A test of the Hirshfeld definition of atomic charges and moments

Summary The Hirshfeld population analysis scheme which carves the molecular density into atomic density contributions is tested. This method does not require a reference to basis sets or their respective locations, but is based on a different physical and mathematical footing. The advantage of this method is that, when the molecular deformation density converges to the true solution, the computed net charges will necessarily converge. This method also allows a straightforward definition for local moments. About 36 molecules have been used to compute the conventional Mulliken and Löwdin population analyses with STO3G, 6311G** and Dunning-Hay split valence basis sets. These results have been compared to the estimates provided by the Hirshfeld model. The charges found in the Hirshfeld method are smaller than those from the other methods.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic N-oxides and related compounds VI. Reaction of pyridine,dipyridyl, and quinoline N-oxides with ammonia and ammonium salts

The amination of pyridine, quinoline, and 2,3- and 4,4-dipyridyl N-oxides with ammonia and ammonium salts in the presence of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was studied. 2-Aminopyridine, N-(p-tosyl)-2-aminopyridine, and N-(p-tosyl)-2,2-dipyridyls were obtained in reactions with pyridine N-oxide. 2-Aminoquinoline was obtained in the amination of quinoline N-oxide. Dipyridyl N-oxides do not undergo amination.See [1] for communication V.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 229–232, February, 1976.     

Reactions of cyanofurazans with β-dicarbonyl compounds

In the presence of nickel acetylacetonate, -dicarbonyl compounds readily add at the nitrile group of 4-R-3-cyanofurazans to form enaminofurazans. The adducts obtained from 4-amino-3-cyanofurazan underwent intramolecular cyclization on heating with AcOH in EtOH to give furazano[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives in high yields.     

Molecular orbital calculations on the optical rotatory properties of chiral allene systems

The chiroptical properties associated with the ^* transitions in dissymmetric allene systems are calculated and relationships between the chiroptical observables and the stereochemical and electronic structural features of these systems are examined. The calculations are based on the INDO and CNDO/S semiempirical molecular orbital models for the electronic structure of the molecular systems and excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. The dipole strengths, rotatory strengths, and dissymmetry factors for the three lowest energy ^* transitions are computed and reported for eleven chiral allene structures. Relationships between absolute configuration and the signs of the ^* rotatory strengths are examined and discussed.     

Stereocontrolled synthesis of low-molecular-weight β-O-glycosides from products of decyclization of acylated oligosaccharide glycals

Low-molecular-weight -O-glycosides with aliphatic polyfunctional aglycones were synthesized by Horner-Emmons olefination of O-glycosylated ,-unsaturated aldehydes prepared by acid opening of the dihydropyran ring in totally acylated lactal, cellobial, and gentiobial.Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1176–1181, May, 1992.     

The μ-and δ-opioid pharmacophore conformations of cyclic β-casomorphin analogues indicate docking of the Phe3 residue to different domains of the opioid receptors

