反相高效液相色谱分离红霉素肟的醚化产物的构型异构体

1　引　　言克拉霉素 (clarithromycin)是第二代大环内酯类抗生素 ,是红霉素A的 6 OH的甲基化衍生物。主要合成途径是红霉素A经肟化、醚化、硅烷化保护 ,再选择性甲基化 ,最后脱保护、脱肟而制得。其中肟羟基的醚化保护是实施工艺改进最关键的一步。我们采用 1 乙氧基环己烯为醚化试剂 ,对克拉霉素进行了合成新工艺的研究 ,取得重要突破。由于红霉素肟(oxime)有两种异构体 ,相应的其醚化产物 (ECHoxime)也有两种构型异构体 :(E) 红霉素A 9 (1 乙氧环己基 )肟和(Z) 红霉素A 9 (1 乙氧环己基 )肟 ;另外产品中还有原料带进的工艺杂质…     

3-羟基克拉霉素和2'-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素的合成与晶体结构

克拉霉素在不同条件下水解,分别生成3-羟基克拉霉素(2)和3-羟基-8,9,10,11-二脱水-9,12-半缩酮克拉霉素(3),用乙酸酐保护2的C(2')-OH得到2'-乙酰基-3-羟基克拉霉素(4),用Ⅳ-氯代琥珀酰亚胺(NCS)氧化4的C(3)-OH合成了2'-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素(5),采用MS,IR,1H NMR,13C NMR等对这些化合物进行了表征.用X射线单晶衍射法测定了化合物2和5的晶体结构,其均属于正交晶系,P212121空间群.化合物2的晶胞参数a=1.3657(3)nm,6=1.4783(3)nm,c=1.6510(3)nm,Z=4,V=3.3332(12)am3,Dc=1.175 g/cm3,F(000)=1288,μ=0.087mm-1;化合物5的晶胞参数a=1.5124(3)nm,b=1.5247(3)nm,c=1.5288(3)nm,Z=4,V=3.5254(12)nm3,Dc=1.187g/cm3,F(000)=1368.0,μ=0.088 mm-1.     

3-羟基克拉霉素和2′-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素的合成与晶体结构

克拉霉素在不同条件下水解, 分别生成3-羟基克拉霉素(2)和3-羟基-8,9,10,11-二脱水-9,12-半缩酮克拉霉素(3), 用乙酸酐保护2的C(2’)-OH得到2′-乙酰基-3-羟基克拉霉素(4), 用N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺(NCS)氧化4的C(3)—OH合成了2’-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素(5), 采用MS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR等对这些化合物进行了表征. 用X射线单晶衍射法测定了化合物2和5的晶体结构, 其均属于正交晶系, P212121 空间群. 化合物2的晶胞参数a＝1.3657(3) nm, b＝1.4783(3) nm, c＝1.6510(3) nm, Z＝4, V＝3.3332(12) nm3, Dc＝1.175 g/cm3, F(000)＝1288, μ＝0.087 mm－1; 化合物5的晶胞参数 a＝1.5124(3) nm, b＝1.5247(3) nm, c＝1.5288(3) nm, Z＝4, V＝3.5254(12) nm3, Dc＝1.187 g/cm3, F(000)＝1368.0, μ＝0.088 mm－1.     

3-羟基克拉霉素和2＇-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素的合成与晶体结构

克拉霉素在不同条件下水解,分别生成3-羟基克拉霉素（2）和3-羟基-8,9,10,11-二脱水-9,12-半缩酮克拉霉素（3）,用乙酸酐保护2的C（2’）-OH得到2’-乙酰基-3-羟基克拉霉素（4）,用N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺（NCS）氧化4的C（3）-OH合成了2’-乙酰基-3-氧代克拉霉素（5）,采用MS,IR,^1H NMR,^13C NMR等对这些化合物进行了表征．用X射线单晶衍射法测定了化合物2和5的晶体结构,其均属于正交晶系,P212121空间群．化合物2的晶胞参数a=1．3657（3）nm,b=1．4783（3）nm,c=1．6510（3）nm,Z=4,V=3．3332（12）nm^3,Dc=1．175g／cm^3,F（000）=1288,／t=0．087mm^-1;化合物5的晶胞参数a=1．5124（3）nm,b=1．5247（3）nm,c=1．5288（3）nm,Z=4,V=3．5254（12）nm^3,Dc=1．187g／cm^3,F（000）=1368．0,μ=0．088mm^-1．     

