Efficient radiation production in long implosions of structured gas-puff Z pinch loads from large initial radius

We have proposed and demonstrated successfully a new approach for generating high-yield K-shell radiation with large-diameter gas-puff Z pinches. The novel load design consists of an outer region plasma that carries the current and couples energy from the driver, an inner region plasma that stabilizes the implosion, and a high-density center jet plasma that radiates. It increased the Ar K-shell yield at 3.46 MA in 200 ns implosions from 12 cm initial diameter by a factor of 2, to 21 kJ, matching the yields obtained earlier on the same accelerator with 100 ns implosions. A new "pusher-stabilizer-radiator" physical model is advanced to explain this result.     

On stabilization of gas puff implosion: experiment and simulation

A double gas puff was used to study the mitigation of the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities for long implosion times (up to 250 ns). The experiments have been performed on the inductive storage GIT-4 (1.7 MA, 120 ns) generator. Current division between the outer and inner shells was controlled using magnetron-discharge preionization. The implosion of the a double gas puff, with the improved preionization, results in the formation of a uniform plasma column. The results of two-dimensional (2-D) radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations support the experimental results: a double gas puff implosion mitigates the RT instabilities, leading to the development of only small-amplitude waves. The 2-D simulation allowed us to explain the halo effect seen in the experiments: the use of the low hybrid conductivity in the calculation demonstrated the existence of the high density plasma core surrounded by a low density plasma halo     

双层喷气Z箍缩氖等离子体K层辐射研究

报道了"强光一号"(1.6 MA,70 ns)加速器驱动双层喷Ne气Z箍缩负载产生K层辐射(光子能量约1 keV)的实验研究.喷气负载出口半径为1.5—1.4 cm和0.75—0.6 cm(半径比2 ∶1).充气压力相同情况下外层和内层质量比约2.8 ∶1.在内爆时间约120 ns、负载线质量估计值60—70 μg/cm时,获得K层辐射产额约7 kJ、峰值功率0.28 TW,脉冲宽度20 ns.X射线分幅图像表明内爆阶段的不稳定性影响较小,最终内爆速度超过25 cm/μs,等离 关键词： 双层喷气 Z箍缩等离子体 K层辐射')" href="#">K层辐射 雪耙内爆     

“强光一号”Al丝阵Z箍缩产生K层辐射实验研究

在“强光一号”加速器开展了Al丝阵Z箍缩产生K层辐射的实验研究,固定Al丝线径20 μm、丝阵直径12 mm,丝根数为8和12的负载获得K层产额分别为0.9 kJ/cm和1.1 kJ/cm,明显高于16和24根丝负载.辐射功率波形和时间分辨的X射线图像显示,低丝数负载存在拖尾质量引起的多次内爆现象.在60%—80%的内爆时间内,丝阵几乎停留在初始位置;主体内爆在随后的25—30 ns内完成,将部分等离子体留在初始位置,形成质量的拖尾分布;内爆后期驱动电流向外围的拖尾质量迁移,引 关键词： Al丝阵 Z箍缩 K层辐射')" href="#">K层辐射 拖尾质量     

Results of radius scaling experiments and analysis of neon K-shellradiation data from an inductively driven Z-pinch

The K-shell radiated energy (yield) from neon Z-pinch implosions with annular, gas-puff nozzle radii of 1, 1.75, and 2.5 cm was measured for implosion times from 50 to 300 ns while systematically keeping the implosion kinetic energy nearly constant. The implosions were driven by the Hawk inductive-storage generator at the 0.65-MA level. Initial neutral-neon density distributions from the nozzles were determined with laser interferometry. Measured yields are compared with predictions from zero-dimensional (0-D) scaling models of ideal. One-dimensional (1-D) pinch behavior to both benchmark the scaling models, and to determine their utility for predicting K-shell yields for argon implosions of 200 to >300 ns driven by corresponding currents of 4 to 9 MA, such as envisioned for the DECADE QUAD. For all three nozzles, the 0-D models correctly predict the Z-pinch mass for maximum yield. For the 1and 1.75-cm radius nozzles, the scaling models accurately match the measured yields if the ratio of initial to final radius (compression ratio) is assumed to be 8:1. For the 2.5-cm radius nozzle, the measured yields are only one-third of the predictions. Analysis of K-shell spectral measurements suggest that as much as 70% (50%) of the imploded mass is radiating in the K-shell for the 1-cm (1.75-cm) radius nozzle. That fraction is only 10% for the 2.5-cm radius nozzle. The 0-D scaling models are useful for predicting 1-D-like K-shell radiation yields (better than a factor-of-two accuracy) when a nominal (≈10:1) compression ratio is assumed. However, the compression ratio assumed in the models is only an “effective” quantity, so that further interpretations based on the 0-D analysis require additional justification. The lower-than-predicted yield for the 2.5-cm radius nozzle is associated with larger radius and not with longer implosion time, and is probably a result of two-dimensional effects     

