nozzle exit and droplet entrainment, migration and possible coalescence farther downstream.