海洋—声学耦合过程不确定性快速预报

针对海洋声速空间非均匀和时变条件下的声场不确定性快速预报问题,根据海洋-声学耦合模式预报声速场时空变化过程,获取声速垂直结构不确定性分布规律,提出经验正交函数-随机多项式展开方法,以降低不确定参数维度,得到声场不确定性分布.数值计算表明该方法在保证同等精度的同时可大幅减少计算量,相比常规随机多项式展开方法计算效率可提高2个数量级,且计算量不随声速剖面复杂程度变化而改变.经海上实验验证,结果表明该方法可实现环境不确定性条件下的声场及其不确定性的快速预报。     

海洋声学传播新模型

海洋声学模型将我们对海洋中传播的声音在物理上的理解转换为数学表示,进而利用计算机进行模拟计算。海洋声学模型主要包括环境模型、传播模型、噪声模型、混响模型和声纳性能模型。水平变化传播模型研究,包括二维(距离和深度)和三维(距离、深度和方位角)模型研究,是目前海洋声学的重要研究方向之一。     

电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法测定海洋沉积物中的常、微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定了海洋沉积物中18种常、微量元素。选择了适宜的标准溶液、溶样方法和分析谱线。该方法检出限低,精密度高,准确度好。采用国家一级标准物质GSMS-1、GSD-9、GSD-11进行测试,分析结果与标准值相吻合,相对误差均小于2.0%。用于黄河口沉积物测试,研究区内沉积物以SiO2和Al2O3为主,两者含量之和在70%左右。     

海洋声学环境下水中声源的时延估计法定位精度分析

水中声源的定位精度受到海洋声学环境的重要影响。结合海上试验的实际应用,分析了水下观测平台采用时延估计法对声源的定位精度问题。根据理论分析,计算了时延估计误差、海洋中声速不均匀、平台非稳性、及声传播起伏等因素引起的俯仰角和方位角误差。利用误差传递公式,获得了上述因素引起的不同平台深度下,不同距离声源的定位误差。比较了采用平面阵与立体阵、是否补偿声线弯曲效应等条件下定位误差的变化,并通过海上试验结果进行了部分验证。研究结果表明,海洋声速不均匀对定位误差的贡献最大。采用立体阵代替平面阵、测量海洋声速剖面并补偿声线弯曲引起的定位误差,在1000m距离上可使定位相对误差从最大30%降低到约10%,有效提高了较远距离上的定位精度。研究结果对于采取措施提高水中声源的定位精度有指导意义。     

三元硅化物CaAlSi的电-声子耦合和超导电性研究

应用全势线性缀加平面波方法计算新超导体CaAlSi的电子能带结构,用带心冻结声子法计算了声子频率及电声子耦合常数,并讨论了它们的超导电性.考虑到Al,Si原子分布的无序性和完全等价性,我们采用了双层超格子原胞模型,并考虑了低频B1g1声子频率的非谐性效应.由此计算得到稳定的低频B1g1声子频率为110cm-1,对超导电性有较大的贡献的Cad态电子与B1g1振动模式间的电声子耦合常数为0.37.我们的结果与用虚晶近似的结果是一致的.并证明CaAlSi的超导电性可由中等耦合的BCS理论来解释.     

络合物形成对电子-声子耦合的影响

测量了室温(20℃)条件下极性溶剂1, 2-二氯乙烷-碘溶液中的β胡萝卜素 紫外-可见吸收光谱和拉曼光谱. 结果表明, 生成络合物的β胡萝卜素在460 nm处的紫外-可见吸收峰消失, 并在1000 nm处出现β胡萝卜素与碘形成络合物的吸收峰, 致使514.5 nm激光激发时察觉不到络合物中β胡萝卜素离子CC键的共振拉曼光谱.而溶液中没有形成络合物的β胡萝卜素CC键拉曼散射截面随络合物浓度增加而减小, 拉曼光谱线宽增加, π电子-声子耦合系数增加, 其机理是随络合物增加溶液混乱程度增加、β胡萝卜素分子结构有序性减小所致, 且可以用“相干弱阻尼电子-晶格振动”、“有效共轭长度”、“振幅模型”等理论给予解释. 关键词： 络合物 电子-声子耦合 共振拉曼光谱     

声学立靶弹着点测试数学模型与误差分析

本文根据空气动力学理论和超音速弹丸的激波特性，建立了在使用L型立靶基础上正向射击和任意角度射击时的数学模型，并进行了误差分析，提出了减小误差的修正方法。     

β-胡萝卜素分子的黄琨因子的温度特性

β-胡萝卜素具有光采集、光防护功能, 又是重要的光电材料, 它在外场下的分子结构和性能变化既有理论意义也有应用价值。测量了β-胡萝卜素在环己醇中68～26 ℃温度范围内的紫外-可见吸收、拉曼光谱。实验结果表明随着温度的降低, 黄琨因子和碳碳键每个振动模的电子-声子耦合常数减小, 紫外-可见吸收光谱红移, 碳碳键拉曼散射截面增加。用线性链状多烯分子的“相干弱阻尼电子-晶格振动模型”、“有效共轭长度模型”等理论给予了解释。随着温度的降低,β-胡萝卜素分子的热无序减小,分子结构有序性增加,π电子离域扩展,有效共轭长度增加,导致紫外-可见吸收光谱红移和强的拉曼活性。相干弱阻尼电子-晶格振动增强,使碳碳键拉曼散射截面增加。引用带有量纲的电子-声子相互作用常数,既可以与黄昆因子建立关系式,计算出碳碳键每个振动模的数值,也可以表征分子的有效共轭长度,π电子离域程度及拉曼散射截面的大小等。     