Plasma Radiation Source on the Basis of the Gas Puff with Outer Plasma Shell in the Circuit of a Mega-Ampere Load Current Doubler

Russian Physics Journal - Characteristics of Z-pinch plasma radiation in the form of a double shell neon gas puff with outer plasma shell are investigated in the microsecond implosion mode....     

Implosion dynamics of a radiative composite Z-pinch

Two-dimensional simulation of a composite Z-pinch was performed by the complete radiative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code ZETA including detailed calculation of equations of state, spectral properties of materials, and radiation transport in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium multicharged ions plasma. The initial geometry, the substance components, and the electric current through the Z-pinch were similar to the joint experiment set up JEX-94 at Angara-5 facility. The geometry was: annular argon gas puff with inner and outer diameter of a nozzle cross section, 3 cm and 3.4 cm, respectively, and specific mass of 80 μg/cm. Inside it along the axis a foam cylinder 30% KCl in agar-agar with total mass 60 μg and diameter 1 mm was put. The initial gas distribution was modelled with a divergence of a jet along the Z-axis. A coupling of the Z-pinch with the electric current generator was modelled by an electrical circuit with a given electromagnetic wave, a resistance, an inductance, and a variable load (Z-pinch) similar to the Angara-5-1 output parameters. During the plasma implosion the total current reached the value of 3 MA at a time of 85 ns from the voltage start. Such current amplitude is much less than through the matched load (up to 4 MA as a rule): The plasma implosion is accompanied by the development of different types of short and long wave instabilities (thermal, radiative, nonisothermal, and MHD Rayleigh-Taylor modes). In this report, the detailed plasma implosion dynamics, the influence of instabilities, and the spectral radiation yield are discussed, and a comparison with the experimental results is done     

基于箍缩装置的高能量密度物理实验研究进展

基于脉冲功率技术的箍缩装置能够在cm空间尺度和百ns时间尺度产生极端的高温、高压、高密度以及强辐射环境。中物院流体物理研究所在已建成的10 MA级的大型箍缩装置上开展多种负载构型的高能量密度物理实验研究。利用Z箍缩动态黑腔创造出了惯性约束聚变研究所需的高温辐射场;研究了金属箔套筒和固体套筒的内爆动力学特性;利用中低Z材料内爆获得了可观的K壳层线辐射并用于X射线热-力学效应实验研究;磁驱动准等熵加载和冲击加载为材料动态特性研究提供了新的实验能力;采用环形二极管和反射三极管技术的轫致辐射源获得了高剂量（率）的X射线和γ射线;利用磁驱动的径向金属箔模拟了天体物理中恒星射流的形成及其辐射的产生。此外,还介绍了利用反场构型磁化靶聚变装置开展的预加热磁化等离子体靶形成等实验结果。     

丝阵Z箍缩可见光辐射特性

在阳加速器上进行的Z箍缩实验中,利用快速硅光电二极管、多模光纤和石英滤片搭建了可见光探测系统,并利用该系统对丝阵Z箍缩等离子体内爆可见光辐射特性进行了研究。实验结果显示,可见光辐射在内爆开始时就已经存在,其波形与X射线辐射波形存在差异,在辐射波形的主峰前存在所谓的拐点。分析表明,在内爆滞止前,丝阵Z箍缩中单丝箍缩现象和预箍缩等离子体对可见光辐射贡献很大,而整体内爆开始时单丝附近的局域磁场消失是可见光辐射波形存在拐点的主要原因。     

