水声无源材料插入损失测量时反聚焦方法

提出了利用时间反转(时反)聚焦技术的水声无源材料插入损失测量方法。通过无试样及有试样情况下实现接收信号的时反聚焦,并对聚焦信号进行透射系数计算,获得试样的插入损失。由于时反原理可实现接收信号的空时聚焦,从而提高测量信混比,因此本方法适用于非自由场环境下材料声学参数的测量,尤其适用于低频条件下的声学参数测量。波导水池试验开展了对两块试样的测量,试样尺寸为1.1m×1.0m×5mm,测量频率范围为1—20kHz,通过测量值与理论值的对比验证了该方法的有效性。      

基于声场重建的材料吸声系数测量方法

针对现有方法对材料吸声系数进行现场测量时存在低频测量误差大的问题,本文提出了一种利用扬声器线阵列对材料吸声系数进行现场测量的新方法。该方法使用基于能量比值约束的最小二乘法在待测材料表面进行平面波声场重建并结合双传声器传递函数法对材料的吸声系数进行测量。数值仿真表明在100～1600 Hz频率范围内,新方法在未加约束时能够对材料的吸声系数进行准确测量。在半消声室中利用新方法测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了能量比值约束值对测量结果的影响,并和阻抗管以及其它两种现场测量方法的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够对吸声材料在160～1600 Hz频段内的吸声系数进行准确测量,并且相较于现存的现场测量方法,新方法具有更低的测量频率下限。     

内嵌不同形状散射子的局域共振型黏弹性覆盖层低频吸声性能研究

最近研究表明,将声子晶体中的局域共振现象引入到水下吸声材料的设计中,可以观察到由局域共振引起的低频声吸收现象.为了进一步揭示局域共振低频吸声机理并获得更优的水下低频声吸收性能,研究了内嵌不同形状散射子的黏弹性声学覆盖层.利用晶格和散射子在空间排布的对称性,传统有限元方法得到简化,从而节约了计算时间和存储空间,并通过将简化有限元法计算得到的结果与传统有限元法计算的结果进行对比,验证了简化有限元方法的正确性.结合位移云纹图,考察了特定频率点上振动模态与相应的局域共振吸声峰之间的关系,揭示了内嵌圆柱形散射子的黏弹性覆盖层的吸声机理.进一步讨论了相同体积下不同形状的圆柱形散射子对黏弹性覆盖层吸声性能的影响,给出了提升覆盖层低频吸声性能的优化思路.通过讨论不同芯体材质对内嵌圆柱形散射子的黏弹性覆盖层吸声性能的影响,找到了改变第一共振峰位置的方法,从而可以通过调整第一共振峰来实现特定频率范围内的宽带吸声.     

含玻璃微球的黏弹性复合材料覆盖层的水下吸声性能分析

水下吸声覆盖层对潜艇的隐身具有重要的意义, 因此得到了广泛的关注. 本文对含有玻璃微球的黏弹性复合材料覆盖层的水下吸声性能进行了理论分析. 采用等效参数法计算了玻璃微球的体积含量对复合材料的力学和声学性能的影响. 应用声波在多层介质中传播的一维模型, 计算了不同玻璃微球体积含量的单层复合材料覆盖层的吸声性能.结果表明, 增加玻璃微球的体积含量可以提高覆盖层的低频吸声性能, 但是其高频吸声性能降低.采用遗传算法对玻璃微球在覆盖层厚度方向上的体积含量分布进行优化. 优化的多层结构可以在一定的频带内改善覆盖层的表面与水的声阻抗匹配, 在保证覆盖层的高频吸声系数大于某一限值(0.7)的前提下, 提高其低频吸声性能.另外, 多层优化结构覆盖层不含宏观的空腔结构, 不影响覆盖层的耐压性能.其结构简单, 对制备工艺的要求不高.因此, 本文形成的理论方法适用于水下吸声覆盖层的设计. 关键词： 水下吸声 黏弹性复合材料 玻璃微球 遗传算法     

