Enzymatic transformation of cephalosporin C to 7-ACA by simultaneous action of immobilized d-amino acid oxidase and glutaryl-7-ACA acylase

The enzymatic transformation of cephalosporin C (CEPH C) to 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) using D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (G1-7-ACA) is reported. The enzymes have been immobilized separately on different carriers, in order to maximize the catalytic activity and the stability. The reaction has been carried out in single-step-like conditions, using the two enzymes simultaneously. The effect of catalase contamination, present in the DAO preparations, was balanced by addition of extra hydrogen peroxide. In optimum conditions, the conversion of CEPH C to 7-ACA was higher than 90%, with byproduct formation lower than 4%. The mixture of immobilized enzymes was reused in repeated reaction cycles, showing an appreciable operational stability.     

Immobilization of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase on silica gel and enhancement of its stability

Glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA) acylase isan enzyme that converts GL-7-ACA to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, a starting material for semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. In this study, optimal conditions for the immobilization of GL-7-ACA acylase were determined by experimental observations and statistical methods. The optimal conditions were as follows: 1.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.3) as buffer solution, immobilization temperature of 20°C, and immobilization time of 120 min. Unreacted aldehydegroups were quenched by reaction with a low-molecular-weight material such as l-lysine, glycine, and ethanolamine after immobilization in order to enhance the activity of immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase. The activities of immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase obtained by using the low-molecular-weight materials were higher than those obtained by immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase not treated with low-molecular-weight materials. In particular, the highest activity of immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase was obtained using 0.4% (v/v) ethanolamine. We also investigated the effect of sodium cyanoborohydride in order to increase the stability of the linkage between the enzyme and the support. The effect on operational stability was obvious: the activity of immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase treated with 4% (w/w) sodium cyanoborohydride remained almost 100% after 20 times of reuse.     

(6R,7R)-7-氨基-3-[2-(4-甲基-5-噻唑)乙烯基]-8-氧代-5-硫-1-氮杂双环[4.2.0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸的合成

以1-磺丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体(b)为反应介质,7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA,2)为原料,与4-甲基-5-甲酰基噻唑经缩合反应制得(6R,7R)-7-氨基-3-[2-(4-甲基-5-噻唑)乙烯基]-8-氧代-5-硫-1-氮杂双环[4.2.0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸(7-ATCA,1),其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和IR表征。考察了离子液体及其用量,原料摩尔比r[n(4-甲基-5-甲酰基噻唑)∶n(2)],反应温度和反应时间对1收率的影响。在最佳反应条件[b为反应介质,b用量为20 m L,r=1.3,于65℃反应5 h]下,1收率可达90%以上。     

Comparison between experimental and theoretical values of effectiveness factor in cephalosporin C production process with immobilized cells

Cells ofCephalosporium acretnonium ATCC 48272 immobilized in calcium alginate beads were utilized for cephalosporin C production and the results were compared with those obtained with free cells. The experiments were performed with synthetic medium containing glucose and sucrose as carbon and energy sources. Experimental effectiveness factor values were obtained at various cell and dissolved-oxygen concentrations, considering Monod kinetics for the respiration rate, and were compared with the values calculated with zero-order kinetics in spherical bioparticle. The results showed that the assumption of oxygen limitation by diffusion in the bioparticle was correct, and that cephalosporin C production with immobilized cells is perfectly viable, although a slightly lower rate than that obtained in the free cell process was observed.     

高效液相色谱法测定生物转化反应液中N,N'-乙二胺二琥珀酸

建立了高效液相色谱测定生物转化反应液中N,N'-乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）含量的分析方法。采用InertSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以体积分数25%的甲醇水溶液（含有1.0 g/L一水乙酸铜、2.0 g/L四丁基氢氧化铵,以磷酸调节pH至2.80）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为20 μL,检测波长为254 nm。该方法可在8 min内分离EDDS及其生物合成相关物质（苹果酸、柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）和富马酸）,且峰形良好。EDDS在0.06~0.6 g/L范围内线性线性关系良好（相关系数（r）为0.9995）,平均回收率为100.39%（n=9,RSD=1.15%）。EDDS生物合成反应液中EDDS含量为0.25 g/L,大部分底物被转化为苹果酸（36.56 g/L）;而EDDS的水解反应中富马酸产生较少,形成了3.05 g/L的苹果酸。该方法简便快速,灵敏可靠,适用于EDDS生物合成的研究。     

Phenomenological and neural-network modeling of cephalosporin C production bioprocess

Cephalosporin C production process withCephalosporium acremonium ATCC 48272 in synthetic medium was investigated and the experimental results allowed the development of a mathematical model describing the process behavior. The model was able to explain fairly well the diauxic phenomenon, higher growth rate during the glucose-consumption phase, and the production occurring only in the sucrose-consumption phase. Moreover, the process was simulated utilizing the neural-networks technique. Two feed-forward neural-networks with one hidden layer were employed. Both models, phenomenological and neural-networks based, satisfactorily describe the bioprocess. The difficulties in determining kinetic parameters are avoided when neural networks are utilized.     