第十五届全国原子与分子物理学术会议:非局域热动平衡等离子体K壳层电离平衡模型

发展了针对非局域热动平衡等离子体的K壳层电离平衡模型。模型中详细计算了各原子过程参数,并通过求解速率方程的稳态解得到各电离态的布居分布。在此基础之上,研究了谱线强度比值对等离子体温度、密度的依赖关系。最后,我们根据此模型的计算结果,分析了在神光II装置上获得的内爆靶丸掺Ar发射光谱实验数据,推断出靶丸芯区电子温度随时间的演化过程。     

非局域热动平衡等离子体K壳层电离平衡模型

发展了针对非局域热动平衡等离子体的K壳层电离平衡模型.模型中详细计算了各原子过程参数,并通过求解速率方程的稳态解得到各电离态的布居分布.在此基础之上,研究了谱线强度比值对等离子体温度、密度的依赖关系.最后,我们根据此模型的计算结果,分析了在神光Ⅱ装置上获得的内爆靶丸掺Ar发射光谱实验数据,推断出靶丸芯区电子温度随时间的演化过程.     

Kr喷气箍缩等离子体的数值研究

 探讨了Z箍缩等离子体辐射磁流体模拟二维三温物理模型及其数值计算方法，针对“强光一号”加速器上Kr喷气实验的具体条件，利用辐射磁流体力学程序Z-pinch 2D-DG模拟了Kr喷气等离子体聚爆过程，分析了X射线辐射的特点，给出了等离子体密度和温度的演化图像以及喷气箍缩中一些带有普遍性的结论。     

Two dynamics modes in planar wire array Z pinch implosion

Two dynamics modes,named short ablation mode and long ablation mode,are observed in implosion experiments of planar wire array Z pinch on ’QiangGuang-I’ facility utilizing an optical streak camera.The long ablation mode has a lagged trajectory compared with the short ablation mode.For shot 10035 in a short ablation mode,the initial time of K-shell radiation is consistent with the interaction time for ablation plasma arriving at the centre of wire array,while for shot 10038 in long ablation mode,the initial time of K-shell radiation is about 10 ns earlier.In the two modes,the partial ablation plasma could traverse the wire array plane and then collide in the centre to form a dense plasma column with a diameter of 2.2 mm for shot 10035 and 1.5 mm for shot 10038.     

Z箍缩等离子体内爆X光辐射功率角分布

 在Z箍缩实验中,利用ST1432红光闪烁体、多模石英光纤探头和大电流光电倍增管探测器等研究了丝阵等离子体内爆过程中沿轴向与径向不同方位角的X光辐射功率分布。采用的负载为单层钨丝阵和单层铝丝阵,驱动电流1.5～1.8 MA,上升时间60～90 ns。实验结果表明:Z箍缩等离子体X光辐射强度有轴向和径向分布不均匀性;单层钨丝阵轴向X光辐射强度大于径向辐射强度;单层铝丝阵径向X光辐射强度大于轴向辐射强度。     

7～8 MA条件下MagLIF集成实验关键问题理论研究与设计

针对国内7～8 MA脉冲功率装置驱动条件,通过耦合等效电路模型和McBride等人发展的半解析模型,研究了MagLIF总体能量学过程及中子产额随关键参数的变化规律,获得了中子产额大于1010的参数设计区间。结果表明:7～8 MA驱动条件、套筒材料、负载高度、燃料半径与密度、预热能量、外加轴向磁场等多因素共同决定了燃料的最终压缩状态;预热能量越大,燃料初始升温以及滞止时刻升温越高,中子产额越高;轴向磁场增加,热传导能量损失减小,但燃料收缩比也会减小,因此存在优化轴向磁场以获得较高中子产额;杂质质量分数超过10%,中子产额开始显著下降。燃料密度0.7 mg/cm3、外加轴向磁场27 T、预热能量200 J、杂质质量分数小于50%的条件下,可以获得3.5×1010中子产额,从而有望在7～8 MA条件下建立MagLIF关键问题研究平台。     