声管中的宽带脉冲法的水声材料吸声系数测量

现有的水声管吸声系数测量的脉冲法,由于水声管高度的限制,存在低频限制。提出了基于"后置""逆滤波的宽带脉冲声测试方法,在测量获得系统的传递函数后,换能器发射宽频短脉冲信号,然后对接收到的标准反射体和待测样本的反射信号分别进行逆滤波处理,恢复未经传递系统"污染"的反射信号,计算待测样品的反射系数和吸声系数。仿真实验分析了"后置"逆滤波相对于传统"前置"逆滤波的在低频测试方面优势。对橡胶材料样品进行了实验测试,无论在低频段还是中高频段,宽带脉冲法和CW (Continuous Wave)脉冲法测试结果均吻合较好。宽带脉冲法是一种有效的测试方法,其低频测试能达到350 Hz,能有效拓展低频测试范围。      

含圆柱形空腔吸声覆盖层的二维理论

发展了一种基于线性粘弹性Kelvin-Voigt模型的二维解析理论,分析声波垂直入射情况下含有周期分布圆柱形空腔的吸声覆盖层的反声和吸声特性。将覆盖层单元近似为粘弹性圆柱管,导出轴对称波的特征方程。再利用前后界面的边界条件得到这些轴对称波的共振频率和覆盖层的反射系数公式。根据理论模型计算了刚性背衬下某种材料吸声覆盖层的低频吸声性能。计算结果表明:(1)材料损耗因子越大吸声系数越大,但吸声峰值频率基本上不变,(2)覆盖层越厚吸声峰值频率越低, (3)穿孔率越小吸声峰频率越高,吸声系数峰值越大。     

黏弹性材料的动态力学特性及其对覆盖层吸声性能的影响

本文利用标准化动态力学测量手段获得了某种高分子聚合物的动态杨氏模量,并根据时温等效原理对动态杨氏模量与声学测量在频段上的差异加以分析和转换,得到了500—7500 Hz频率范围内该黏弹性材料杨氏模量随频率变化的特性.基于所测得动态杨氏模量,采用有限元方法分析了均匀黏弹材料的吸声性能,并将仿真结果与样品声管实验数据进行对比,验证了测试所得参数的准确性.进一步仿真分析了含有局域共振结构的声学覆盖层吸声性能,并讨论了黏弹性材料的动态特性对其吸声性能的影响,提出了改进水声覆盖层低频宽带吸声特性的建议.     

水下吸声覆盖层声管测试的背衬研究

在吸声覆盖层水声声管测试的实验研究中，覆盖层背衬的选择对测量结果有重大影响。在我们二维理论研究的基础上，建立了吸声覆盖层声学特性的传递函数模型，分析比较了不同背衬对吸声覆盖层声学性能的影响。结果表明，不同背衬对吸声覆盖层吸声性能的影响具有明显不同的特性。背衬为双层壳体时，水层对吸声覆盖层的吸声系数曲线有明显的调制现象。背衬为单层壳体或双层壳体时，从整体上讲，吸声系数更趋近于刚性背衬而非软背衬的情况。在实验室小样品声管测试中，以较厚的钢柱作为背衬的测试数据来衡量吸声覆盖层性能更为合适，且易于实现。     

多重散射方法研究轴对称空腔覆盖层的声学特性

发展了一种多重散射方法研究声学覆盖层的半数值半解析模型,分析了影响轴对称空腔结构声学性能的主要能量耗散机制。在球坐标条件下推导出轴对称空腔结构的位移和应力场基函数,通过对空腔表面基函数的数值积分,得到散射波和入射波之间的传输矩阵方程,结合分层介质声传播理论计算了周期性空腔结构覆盖层的反射、透射和吸声性能。研究结果表明;空腔共振是低频能量耗散的主要形式,边界条件对材料空腔结构的谐振特性影响很大,利用双空腔耦合共振可以拓宽材料的低频吸声频带;背衬对材料的高频吸声影响较小,材料的高频能量损耗取决于空腔的散射和波型转换特性。      

吸声覆盖层研究进展

从粘弹性材料复杂结构吸声性能计算和粘弹性材料动态力学参数获取两方面对吸声覆盖层研究进行了回顾。计算模型主要有分层介质模型、等效介质模型、空腔谐振模型以及数值计算方法。动态力学参数获取主要有基于振动的直接测量方法、基于声学性能测试的反演方法和近些年发展起来的有限元的反演方法。最后对吸声覆盖层研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Measurement of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples using multi-channel inverse filter

