晋城粉煤煤灰不均匀熔融规律研究

提出了煤灰不均匀熔融概念,有助于解决灰熔融性测定结果和锅炉实际情况不符的问题。采用山西晋城煤,将其粉磨到工业煤粉细度,通过浮沉分成不同密度级别子样,使用灰锥法测定其在弱还原气氛下的熔融温度,使用压降法测量其烧结温度,采用XRD、XRF、SEM-EDX等分析手段对灰样的不均匀熔融现象进行机理研究。结果表明,晋城煤灰软化温度为1501℃,而不同密度级别子样发生分化,软化温度从1292℃到高于1600℃变化;同样,晋煤煤灰烧结温度为885℃,子样的烧结温度从833到943℃变化。机理研究表明,不同密度级别子样Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和SO₃含量发生不均匀分布,是造成煤灰熔融特性和烧结特性差异的根本原因。     

An integrated quantum chemical and experimental approach for exploring the structures and properties of insensitive munitions interacting with ions in bulk water

Structural Chemistry - Alternatives to legacy munitions and explosives, materials that feature increased stability against external stimuli without compromising their energetic yields are currently...     

晋城煤粒度变化对灰熔融性影响规律研究

探索山西晋城煤在灰熔聚流化床气化过程中的结渣机理。采用山西晋城无烟煤,将其破碎到不同粒径,采用XRF、XRD、AFT、SEM和FactSage~(TM)研究了煤的灰分、煤灰化学组成、矿物组成和熔融性随煤样粒径变化规律。结果发现,对于破碎到6 mm以下的晋城煤样,不同粒径子样煤灰化学组成和熔融温度差异不大;对于粉磨到0.2 mm以下的晋城煤粉样品,不同粒径子样化学组成和矿物组成存在较大差异,其中,铁含量差异最明显。AFT和SEM结果都证明,45μm粒径煤粉子样煤灰熔融温度明显高于其他三种样品。Fact SageTM计算得到的液相量变化规律和AFT、SEM观察结果一致,说明煤灰熔融性随粒径变化是煤灰化学成分离析造成的,而SiO2-Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3三元相图较好地解释了晋城煤煤灰熔融性随粒径变化机理。     

An analytical approach to the study of coupled chemical equilibria

Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly - Two classes of coupled chemical equilibria $$\begin{gathered} (1) A + B\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{K_1 } C and B + D\mathop...     

配煤和助熔剂降低煤灰熔融温度的矿物学特性研究

主要研究添加助熔剂或配煤降低晋城无烟煤的灰熔融温度。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热力学计算以及灰熔点测试等手段,研究混煤灰熔融特性及其在变形温度时的矿物学特征,解析其结渣特点。结果表明,原煤灰含量越低,混煤灰熔点降低效果越明显。在配煤添加量为20%时,低灰煤C灰熔点降低趋势最明显,对于高灰煤G,则为30%;助熔剂K对C的灰熔点降低效果比对G的更明显。在混煤灰的变形温度处,出现了长石类矿物质。长石类矿物含量的上升和莫来石含量的下降促使灰熔点快速降低。热力学计算表明,高温下,煤灰中液相物质的产生伴随着钙长石和石英含量的快速下降以及莫来石含量的缓慢降低。钙长石参与了煤灰中液相物质的产生。能够与钙长石作用形成低熔点共熔体的物质的含量决定了它的助熔效果。     

Thermodynamic properties and equilibrium constant of chemical reaction in nanosystem: An theoretical and experimental study

The theoretical relations of thermodynamic properties, the equilibrium constant and reactant size in nanosystem are described. The effects of size on thermodynamic properties and the equilibrium constant were studied using nanosize zinc oxide and sodium bisulfate solution as a reaction system. The experimental results indicated that the molar Gibbs free energy, the molar enthalpy and the molar entropy of the reaction decrease, but the equilibrium constant increases with decreasing reactant size. Linear trends were observed between the reciprocal of size for nano-reactant and thermodynamic variable, which are consistent with the theoretical relations.     

Chitosan-graft-poly(ϵ-caprolactone)s: An optimized chemical approach leading to a controllable structure and enhanced properties

A novel synthetic approach was developed for the controllable modification of chitosan (CS) with poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL). 6-O-Triphenylmethyl-chitosan (TMCS) was synthesized as a highly soluble intermediate in organic solvents to facilitate an efficient grafting reaction of PCL onto CS in a homogeneous reaction medium. Subsequently, the syntheses of CS-g-PCL copolymers with different degrees of substitution (ds) and various chain lengths of PCL (number-average molecular weight = 1200–11,000) were carried out by a coupling reaction between the carboxylic terminal groups of PCL chains and the amino groups of TMCS. The successful grafting reaction was confirmed by GPC measurements, which indicated that the products were graft copolymers rather than physical blends. The ds, defined as the number of PCL chains per saccharide unit, of the graft copolymers could be adjusted simply by changes in the molar feed ratios of PCL to CS, and graft copolymers with different ds values ranging from 0.28 to 0.49 were synthesized, as calculated by ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. DSC and X-ray measurements showed that the melting temperature and enthalpy of the PCL grafts of these graft copolymers could be adjusted by the ds and the chains length of PCL, respectively. Meanwhile, the CS-g-PCL copolymers exhibited better solubility in various solvents, such as in chloroform for some of the resultant graft copolymers, than the original CS. Finally, nanoparticles of 100–200 nm, having hydrophobic PCL domains and cationic hydrophilic surfaces, were obtained through the self-assembly of the copolymers in selective solvents. These types of graft copolymers have great potential in various applications, such as targeted drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2556–2568, 2007     