三维物理-热工耦合过程的网格优化

在反应堆物理-热工耦合过程中,网格划分尺度会影响计算精度和计算时间。利用蒙特卡罗程序和FLUENT程序,对压水堆单棒模型进行不同尺度的网格划分,评估网格划分尺度对耦合结果的影响,得到单个网格中密度差值、温度差值对有效增殖因子和功率分布引入的误差。研究表明当燃料温度差值小于50 K,慢化剂密度差值3 kg/m3时,有效增殖因子相对误差小于10-4,功率相对误差小于1%。使用该规律,对典型的压水堆单棒模型和33通道模型进行网格划分并进行耦合计算。结果表明,单棒模型网格总数减少至1/100,计算时间减少至1/4,33通道模型网格总数减少至1/50,计算时间减少至1/10,但其结果仍然精确有效。     

北极冰-水耦合系统中声波传播特性

利用固体和流体介质中波传播理论,导出了冰-水两层复合结构中导波频散方程。进一步,利用二分法对频散方程进行了数值求解,得到了ω-k频散曲线(ω与k分别为圆频率和波数),以及相速度和群速度频散曲线。结果表明:冰-水两层复合结构中导波由具有相同厚度水层和冰层中导波耦合而成,但与水层和冰层中导波频散曲线相比,复合结构中导波频散曲线除第1阶模式外,其余高阶模式均发生了很大变化。从原水层第1阶模式的截止频率开始,复合结构第2阶模式的相速度曲线被压低,各高阶(大于2阶)模式的相速度曲线出现一个跃变点,群速度曲线出现一个极大和一个极小值。水层越厚,复合结构各高阶模式的截止频率越低,相同频带内导波模式越丰富。水层厚度保持不变时,复合结构各阶模式的相速度和群速度曲线均随冰层厚度的增加而向低频方向移动。另外,还进一步分析了冰-水复合结构的导波波结构,发现第1阶导波模式的能量主要集中在冰层内和海表面附近,而2阶以上高阶导波模式的振动位移幅度随深度方向呈现周期性特征,并且模式阶数越高,振动越复杂。     

Comparison of fundamental frequency and perturbation measurements among three analysis systems

The need for standardization of procedures in approaches to voice measurement has been recently emphasized. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the acoustic perturbation measurements from three different analysis systems agree when standardized recording and analysis procedures are used. High-quality acoustic voice recordings from 20 patients were analyzed. The results showed that, although fundamental frequency measurements were in strong agreement among the three systems tested, frequency and amplitude perturbation measurements were not in agreement. The underlying approaches to perturbation measurement appeared to be sufficiently different to produce different results. An argument is made for a standardized set of acoustic signals representing normal, dysphonic, and synthesized voices with known characteristics to facilitate testing of new acoustic analysis systems and confirm measurement accuracy and sensitivity.     

The sound speed and attenuation in loose and consolidated granular formulations of high alumina cements

Clinkers of high alumina cements are separated into three granular formulations with particle sizes in the range 0.6-0.71 mm, 0.71-1.18 mm and greater than 1.18 mm. These are used to manufacture consolidated samples of porous concrete in an autoclave. The acoustic and microscopic properties of loose and consolidated porous samples of concrete are investigated using both experimental methods and mathematical modelling. Values of porosity, flow resistivity, tortuosity and parameters of the pore size distribution are determined and used to predict closely the sound speed, acoustic attenuation and normal incidence absorption coefficient of these materials. It is shown that high alumina cements do not require additional binders for consolidation and that the structural bonds in these cements are developed quickly between individual clinkers in the presence of water. The hydration product build-up during the consolidation process is insignificant which ensures good acoustic performance of the consolidated samples resulting from a sufficient proportion of the open pores. The value of porosity in the consolidated samples was found to be around 40%, which is close to that measured in some commercial acoustic absorbers. This work provides a foundation for the development of acoustically efficient and structurally robust materials, which can be integrated in environmentally sustainable concrete and masonry structures.     

The microdroplet test: experimental and finite element analysis of the dependance of failure mode on droplet shape

The microdroplet technique is usually designed as a fibre embedded in a drop of resin and subsequently pulled out while the drop is being supported by two knife edges, resulting in either debonding of the droplets from the fibres, or breakage of the fibres before debonding can occur. In this study, the microdroplet technique was performed using a platinum ring with a 40 μm hole instead of the usual two knife edges, giving an axisymmetric geometry, load and stress distribution. Glass/phenolic and glass/polyester composite systems were tested experimentally and subsequent finite element modelling studies were performed to assess the variation of droplet size, and contact angle between the droplet and fibre. It was found that contact angle is of major influence in the proposed failure model. This study characterizes the influence of the contact angle between the droplet and the fibre on the subsequent stress distribution in the microdroplet specimen.     