A method of measuring the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples by use of the multi-channel inverse filter based on the least square method was proposed.First,the responses of the circuit channels and the underwater acoustical channels are estimated,the retransmitted inverse signals for the multiple transducers can be estimated using the least square method,and the cost function constructed by the multi-channel inverse filtering theory can be solved.Then,by retransmitting the inverse signals,the incident signal at the position of the acoustical coating sample is focused with high resolution,low level of side lobes and a narrow pulse signal in temporal domain,which improves the measurement accuracy of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples at low frequencies.The performance of the spatio-temporal focusing for the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations.The validity of the method is verified by experiments carried out in a cylindrical tank for a steel plate sample in the frequency range 0.8-5.0 kHz.The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to the measurement of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples in non-free field,and is especially applicable to low-frequency measurements.     

Reconstruction of band-limited signals from multichannel and periodic nonuniform samples in the linear canonical transform domain

Linear canonical transforms (LCTs) are a family of integral transforms with wide application in optical, acoustical, electromagnetic, and other wave propagation problems. This paper addresses the problem of signal reconstruction from multichannel and periodic nonuniform samples in the LCT domain. Firstly, the multichannel sampling theorem (MST) for band-limited signals with the LCT is proposed based on multichannel system equations, which is the generalization of the well-known sampling theorem for the LCT. We consider the problem of reconstructing the signal from its samples which are acquired using a multichannel sampling scheme. For this purpose, we propose two alternatives. The first scheme is based on the conventional Fourier series and inverse LCT operation. The second is based on the conventional Fourier series and inverse Fourier transform (FT) operation. Moreover, the classical Papoulis MST in FT domain is shown to be special case of the achieved results. Since the periodic nonuniformly sampled signal in the LCT has valuable applications, the reconstruction expression for the periodic nonuniformly sampled signal has been then obtained by using the derived MST and the specific space-shifting property of the LCT. Last, the potential applications of the MST are presented to show the advantage of the theory.     

Inverse acoustical characterization of natural jute sound absorbing material by the particle swarm optimization method

For modeling of jute as acoustic material, knowledge of its non-acoustical parameters like porosity, tortuosity, air flow resistivity, thermal and viscous characteristic lengths is a prime requisite. Measurement of these non-acoustical parameters is not straightforward and involves a dedicated measurement setup. So in order to overcome this issue, the inverse acoustical characterization can be used. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization method (PSO) is used as an optimization method. This method estimates the non-acoustical parameters of jute material in felt form by minimizing the error between experimental and theoretical sound absorption data. In this work, the impedance prediction models for fibrous materials like Johnson–Champoux–Allard model with rigid and limp frame and Garai–Pompoli model is used for sound absorption coefficient calculation by the transfer matrix method along with the PSO. The inverse estimated non-acoustical parameters for jute material are then compared with estimated and experimentally measured parameters for jute felts. Using these inversely predicted parameters, sound absorption of multilayer sound absorbers is also studied.     

The absorption coefficient measurement of underwater materials in a water tube by using the wide-band pulse method

The existing absorption coefficient measurement in a water tube is limited in low frequency due to the limitation of the pulse tube length.A wide-band pulse tube method based on the post-processing inverse filter is proposed.After obtaining the response of the entire system,the transducer is excited with wide-band,short-duration signals.Then,the received signals are processed with inverse filters and the "blurred" reflective signals of standard reflector and test sample are recovered respectively,finally,the reflection coefficient and absorption coefficient are calculated.Simulation work is implemented to verify the advantage of postprocessing inverse filter over pre-processing inverse filter in terms of low frequency measurement.To verify the proposed method,two different wide-band pulses in the separate frequency ranges are adopted to measure the same rubber material.The experimental results indicate that the wide-band pulse method and CW(Continuous Wave) pulse method have good agreement in both low frequency range and high frequency range.Wide-band pulse method is of high efficiency,and the low frequency reaches 350 Hz,which is able to extend the low frequency range.     