克拉霉素酚性糖苷衍生物的合成

以克拉霉素为起始原料,经脱克拉定性糖、2′-OH选择性酰化和脱乙酰基反应得到2′-O-对羟基苯甲酰基-3-羟基-克拉霉素中间体,继续在相转移催化的条件下,通过酚羟基Koenigs-Knorr糖苷化反应,合成了克拉霉素2-氨基葡萄糖糖苷化衍生物、半乳糖苷化衍生物和葡萄糖苷化衍生物,总收率为50～60％.所有产物结构经NM...     

克拉霉素的合成新方法

以醚化剂1-乙氧基环己烯和硅烷化试剂1,1,1,3,3,3-六甲基二硅氨烷为保护试剂, 采用醚化-硅烷化保护法制备了克拉霉素. 以红霉素A肟为原料计算, 经肟羟基醚化、2',4"-OH硅烷化、6-OH选择性甲基化、脱保护至克拉霉素, 四步反应总收率为49.5%.     

β-环糊精增敏荧光法测定克拉霉素含量的研究

克拉霉素在λex=275、λem=325处能产生荧光,经β-环糊精增敏后,荧光强度大大增强,据此建立了测定克拉霉素含量的新方法。克拉霉素的浓度在5.0×10-7～5.0×10-6 mol/L范围内与体系荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R=0.9992,检出限为3.9×10-7 mol/L。对药物制剂中克拉霉素的含量进行测定,测定值与标示值吻合,回收率在97%以上。该方法可用于测定胶囊和血清样品中克拉霉素的含量。     

对苯醌与克拉霉素的荷移反应及其应用

研究了对苯醌与克拉霉素之间的荷移反应。对苯醌与克拉霉素于39℃在甲醇–水(1∶2)中反应60 min,可生成稳定的荷移络合物,络合物在360 nm处的吸光度与克拉霉素的质量浓度在37.40~186.99 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为A=0.002 54ρ+0.597 79,相关系数r=0.998 6。该方法应用于样品中克拉霉素含量的测定,回收率为97%~104%,测定值的相对标准偏差为3.56%(n=5)。该反应可用于测定克拉霉素的含量。     

DNJ-C-6氘代衍生物合成及生物活性测试

以1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)为原料,通过新设计路线合成中间体N-苄氧羰基-2,3,4,6-四-O-苄基-1-脱氧野尻霉素,并在此中间体的基础上通过氧化、氘代硼氢化钠还原,脱保护得到C-6氘代DNJ衍生物,最后考察了目标化合物对α-糖苷酶抑制活性。     

柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定血清中克拉霉素的含量

建立了2，4-二硝基苯肼柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定血清中克拉霉素的含量，将在碱性条件下甲基叔丁基醚的血清萃取物，与2，4-二硝基苯肼在55％酸性条件下反应30min，然后用乙腈-0．05mol/LpH7．2磷酸盐缓冲液（48：52）在Alltima C18色谱柱上进行分离，在340nm检测衍生物。方法的线性范围为0．05～3．2mg／L（r=0．9993）；检出限为30μg/L，绝对回收率大于89％，相对标准差小于10％。本方法已用于克拉霉素在健康受试者中的药代动力学研究。     

Total synthesis of cyclo-mumbaistatin analogues through anionic homo-Fries rearrangement