Summary Cyclic -casomorphin analogues with a d-configured amino acid residue in position 2, such as Tyr-c[-Xaa-Phe-Pro-Gly-] and Tyr-c[-Xaa-Phe-d-Pro-Gly-] (Xaa=d-A₂bu, d-Orn, d-Lys) were found to bind to the -opioid receptor as well as to the -opioid receptor, whereas the corresponding l-Xaa² derivatives are nearly inactive at both. Low-energy conformers of both active and nearly inactive derivatives have been determined in a systematic conformational search or by molecular dynamics simulations using the TRIPOS force field. The obatained conformations were compared with regard to a model for -selective opiates developed by Brandt et al. [Drug Des. Discov., 10 (1993) 257]. Superpositions as well as electrostatic, lipophilic and hydrogen bonding similarities with the -opioid receptor pharmacophore conformation of t-Hpp-JOM-13 proposed by Mosberg et al. [J. Med. Chem., 37 (1994) 4371, 4384] were used to establish the probable -pharmacophoric cyclic -casomorphin conformations. These conformations were also compared with a -opioid agonist (SNC 80) and the highly potent antagonist naltrindole. These investigations led to a prediction of the -and -pharmacophore structures for the cyclic -casomorphins. Interestingly, for the inactive compounds such conformations could not be detected. The comparison between the -and -pharmacophore conformations of the cyclic -casomorphins demonstrates not only differences in spatial orientation of both aromatic groups, but also in the backbone conformations of the ring part. In particular, the differences in ² and ² (70°,-80°; 165°,55°) cause a completely different spatial arrangement of the cyclized peptide rings when all compounds are matched with regard to maximal spatial overlap of the tyrosine residue. Assuming that both the -and -pharmacophore conformations bind with the tyrosine residue in a similar orientation at the same transmembrane domain X of their receptors, the side chain of Phe³ as a second binding site has to dock with different domains.This paper is based on a presentation given at the 14th Molecular Graphics and Modelling Society Conference, held in Cairns, Australia, August 27–September 1, 1995.     

Interaction of fluoroalkyl-containing β-diketones with amines

The composition of products of the interaction of asymmetric fluoroalkyl-containing -diketones with amines was studied. Mixtures of regioisomeric -aminovinylketones and products of cleavage and secondary condensation are formed, depending on the temperature, the solvent, the nature of the fluorinated and nonfluorinated substituents in the -diketone, and the basicity of the amine. The major product is a -aminovinylketone in which the NH₂ group is removed from the fluoroalkyl substituent. No -aminovinylimines, products of condensation involving two electrophilic centers, were observed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2278–2284, September, 1996.     

Synthesis of N′-phosphinatodiazene N-oxides

We have developed a regiospecific method for synthesis of N-phosphinatodiazene N-oxides, a previously unknown type of azoxy compounds in which the diazene oxide fragment is directly connected with the phosphinate group. The method involves reaction of amidoesters of alkyl- and arylphosphonic acids with nitroso compounds in the presence of dibromoisocyanurate.N. D. Zelinskii Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117913 Moscow. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2648–2656, November, 1992.     

Influence of cyclodextrins on nitrosation of drugs

The World Health Organization issued a nitrosation procedure (NAP Test) which allows to carry out nitrosation under standard conditions. It has proved that the in vitro reaction rates of the fast nitrosatable drugs piperazine, cimetidine and ethambutol are not influenced by -, - and -cyclodextrin. On the contrary, -, -cyclodextrin and heptakis-2,6-di-O-methyl--cyclodextrin enhance the nitrosation of the slower nitrosatable 1-ephedrine and fencamfamine significantly. This possible reaction must be considered if nitrosatable drugs are formulated with cyclodextrins to be administered to human beings.     

Reaction of the dimethoxyaminyl radical with tertiary nitrosoalkanes as a method for the preparation of N-alkyl-N′-methoxydiazene N-oxides

The reaction of the dimethoxyaminyl radical with functionally substituted nitrosoalkanes (2) in a 2:1 ratio at 20°C gives the corresponding N-alkyl-N-methoxydiazene N-oxides (3) as a single isomer in preparative yields.N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117913 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2443–2445, October, 1992.     

New route for the synthesis of 2-thiouracil analogues of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy nucleosides

Summary Reaction of 3-azido-5-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranoside (5) with silylated 2-thiouracil and 5-alkoxy-2-thiouracils in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate afforded an anomeric mixture of the corresponding 3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-2-thiouridine derivatives with the -anomer as the main product. Deprotected nucleosides were obtained by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride.