稀疏正交联合约束多通道非负矩阵分解声信号分离算法

针对复杂环境下多通道声信号分离问题,提出稀疏正交联合约束多通道非负矩阵分解声信号分离方法。首先设计基于多通道扩展坂仓斋藤(Itakura-Saito,IS)散度的稀疏正交联合约束项构造代价函数,给出信号稀疏和信号正交约束辅助函数,实现代价函数最小化求解。然后通过迭代更新规则设计,得到稀疏正交优化的多通道非负矩阵分解基矩阵和系数矩阵,讨论了稀疏正交约束对基矩阵和系数矩阵稀疏性与连续性影响。最后基于多通道信号空间特性,进行了非负矩阵分解基聚类以获得多通道非负矩阵分解声信号的分离结果。双通道音频数据与四通道声学目标分离实验数据测试表明,对音频数据,所提算法在性能指标信号失真比(SDR)上提高了0.84 dB,对于直升机声源数据,所提算法在SDR上提高了4.53 dB。     

基于差分吸收光谱技术监测苯-甲苯-二甲苯的实验研究

苯-甲苯-二甲苯(BTX)是大气挥发性有机物(VOCs）的重要组成成份,人类长期暴露在苯系物的环境中致癌风险将极大提高。利用BTX在紫外波段有明显的光谱吸收特征,选取250～275 nm作为研究波段,该波段可将BTX的主要特征吸收包含在内。设计了一套由标准BTX液体制备标准气态BTX的装置,采用连续紫外光源和差分吸收光谱技术分别对单组分苯与BTX混合气体进行连续监测研究。为最大程度去除外界噪声干扰,分别采用小波变换滤波和多项式平滑滤波法,并对两种方法的去噪效果进行评价。研究表明尽管传统处理吸收光谱噪声的方法常采用多项式平滑滤波,但该方法会使吸收截面上的细节信息或高频分量丢失。而小波变换滤波具有良好的时频局域化特性,能通过伸缩和平移对信号进行多分辨率分析并可聚焦到信号的任意细节,更能保持光谱谱线的特征结构且信噪比优于多项式平滑滤波。通过实验获得了BTX的吸收截面并与HITRAN数据库吸收截面对比,发现若直接采用HITRAN数据库中吸收截面值将造成由于温度与压强变化导致的浓度反演误差。为了能够与实际监测环境相符合,采用实验室获取的吸收截面作为标准吸收截面。对单组分苯浓度的反演分别采用积分面积法和最小二乘法,研究表明两种方法的测量精度均能满足环保监测法规要求,且最小二乘法更加稳定、精度更高。针对BTX混合气体的测量,采用通过浓度值反演差分吸光度的方法进而逐一反演苯-甲苯-二甲苯的浓度值。研究发现对BTX混合物的浓度反演时二甲苯测量误差均在2%以下,但对甲苯和苯的测量误差逐渐增大,苯浓度的反演最大误差达到了9.07%,苯的测量精度受到了二甲苯、甲苯测量精度以及苯光谱特征吸收波段的影响。     

Inverse estimation of the acoustic impedance of a porous woven hose from measured transmission coefficients

A porous tube, comprised of a resin-coated woven fabric has recently been used as an effective component for use in intake systems of internal combustion engines to reduce the intake noise. For the prediction of the acoustic performance of an engine intake system with a porous woven hose, the acoustic wall impedance of the hose must be known. However, the accurate measurement of the wall impedance of a porous woven hose is not easy because of its peculiar acoustical and structural characteristics. A new measurement technique is proposed herein, that is valid over the low to mid frequency ranges. The acoustics impedance is inversely estimated from an overdetermined set of measured pressure transmission coefficients for specimens of different lengths and the reflection coefficient of end termination. The method involves only one measurement setup, and, as a result, it is very simple. A variation of the proposed method, an inverse estimation method using one of the four-pole parameters is also proposed. An error sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of measurement error on the accuracy of the final result. The measured TL for samples with arbitrary lengths and arbitrary porous frequency are in reasonably good agreement with values predicted from curve-fitted impedance data.