The structurally unique polyketide mumbaistatin is the strongest naturally occurring inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate translocase-1 (G6P-T1), which is a promising target for drugs against type-2 diabetes mellitus and angiogenic processes associated with brain tumor development. Despite its high relevance, mumbaistatin has so far withstood all attempts towards its total synthesis. In the present study an efficient total synthesis of a deoxy-mumbaistatin analogue containing the complete carbon skeleton and a spirolactone motif closely resembling the natural product in its cyclized form was elaborated. Key steps of the synthesis are a Diels-Alder cycloaddition for the construction of the fully functionalized anthraquinone moiety and an anionic homo-Fries rearrangement to build up the tetra-ortho-substituted benzophenone core motif, from which a spiroketal lactone forms in a spontaneous process. The elaborated strategy opens an entry to a variety of new analogs of mumbaistatin and cyclo-mumbaistatin and may be exploited for the total synthesis of the natural product itself in the future.     

Strategy-Level Separations in Organic Synthesis: From Planning to Practice

A dirty word in synthesis: separation! The normally unavoidable separation at the end of each reaction finds no friends among synthetic chemists and is often regarded as a technical procedure. However, the need to quickly and cheaply produce pure products is driving the development of new separation and purification techniques. Astonishingly, the modern concepts and techniques for coupling synthesis and separation are rooted in workup procedures that are as old as the art of synthesis itself.     

氨合成催化剂100年:实践、启迪和挑战

Haber-Bosch发明的氨合成催化剂创立已经100周年. 介绍了氨合成催化剂在理论和实践方面的发展、成就及其启迪,展望了氨合成催化剂的未来和面临的新挑战. 催化合成氨技术在20世纪化学工业的发展中起着核心的作用. 一个世纪以来,氨合成催化剂经历了Fe3O4基熔铁催化剂、Fe1-xO基熔铁催化剂、Ru基催化剂等发展阶段,以及钴钼双金属氮化物催化剂的发现. 实践表明,氨合成催化剂是多相催化领域中许多基础研究的起点和试金石,没有别的反应象氨合成反应一样,能够把理论、模型催化剂和实验连接起来. 催化合成氨反应仍然是多相催化理论研究的一个理想的模型体系. 理解该反应机理并转换成完美技术成为催化研究领域发展的基本标准. 这个永不结束的故事仍然没有结束. 除了关于反应的基本步骤、真实结构、亚氮化物这些问题之外,催化合成氨在理论上一个新的挑战是关于在室温和常压下氨合成的预测,包括电催化合成氨、光催化合成氨和化学模拟生物固氮以及包括氮分子在内的催化化学研究中几种最稳定的小分子的活化方法等.     

Solid phase synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives for potential use in combinatorial chemistry: a novel route for the synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A and NMDA receptor antagonists

Synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid 6 and its N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 8 has been carried out in high yield on solid support. Further development allowed the synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamoyl CoA 1 in excellent overall yield. The utility of solid phase as a method for the synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives was demonstrated by the synthesis of a number of compounds including the NMDA receptor antagonists, N-(phenylalkyl)cinnamides 9 and 10.     

固相有机合成研究进展

组合化学技术给固相有机合成带来了新的发展契机,同时也提出了新的发展要求。目前这一研究领域发展迅速,应用范围不断扩大,技术日臻完善。本文综述了近期固相有机合成研究方面的最新进展。     

Electroconductive Green Metal-polyaniline Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application in Sensors

Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most extensively used conducting polymer due to its fascinating properties including conducting, thermal, optical, magnetic and electrochemical properties, simple synthesis procedure and low cost of monomer. It has attracted major attention in a variety of applications including electrochemical sensors, catalysts, supercapacitors and biosensors. However, its limitations such as insolubility in common solvents, low process-ability and poor mechanical properties have led to the development of new approaches to improve it properties. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) such as silver, gold, copper and palladium have been combined with PANI to improve on its properties which has led to a new class of materials known as metal/PANI nanocomposites. These hybrid nanocomposites incorporate advantages of both MNPs and polymers which effectively improves the properties of the individual materials. Various synthesis techniques including in situ polymerization, ɤ-radiolysis, electrodeposition, complexation, vacuum deposition and interfacial polymerization have been used in the formation of metal/PANI nanocomposites. These nanocomposites have been used in various sensor and biosensor applications due to their excellent conductivity, ease of synthesis, excellent redox potentials, chemical and thermal stability. This review highlights the various metal/PANI nanocomposites, their various synthesis techniques and their application in sensors and biosensors. The importance of these nanocomposites in sensing and signaling various toxic heavy metals such as mercury, lead and silver and toxic gases such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and chloroform has been discussed. In addition the review covers the applications of metal/PANI nanocomposites in biosensor systems for the detection of glucose, DNA, protein, cholesterol, drugs and hydrogen peroxide.     

Synthesis and Antioxidative Properties of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives with Different Substituents in 4-Position

Natural products are an excellent source of inspiration for the development of new drugs. Among them, betalains have been extensively studied for their antioxidant properties and potential application as natural food dyes. Herein, we describe the seven-step synthesis of new betalamic acid analogs without carboxy groups in the 2- and 6-position with an overall yield of ~70%. The Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the antioxidant properties of protected intermediate 21. Additionally, the five-step synthesis of betalamic acid analog 35 with three ester moieties was performed. Using NMR techniques, the stability of the obtained compounds towards oxygen was analyzed.     

A regiodivergent synthesis of ring a C-prenylflavones

Capitalizing on the use of orthogonal protecting groups and the development of a modified Robinson flavone synthesis that avoids harsh acidic conditions, a regioselective synthesis of 6- and 8-prenylflavones from the same prenylated disilylated phloracetophenone (9) has been developed, targeting cannflavin B (1d), the COX-inhibiting principle of marijuana, and its unnatural isomer isocannflavin B (1e) as model compounds.     

无水烟酸锂的合成、结构表征及热化学性质

选择分析纯烟酸和一水氢氧化锂为反应物, 利用水热合成方法合成了无水烟酸锂. 利用FTIR和X射线粉末衍射等方法表征了它的结构. 用精密自动绝热热量计测定了它在78～400 K温区的低温热容, 将该温区的摩尔热容实验值用最小二乘法拟合, 得到热容随温度变化的多项式方程. 用此方程进行数值积分, 得到温区内每隔5 K的舒平热容值和相对于298.15 K时的各种热力学函数值. 在此基础上, 通过设计合理的热化学循环, 利用等温环境溶解-反应热量计分别测定该反应的反应物和生成物在所选溶剂中的溶解焓, 从而得到此反应的反应焓为: ＝－(20.21±0.41) kJ• mol－1. 最后, 依据Hess定律计算出无水烟酸锂的标准摩尔生成焓为: [Li(C6H4NO2), s]＝－(278.29±1.01) kJ•mol－1.     

Cu2+ and AMP complexation of enlarged tripodal polyamines

The synthesis, characterization, Cu2+ coordination and interaction with AMP of three tripodal polyamines are reported. The polyamines are based on the structure of the tetraamine (tren) which has been enlarged with three propylamino functionalities (), with a further anthrylmethyl fragment at one of its terminal primary nitrogens () or with naphthylmethyl fragments at its three ends (). The protonation constants of all three polyamines show that at pH 6, all six primary and secondary nitrogen atoms in the arms are protonated. The interaction with Cu2+ and AMP (adenosine-5'-monophosphate) has been studied by potentiometric, UV-Vis, ESI-MS spectroscopy and NMR techniques. pH-Metric, NMR and ESI/MS techniques indicate that and form with AMP adducts of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 AMP:L stoichiometries in water. This is one of the first examples for the formation of such complexes in aqueous solution. Formation of ternary complexes between , , , Cu2+ and AMP is observed. Paramagnetic NMR techniques have been used to obtain structural information on the binding mode of AMP to the Cu2+- binuclear complexes.