The Effect of 2-Mercapto-5-Methyl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole on Enzymatic Synthesis of Cefazolin

The effect of unreacted residual 2-mercapto-5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole (MMTD), the reagent for 3-[5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl]-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (M-7-ACA) synthesis, on the enzymatic acylation of M-7-ACA by the methyl ester of 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-acetic acid (MeTzAA) to produce cefazolin (CEZ) was studied. In the two-step process of synthesizing CEZ from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), one of the key parameters controlling the overall CEZ yield was the ratio of MMTD to 7-ACA in M-7-ACA synthesis. The increase of the ratio showed opposing effects by increasing the M-7-ACA yield in the first step, while decreasing CEZ yield in the subsequent enzymatic reaction by the inhibitory effect of the increased content of MMTD as an impurity in the M-7-ACA preparation. It was revealed that the decrease of CEZ yield in the enzymatic reaction was caused by the selective retardation of the rate of CEZ synthesis reaction by a typical competitive inhibition, while not affecting the rate of MeTzAA hydrolysis reaction. The optimum MMTD-to-7-ACA ratio rendering the highest overall CEZ yield over 7-ACA was 1.2:1.     

Monitoring of vitamin C species in aqueous solution by flow injection analysis coupled with an on-line separation with reversed-phase column

Two vitamin C species of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in aqueous solution were monitored by flow injection analysis. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid were resolved by a reversed-phase column, and dehydroascorbic acid was reduced to ascorbic acid by an on-line post-column reaction with dithiothreitol. Both natural and reduced ascorbic acids were photometrically detected at 260 nm, and the two vitamin C species were simultaneously determined. The determination range was from 0 to 8 × 10⁻⁵ M with a limit of detection of 1.7 × 10⁻⁶ M. The proposed method was applied to the conversion monitoring of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in weakly acidic to weakly alkaline aqueous solutions, as well as to the determination of the vitamin C in some beverage samples.     

催化合成磷霉素中间体的红外光谱分析

在磷霉素合成的过程中,涉及到以Pd／C为催化剂催化丙二烯磷酸部分加氢合成顺丙烯磷酸的一步反应.本实验以朗伯-比耳定律为依据,通过配制一组不同丙二烯磷酸和顺丙烯磷酸含量的标准溶液,测得其特征吸收频率处的红外透过率,根据实验结果作二者关系的标准曲线。从而建立了一个相对简便实用、快速准确地同时分析丙二烯磷酸和顺丙烯磷酸的方法,进而应用于磷霉素合成反应中的Pd／C催化剂活性评价。     

三乙基四胺六乙酸交流示波极谱滴定法研究

本文提出了三乙基四胺六乙酸(TTHA)交流示波极谱滴定法,该法快速、准确、终点直观,用此法测定了多种金属离子,结果符合容量分析要求。     

五加成C60氮杂丙酸衍生物的合成

Ｃ６０和β－叠氮丙酸在氰苯中回流，产物经柱色谱分离、ＦＤ－ＭＳ证实为五加成Ｃ６０衍生物，＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ和ＵＶ光谱对产物结构进行了表征。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔晶体材料C12A7-C1~-

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl~-(Ca_(12)Al_(14)O_(32)Cl_2),制备凝胶的原料是四水合硝酸钙、九水合硝酸铝、氯化钙、尿素和乙二醇.混合溶液经过搅拌2-3 h形成溶胶,再经350℃热处理后形成凝胶体,最终在流动氩气气氛中1000℃烧结后得到材料.用X射线衍射,场发射扫描电子显微镜,热重分析,电子顺磁共振和离子色谱等方法表征合成的C12A7-Cl~-多孔晶体材料.结果表明,利用溶胶.凝胶法成功地生成了C12A7结构,氯负离子是材料中存储的主要负离子.此外,从C12A7-Cl~-晶体材料表面发射的氯负离子也被飞行时间质谱观测到.上述结果说明溶胶-凝胶法可被用于制备C12A7-Cl~-晶体材料.     