End-wall errors in temperature measurement of external convective heat transfer with Moiré deflectometry

Moiré deflectometry is a robust and simple optical method that allows obtaining the temperature field in flows with uniform pressure and two-dimensional and axisymmetric flows. Since in real configurations it is not possible to keep exactly the hypothesis of two-dimensional flow, it is necessary to asses this influence. Therefore this work studies a procedure to estimate the errors due to the end-wall and 3-D effects when Moiré deflectometry is used for measuring the temperature field of an external convective heat transfer flow with free edges.According to the value of the parameter Gr/Re², results show two tendencies. The error in temperature measurement is smaller than 1% for ratios of thermal boundary layer thickness to the test field width lower than 0.4, in turbulent forced convection flows for temperature differences of 40 K. Temperature effects are significative, multiplying the error by two for a temperature difference 50% greater. These results enable researchers to evaluate the errors of this measurement technique associated with the end-wall effect.     

初始空间有序分布下超冷等离子体的演化模拟

超冷等离子体是一种极低温的强耦合等离子体.无序诱导加热过程是制约其达到高耦合强度的主要因素.我们使用德拜势场单体系等离子体模型的分子动力学方法模拟超冷等离子体的演化过程,研究初始空间分布对无序诱导加热过程的影响.在周期性边界条件下,我们研究了不同初始空间下超冷等离子体的演化过程,证明了有序初始空间分布能够有效提高等离子体的最终耦合强度,其结果与近期的理论计算相符合.进一步我们在演化模拟中考虑了有限体积下超冷等离子的膨胀过程,发现其在有序初始分布下会引发无序过程显著加热超冷等离子体,导致了耦合强度的逐渐降低.     

双频光场在二能级Dressed原子介质中的稳态传播

双频探测光场在二能级Dressed原子系统中的稳态传播,在一定条件下可以转化成一个自由传播问题,和一个等效场在二能级放大原子介质中的稳态传播问题,光场与Dressed原子之间独特的耦合,导致一种联合传播.     

Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity in open and closed systems,Part I: H2O2 generation

Cavitational/sonochemical activity can be significantly enhanced or reduced depending on the gases dissolved in the liquid. Although many researchers have suggested the order of importance of dissolved gas conditions that affect the degree of sonoluminescence (SL), sonochemiluminescence (SCL), and compound degradation, the most suitable gas condition for sonochemical oxidation reactions is currently unknown. In this study (Part I), the effects of gas saturation and sparging on the generation of H₂O₂ were investigated in a 28-kHz sonoreactor system. Four gas modes, saturation/closed, saturation/open, sparging/closed, and sparging/open, were applied to Ar, O₂, N₂, and binary gas mixtures. The change in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during ultrasonic irradiation was measured and was used as an indicator of whether the gaseous exchange between liquid and air altered the gas content of the liquid. Considerable difference in the DO concentration was observed for the gas saturation/open mode, ranging from –11.5 mg/L (O₂ 100 %) to +4.3 mg/L (N₂ 100 %), while no significant difference was observed in the other gas modes. The change in the gas content significantly reduced the linearity for H₂O₂ generation, which followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics, and either positively or negatively affected H₂O₂ generation. Ar:O₂ (75:25) and Ar:O₂ (50:50) resulted in the highest and second-highest H₂O₂ generation for both gas saturation and sparging, respectively. In addition, gas sparging resulted in much higher H₂O₂ generation for all gas conditions compared to gas saturation; this was because of the significant change in the cavitational active zone and concentrated ultrasonic energy, which formed a bulb-shaped active zone, especially for the Ar/O₂ mixtures adjacent to the transducer at the bottom. The sparging flow rate and position also significantly affected H₂O₂ generation; the highest H₂O₂ generation was obtained when the sparger was placed at the bottom adjacent to the transducer, with a flow rate of 3 L/min.In Part II, the generation of nitrogen oxides, including nitrite (NO₂^–) and nitrate (NO₃^–), was investigated using the same ultrasonic system with three gas modes: saturation/open, saturation/closed, and sparging/closed.     

Superluminal propagation and information transfer: A statistical approach in the microwave domain

Signal velocity is calculated in a medium with negative group delay (NGD). By accounting for the medium and the detector noise sources, the time varying probability of error at the detector [Pe(t)$\mathit{Pe}(t)$] is evaluated in the NGD channel and a normal dispersion channel. The scheme in which Pe(t)$\mathit{Pe}(t)$ falls below a threshold at earlier time, implies faster information transfer. It is found that the signal velocity depends on the detector type and the relative noise strength of the detector with respect to the channel. Finally, it is shown that NGD channels can be useful in applications that are limited by the detector noise.