锂离子电池负极材料Li_(4-x)K_xTi_5O_(12)结构和电化学性能

采用固相反应的方法制备了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12和K掺杂Li4-xKxTi5O12(x=0.02,0.04,0.06)。通过XRD、SEM、BET等对制备材料进行了分析。结果表明,K掺杂没有影响立方尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12的合成,同时也没有改变Li4Ti5O12的电化学反应过程。K掺杂Li4-xKxTi5O12具有比Li4Ti5O12小的颗粒粒径和比Li4Ti5O12大的比表面积、孔容积。适量的K掺杂能够明显改善Li4Ti5O12的电化学性能,尤其是倍率性能,但是过多的K掺杂却不利于材料电化学性能的提高。研究表明,Li3.96K0.04Ti5O12体现了相对较好的倍率性能和循环稳定性。0.5C下,首次放电比容量为161mAh·g-1,3.0和5.0C下,容量保持分别为138和121mAh·g-1。3.0C下,200次循环后容量保持为137mAh·g-1。     

非整比Li4-xTi5SnyO12化合物的合成及电化学性能的研究

采用流变相法合成了锡掺杂的非整比锂钛氧尖晶石化合物,并研究了不同比例的Sn髧离子掺杂对锂钛氧尖晶石结构及性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM技术对合成材料的晶体结构和微观形貌进行表征,采用恒流充、放电系统及交流阻抗测试法对合成材料的电化学性能进行了测试,结果表明:Sn髧离子掺杂在一定程度上改善了锂钛氧尖晶石作为负极材料时,不同的掺杂量,对材料的电化学性能影响不同,其中Li4-xTi5Sn0·3O12材料的性能为最佳,当电池在较低电流密度下(50 mA·g-1)充、放电时,Li4-xTi5Sn0·3O12材料的首次放电比容量为236 mAh·g-1,在随后提高充、放电倍率过程中(由1C增到4C进行充、放电),当循环105次后,Li4-xTi5Sn0·3O12材料的放电比容量仍保持在109.8 mAh·g-1,与纯样品或其它非整比掺杂样品锂钛氧尖晶石比较,Li4-xTi5Sn0·3O12表现优良的电化学循环性能。本文还对锡掺杂导致锂钛尖晶石材料性能改善的原因也进行了初步探索。     

锂钛复合氧化物锂离子电池负极材料的研究

采用 3种化学方法合成锂钛复合氧化物 .应用X -射线衍射分析对其结构进行表征以及电化学性能测试 ,结果表明 :由Li2 CO3、TiO2 高温合成的锂钛复合氧化物为尖晶石结构的Li4Ti5 O12 .Li4Ti5 O12 电极在 1 .5V左右有一放电平台 ,充放电可逆性良好 ,即充电电压平台与此接近 ,且电极的比容量较大 ,循环性能良好 .以 0 .30mA·cm- 2 充放电时 ,首次放电容量可达 30 0mAh·g- 1,可逆比容量为 1 0 0mAh·g- 1,经多次充放电循环后 ,其结构仍保持稳定性 .试验电池测试表明 ,Li4Ti5 O12 可选作Li4Ti5 O12 /LiCoO2 锂离子电池的负极材料 .     

锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12的半固相法制备及碳包覆改性

由半固相法制得锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12,并研究了Li4Ti5O12的碳包覆改性.采用XRD、SEM、TEM以及HRTEM观察和分析产物的相结构与形貌.采用恒流充放电、循环伏安法和交流阻抗技术测试了材料的电化学性质.结果表明,Li4Ti5O12因颗粒团聚电化学性能严重下降,该电极在0.1C和0.5C首周期放电容量分别为121.7和87.6 mAh·g-1;碳包覆Li4Ti5O12/C材料呈球形分布,能抑制颗粒团聚,该电极倍率<0.5C时的放电比容量大于180 mAh·g-1,超过Li4Ti5O12的理论放电比容量(175 mAh·g-1);在1C、5C和10C倍率下,其容量仍保持在136、79.9和58.3 mAh·g-1,碳包覆改性材料具有优异的循环寿命和高倍率性能.     