C.I.颜料红177中间体的制备工艺改进

本文较为系统地研究了铜粉催化剂加入方式对C.I.颜料红177中间体4,4'-二氨基-1,1'-二蒽醌-3,3'-二磺酸(DAS)合成过程中的乌尔曼偶联反应速率的影响规律。 研究结果表明,在55 ℃较佳反应温度下,先加入与溴氨酸钠质量比为2:5的铜粉,反应一段时间后再加入与溴氨酸钠的质量比为1:5的铜粉,与一次性加入与溴氨酸钠的质量比为3:5的铜粉相比较,综合反应时间可节省2~3 h。 另外,对于DAS中混有的铜盐,采取在制备过程中加入柠檬酸的方法予以去除,此举可提高DAS的纯度。 当铜粉与柠檬酸的质量比为6:1时,可使DAS中铜盐的含量小于0.001%。 此外还探究了蒸馏后滤液的剩余量对DAS收率的影响,结果表明,滤液的剩余量在20 mL时,DAS的收率在95%以上。 基于本文的研究结果提出,欲进一步提高该反应的收率,需要寻找更高效的催化剂。     

微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-的表面氯负离子发射性能和机理

利用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)观测到氯负离子从合成的微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-(11CaO·7Al2O3·CaCl2)表面发射出来, 详细研究了C12A7-Cl-的发射特性, 包括发射强度分支比、温度效应、电场效应和表观活化能. 在我们的检测范围内从C12A7-Cl-表面发射的离子中绝大部分是氯负离子(最大强度分支比为98%), 此外还有弱的氧负离子和电子发射. 各种离子的绝对发射电流强度都随着表面温度升高或引出电场强度的增加而显著增强, 随着引出电场强度从200增加到1200 V·cm-1, 氯负离子发射的表观活化能从180.9 kJ·mol-1减小到110.0 kJ·mol-1. 氯负离子和C12A7-Cl-表面之间的结合能大约是228 kJ·mol-1. 研究了氯负离子的发射稳定性, 并且应用一种电化学注入法, 以获得持续的氯负离子发射. 基于上述实验还讨论了氯负离子的形成和发射机理. 目前的方法可望被用于发展氯负离子储存/发生器.     

Total synthesis of natural (+)-membrenone C and its 7-epimer

Highly stereoselective asymmetric total syntheses of the polypropionate marine defense substance (+)-membrenone C and its 7-epimer have been achieved. Highlights of the strategy include the utilization of a desymmetrization technique to create five contiguous chiral centres from a single bicyclic precursor.     

HPLC测定河套大黄中的土大黄苷含量

从河套大黄中分离纯化出活性成分土大黄苷,作为自制的标准品,利用KromasilTM C(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm I.d.,5μm)反相色谱柱,以V(甲醇):V(乙腈):V(水)=35:5:60为流动相,以320mm为检测波长,对河套大黄中土大黄苷进行测定.土大黄苷在0.427～4.190μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9994),平均回收率为99.12%.该方法为河套大黄的质量控制奠定了基础.     

ICP-AES法测定菜头肾中多种微量元素

为探讨测定菜头肾中多种微量元素的方法,采用HNO3-HC lO4体系湿法消化,运用ICP-AES法测定了菜头肾中的多种微量元素。结果表明,菜头肾中K、Ca、Mg、P、S、A l、Na、Fe、Mn等元素含量相对较高,变异系数范围在0.23%~8.92%之间,元素的回收率在82.9%~106.1%之间。该法简便快速,可同时测定菜头肾中多种微量元素。     

水滑石焙烧产物对弱酸艳红B吸附特性研究

以Mg(NO3)2·6H2O和AL(NO3)3 - 9H2O为原料,NaOH、NaCO溶液作混合沉淀剂,采用水热法可制得结晶度很高的、具有规整的层状结构水滑石.水滑石经500℃焙烧可使其结构完全被破坏得对应的焙烧产物,该焙烧产物对弱酸艳红B染料有很强的吸附能力.在200 mL 100 mg/L弱酸艳红B溶液中,加入40...     

C12A7-O-纳米材料的制备及抗菌活性

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了C12A7-O-{[Ca24Al28O64]4+·4(O-)}纳米材料. 采用X射线衍射、电子顺磁共振及透射电子显微镜等手段对制备的材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 在最佳焙烧条件(1150 ℃, 6 h)下制备的材料平均粒径为74 nm, 并具有晶胞参数为(1.199±0.004) nm的C12A7(Ca12Al14O33)笼状结构, 材料内包含浓度高达1.2×1020 cm-3的氧负离子(O-). 初步研究结果表明, 合成的C12A7-O-纳米材料具有良好的广谱抗菌作用.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl- (Ca12Al14O32Cl2), 制备凝胶的原料是四水合硝酸钙、九水合硝酸铝、氯化钙、尿素和乙二醇. 混合溶液经过搅拌2-3 h形成溶胶, 再经350 ℃热处理后形成凝胶体, 最终在流动氩气气氛中1000 ℃烧结后得到材料. 用X射线衍射, 场发射扫描电子显微镜, 热重分析, 电子顺磁共振和离子色谱等方法表征合成的C12A7-Cl-多孔晶体材料. 结果表明, 利用溶胶-凝胶法成功地生成了C12A7 结构, 氯负离子是材料中存储的主要负离子. 此外, 从C12A7-Cl-晶体材料表面发射的氯负离子也被飞行时间质谱观测到. 上述结果说明溶胶-凝胶法可被用于制备C12A7-Cl-晶体材料.