利用时间分辨Ar的K壳层发射光谱诊断内爆靶丸芯区电子温度的时间演化过程

在神光Ⅱ装置上的内爆实验中,通过在充氘气(D2)的靶丸中掺入氩(Ar)元素,利用晶体谱仪配条纹相机测量得到了内爆停滞阶段Ar的K壳层发射光谱随时间的变化。在实验中,观测到Ar的Heα,Heβ以及Lyα线发射,持续时间大约200ps。用Heα线与Lyα线强度比值来推断靶丸芯区电子温度。利用碰撞辐射模型,从理论上计算出Heα线与Lyα线强度比值随电子温度、数密度的变化。通过将实验上观测到的Heα线与Lyα线强度比与理论计算值相比较,获得了芯区电子温度随时间的演化。并计算比较了不同电子密度条件下推断出来的电子温度的差异,证明诊断电子温度的方法对电子数密度的变化不敏感。利用逃逸因子修正了自吸收效应,从计算的结果可以看出在目前的实验中Heα线和Lyα线是光学薄的。     

Strong temperature effect on X-ray photo-etching of polytetrafluoroethylene using a 10 Hz laser-plasma radiation source based on a gas puff target

The first results of experiments on direct photo-etching of heated PTFE using a 10 Hz X-ray source based on a laser-irradiated gas puff target are presented. X-ray radiation in the wavelength range from 6 to 20 nm was produced as a result of irradiation of a double-stream gas puff target with Nd:YAG laser pulses of energy 0.8 J and time duration 3 ns. The resulting X-ray pulses with energy of about 100–200 mJ were used to irradiate samples of PTFE to create microstructures by direct photo-etching. Strong enhancement of the photo-etching process was observed for samples heated up to 300 °C. PACS 52.38.Ph; 81.65.Cf; 61.82.Pv     

丝阵Z箍缩实验1维X光辐射功率分布

 在Angara-5-1联合实验中,利用条纹像机和光纤阵列实现时间分辨和1维空间分辨,得到了丝阵条纹像,观察到丝阵负载箍缩区X光辐射的1维轴向空间分布信息随时间的演化过程,考察了内爆的同步性和均匀性。通过对比不同结构负载内爆等离子体X光1维时空分布信息,发现由于内层等离子体对磁流体瑞利-泰勒不稳定性的抑制作用,(40+20)根双层钨丝阵比60根单层钨丝阵的内爆轴向同步性好,产生的X光辐射功率高;由于负载存在弯曲、断丝、扭曲等现象,(60+30)根双层钨丝阵比90根单层钨丝阵的轴向同步优势不明显;轴向同步性好与辐射功率高之间存在相关性;辐射波形前沿较快时,X光功率较高。     

Analysis of Ar line spectra from indirectly-driven implosion experiments on SGII facility

This paper reports on the indirectly-driven implosion experiments on SGII laser facility in which Ar emission spectrum from Ar-doped D-filled plastic capsule is recorded with the crystal spectrometer. Spectral features of Ar Heβ line and its associated satellites are analysed to extract the electron temperature and density of the implosion core. Non local thermal equilibrium (NLTE) collisional-radiative atomic kinetics and Strark broadening line shape are included in the present calculation. By comparing the calculated spectrum with the measured one, the core electron temperature and density are inferred to be 700 eV and 2.5×10²³ cm^-3 respectively. With these inferred values of electron temperature and density, neutron yield can be estimated to agree with the measured value in magnitude despite of the very simple model used for the estimation.     

单壳层喷气Z箍缩内爆特性分析

在“阳”加速器（电流峰值为500—850 kA,上升时间约为85 ns）上利用单壳层喷气负载开展了Z箍缩等离子体内爆实验,获得了等离子体的辐射产额、X光辐射图像等诊断结果.利用相应的诊断结果,定义了内爆时间,对内爆过程的主要阶段进行了划分,研究了等离子体位形、辐射强度分布等实验现象,同时对等离子体的内爆轨迹、内爆质量、径向收缩比、磁流体不稳定性等进行了初步分析. 关键词： Z箍缩')" href="#">喷气负载Z箍缩 等离子体内爆 X光辐射功率 “阳”加速器