高倍率尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN锂离子电池负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

以乙酰丙酮(ACAC)螯合剂、聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料.考察了TiN膜对尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Li4Ti5O12表面的TiN膜进行了分析.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料为结晶良好的亚微米纯相尖晶石型钛酸锂.电化学性能测试表明,该材料的首次放电比容量为173.0mAh·g-1,并且具有良好的循环性能,以0.2C、1C、2C、5C倍率放电进行测试,10次循环后比容量分别为170.6、147.6、135.6、111.0 mAh·g-1,较之表面无TiN膜的钛酸锂材料表现出更好的倍率特性.循环伏安曲线(CV),交流阻抗图谱(EIS)进一步论证了TiN膜改善了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.     

纯相Li4Ti5O12水热合成及其电化学性能

以纳米级锐钛矿型二氧化钛(TiO2)和氢氧化锂(LiOH)为原料,利用水热法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12材料,并研究了LiOH浓度、水热反应时间及热处理温度对Li4Ti5O12样品结构和电化学性能的影响,分析了Li4Ti5O12的形成过程.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)分析样品材料结构,观察材料形貌.结果表明,LiOH浓度0.2 mol.L-1、水热反应时间12 h及煅烧温度700℃可得到纯相尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12,该样品1C倍率放电比容量为146.3 mAh.g-1,40C高倍率其放电比容量仍有101.3 mAh.g-1.     

二价与四价金属离子等摩尔共掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_(1.9)Mg_(0.05)Ti_(0.05)O_4的制备与表征

以氢氧化锂、乙酸锰、硝酸镁和钛酸丁酯为原料,以柠檬酸为螯合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂的尖晶石型锂离子电池正极材料Li Mn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4.采用热重分析(TGA),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学性能测试(包括循环伏安(CV)和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试)对所得样品的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:780°C下煅烧12 h得到了颗粒均匀细小的尖晶石型结构的Li Mn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4材料,该材料具有良好的电化学性能,在室温下以0.5C倍率充放电,在4.35-3.30 V电位范围内放电比容量达到126.8 m Ah·g-1,循环50次后放电比容量仍为118.5m Ah·g-1,容量保持率为93.5%.在55°C高温下循环30次后的放电比容量为111.9 m Ah·g-1,容量保持率达到91.9%,远远高于未掺杂的Li Mn2O4的容量保存率.二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂Li Mn2O4,改善了尖晶石锰酸锂的电子导电和离子导电性能,使其倍率性能和高温性能都得到了明显的提高.     

水热法合成高功率锂离子二次电池用球形Li4Ti5O12负极材料

以球形TiO2和LiOH溶液为反应物,通过水热法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和激光粒度分布(PSD)对其结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:通过该法得到的产品颗粒大小均匀,粒度分布狭窄,结构与标准Li4Ti5O12谱图一致.实验选定温度下所得的Li4Ti5O12均表现出良好的电化学性能.其中,800°C热处理所得样品的电化学性能最好,室温下,以35mA·g-1的电流密度进行充放电,其可逆容量达到162mAh·g-1,同时这种材料也表现出良好的倍率性能,即使在720mA·g-1的电流密度条件下进行充放电,其可逆容量仍可达到124mAh·g-1.     

钛离子掺杂对LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C 电化学性能的影响

采用固相法合成了钛离子掺杂LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C正极材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及电化学测试,对合成材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:钛离子掺杂未影响材料的晶型结构,但显著改善了材料的电化学性能;Li(Fe0.6Mn0.4)0.96Ti0.02PO4/C材料表现出优异的倍率性能,0.1C倍率下其比容量为160.3mAh.g-1;在10C倍率下,比容量为134.7mAh.g-1;特别是在20C高倍率下仍然具有124.4mAh.g-1的放电比容量.电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)测试结果说明,通过钛离子掺杂导致材料阻抗和极化的减少是材料倍率性能改善的主要原因.     

负极材料Li_4Ti_5O_(12)的蔗糖改性研究

以蔗糖为碳源,采用固相法合成了C改性的Li4Ti5O12材料.XRD衍射分析表明,C的引入没有改变Li4Ti5O12的尖晶石结构,且缓解了颗粒间的团聚,并以初始蔗糖含量为10%(by mass)样品的电化学性能最佳.0.2C放电倍率下首次放电比容量达179.1 mAh/g,在2C和3C倍率下首次放电比容量仍达143.8 mAh/g和129.4 mAh/g.循环伏安和电化学阻抗测试显示改性后的Li4Ti5O12材料电极极化程度较小,并且具有较小的电极反应阻抗.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.