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Ein neuer Weg zur Synthese von 2-Thiouracil-Analogen von 3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-Nucleosiden

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von 3-Azido-5-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosid (5) mit silyliertem 2-Thiouracil und 5-Alkoxy-2-thiouracil in Gegenwart von Trimethylsilyltrifluormethansulfonat ergab eine anomere Mischung der entsprechenden 3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-2-thiouridin-Derivate, wobei das -Anomer das Hauptprodukt darstellte. Die ungeschützten Nucleoside wurden mittels Behandlung mit Tetrabutylammoniumfluorid erhalten.

     

On the configuration interaction method for singlet states

The direct CI method, which avoids explicit calculation of the Hamiltonian matrix, is presented in a new form. The method is linked with Davidson's algorithm for iterative evaluation of the ground state eigenvector. The viability of the method is indicated by the test calculations on water which are described.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of cyclosophoroheptadecaose (Cys-A)

The conformational preferences of cyclosophoroheptadecaose (Cys-A), which is a member of a class of cyclic (12)--D-glucan, were characterized by molecular dynamics simulations. Simulated annealing and constant temperature molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the Cys-A. The simulations produced various types of compact and asymmetrical conformations of Cys-A. Excellent agreement was found between experimental data and corresponding values predicted by molecular modeling. Most glycosidic linkages were concentrated in the lowest energy region of - energy map, and the values of radius of gyration (R_G) and the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) distance data derived from our simulations were finely consistent with the reported experimental values. This result will also give novel insights for the molecular complexation mechanism of Cys-A with various guest chemicals.     

Effect of Cyclodextrins on the Chemical Stability of ST1435, a Contraceptive Steroid Progestin, in Aqueous Solution

The influence of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the chemical stability of the contraceptive steroid progestin, ST1435, in aqueous solution has been studied using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of CD structure, temperature, and CD concentration on the rate of degradation were investigated. It was found that the drug degraded to different extents following a pseudo-first order reaction mechanism. The presence of the host molecules affected the degradation rate as a result of complexation which might result in protection of the labile moiety of the drug molecule against degradation. Hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HP--CD) and hydroxyethyl--cyclodextrin (HE--CD) retarded the degradation in contrast to -cyclodextrin (-CD) which accelerated the steroid degradation. The stabilizing action of HP--CD is larger than that of HE--CD. The degradation rate increased upon increasing temperature and the Arrhenius equation is valid. Lineweaver-Burk equation analysis indicated that the steroid included inside the CD cavity degraded three times more slowly than did the free ST1435 in solution. This equation further supported the formation of a 1 : 1 inclusion complex between ST1435 and HP--CD with a stability constant of 934.5 M-1 at 65°C.     

The conformational preferences of γ-lactam and its role in constraining peptide structure

Summary The conformational constraints imposed by -lactams in peptides have been studied using valence force field energy calculations and flexible geometry maps. It has been found that while cyclisation restrains the of the lactam, non-bonded interactions contribute to the constraints on of the lactam. The -lactam also affects the (,) of the residue after it in a peptide sequence. For an l-lactam, the ring geometry restricts to about-120°, and has two minima, the lowest energy around-140° and a higher minimum (5 kcal/mol higher) at 60°, making an l--lactam more favourably accommodated in a near extended conformation than in position 2 of a type II -turn. The energy of the +60° minimum can be lowered substantially until it is more favoured than the-140° minimum by progressive substitution of bulkier groups on the amide N of the l--lactam. The (,) maps of the residue succeeding a -lactam show subtle differences from those of standard N-methylated residues. The dependence of the constraints on the chirality of -lactams and N-substituted -lactams, in terms of the formation of secondary structures like -turns is discussed and the comparison of the theoretical conformations with experimental results is highlighted.     

Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies on solvatochromic nickel(II) complexes

Summary The solvatochromic and thermochromic behaviour of a series of mixed Ni(II) complexes with unsubstituted and substituted -diketones and diamines in the solvents 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), acetonitrile (An), acetone (AC),n-butanol (n-BuOH), formamide (FA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and pyridine (PY) has been studied and characterized on the basis of electronic spectra. Spectrophotometric methods have been used to evaluate equilibrium constants and their enthalpic and entropic terms for the formation of Ni(-dik)(diam)L ⁺ and Ni(-dik)(diam)L ₂ ⁺ . Increasing donor strength of the donor-solvents (L) and (or) increasing electronwithdrawing parameters of the substituents at the -diketone and the diamine ligands lead to increasing formation constants, paralleled by relative increase in the stability of the five-coordinated species Ni(-dik)(diam)L ⁺. The results are discussed in terms of the extended donor-acceptor concept.On leave of absence from the Faculty of Education, Ain Schams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt     

Quantum-chemical study of allylic and vinylic compounds of fifth-group elements

Energies and oscillator strengths of the long-wave electronic transitions for several conformers of allyl- and vinylamine and allyl- and vinylphosphine have been calculated by the semiempirical quantum-chemical MNDO method. The electronic structure of these molecules is discussed in detail, and the spectral and conformational effects ofn, and , conjugation are analyzed. Some suggestions concerning possible conjugation effects in the allylic compounds of As, Sb, and Bi are made.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1551–1554, September, 1993.     

Conformational Heterogeneity of a Tripeptide in the Solid State and in Solution: Characterization of a γ-Turn Containing Incipient Hairpin in Solution

A terminally blocked tripeptide Boc--Ala-Aib--Ala-OMe 1 with noncoded amino acids forms a novel type of hairpin structure containing a -turn instead of a conventional -turn in the central loop region in solution. This new type structural motif was characterized by NMR and restraint molecular dynamics simulation study. In the solid state peptide 1 adopts an extended backbone conformation and self-assembles to form supramolecular -sheet.     

Synthesis and sorption properties of new hybrid chelating sorbents with β-alanine functional groups

A series of -aminopropylsilylated sorbents was obtained from different oxide supports (silica gels, silica fillers, macroporous glasses, alumina) and by the direct synthesis (hydrolytic polycondensation of tetraalkoxysilanes with -aminopropyltriethoxysilane). The highest degree of immobilization was achieved for silicas, while the most convenient solvent was methanol. Sorbents with -alanine functional groups were obtained by the subsequent reaction with acrylic acid. The degree of -carboxyethylation was 1.3–1.9, and the highest content of functional groups (v_COOH = 3.23 mmol g^–1) was achieved for carboxyethylated xero gel synthesized by the copolycondensation of tetraethoxysilane with -aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The sorbents containing -alanine possess a higher selectivity of Cu²⁺ ion sorption than the initial -aminopropylsilylated sorbents.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2620–2625, December, 2004.     

Chiroptical properties of cyclic α-diketones

The chiroptical properties of dissymmetric cyclopentanedione, 3-methylcyclopentane-1,2-dione, and glyoxal structures are examined on a theoretical model in which the electronic wave functions are obtained from semiempirical all-valence-shell molecular orbital calculations. Excited state wave functions are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. The rotatory strengths, dipole strengths, oscillator strengths, and dissymmetry factors of the lower energy singletsinglet transitions in eleven cyclopentanedione and ten glyoxal structures are calculated and reported. The signs and relative magnitudes of the rotatory strengths associated with the two lowest energy singlet transitions are found to be extraordinarily sensitive to ring substituents and ring conformational parameters as well as to inherent chirality within the -dicarbonyl moiety of the cyclopentanedione structures. Vicinal effects play a significant role in determining the signs and magnitudes of the electronic rotatory strengths. For a given configurational isomer of an inherently dissymmetric -dicarbonyl group (i.e., P or M), the signs of the electronic rotatory strength of the lowest energy transition in glyoxal and in cyclopentanedione are opposite. This result suggests that cisoid glyoxal structures may not be useful models for the chiroptical properties of cyclic -diketone systems with cisoid dicarbonyl moieties.This work was supported in part by a grant from the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, and a computing grant from the University of Virginia Computer Science Center.