An integrated experimental and analytical approach to the chemical state imaging of iron in brain gliomas using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy

X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy is used for human neoplastic tissues in order to investigate distributions and chemical states of iron. The specimens used in this study were obtained intraoperatively from brain gliomas of different types and various grades of malignancy and from a control subject. An integrated experimental and analytical approach toward topographic and quantitative analysis in thin freeze-dried cryo-sections is presented. The full XANES spectra at the Fe absorption K edge show the presence of both chemical forms of Fe in the analyzed points of the tissues. The main goal of the work is the chemical state imaging of Fe in tissue areas. Topographic analysis of Fe speciation in the tissues investigated with the use of the XANES technique indicates the presence of microstructures where Fe²⁺ is dominant as well as those with a high abundance of the oxidized form of Fe. The quantitative analysis shows that for all cases the content of the oxidized form of Fe is significantly higher in comparison with Fe²⁺. The highest level of Fe³⁺ is found in the control sample, and the lowest one for the glioma of the highest grade of malignancy. The content of either Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ is increased in low grade gliomas in comparison to high-grade malignant tumors.     

An experimental study of melting of CCl4 in carbon nanotubes

We report dielectric relaxation spectroscopy measurements of the melting point of carbon tetrachloride confined within open-tip multi-walled carbon nanotubes with two different pore diameters, 4.0 and 2.8 nm. In both cases, a single transition temperature well above the bulk melting point was obtained for confined CCl4. These results contrast with what was obtained in our previous measurements using carbon nanotubes with a pore diameter of 5.0 nm, where multiple transition temperatures both above and below the bulk melting point of CCl4 were observed. Our experimental measurements are consistent with our recent molecular simulation results (F. R. Hung, B. Coasne, E. E. Santiso, K. E. Gubbins, F. R. Siperstein and M. Sliwinska-Bartkowiak, J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 122, 144706). Although the simulations overestimate the temperatures in which melting upon confinement occurs, both simulations and experiments suggest that all regions of adsorbate freeze at the same temperature, and that freezing occurs at higher temperatures upon reduction of the pore diameter.     

An OPS5 approach to rule-based formulation of chemical recipes

A method is given for the rule-based formulation of technological recipes using the possibilities offered by non-procedural languages. The non-procedural language processor is described briefly and the principles of developing programs of recipes are discussed. A simplified OPS5 program for a real chemical batch process is presented.     

Multiple endotherm melting behavior in relation to polymer morphology

The two endotherms found during DSC analysis of annealed or drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, are discussed in greater. detail. Earlier workers proposed that the endotherms were the result of separate morphologies, i.e., extended-chain and folded-chain crystals, but more recently Roberts and others have presented data on the effect of DSC heating rate on annealed PET endotherm areas which indicate that the higher temperature endotherm is the result of recrystallization in the DSC. The present work explains the reasons for recrystallization, and presents data showing that samples cooled at various rates from the melt also exhibit recrystallization in the DSC, in much the same manner as samples annealed for different lengths of time. Further, by prolonged annealing before analysis, part of the recrystallization exotherm can be observed in the DSC scan. Drawn nylon 66 also exhibits recrystallization in the DSC, in a manner similar to annealed or slowly crystallized PET. The amount of material that recrystallizes is determined by the time and supercooling available between first melting and the ultimate recrystallization temperature, i.e., a temperature at which there is too little time and temperature driving force for further recrystallization to occur. Infrared absorption data show an increase in “regular” fold content during prolonged annealing of PET, while dynamic mechanical data show a marked decrease in a dispersion that is likely associated with the looser fold crystal morphologies. Annealed PET does superheat in the DSC, leaving unanswered the question as to whether any partially extended material is present along with the regular-fold material. For cold-drawn PET, the infrared data indicate disappearance of regular folds and the dynamic mechanical data indicate disappearance of the looser folds. Cold-drawn PET also superheats. These data indicate a likelihood of at least partially extended morphologies in cold-drawn PET; these observations do not apply to PET drawn at high temperatures or to polyethylene.     

Lattice parameters,magnetic properties,and melting behavior of the ternary NiAs-phase in the Ni-Sb-Te system

Lattice parameter, magnetic, and DTA-measurements were performed in the range of the ternary NiAs-phase in the nickel-antimony-tellurium system which exhibits a continuous range of homogeneity. Lattice parameter and susceptibility values are reported for three sections with constant ratios ofx _Sb/x _Te=4.00, 1.00, and 0.25. The ternary liquidus projection is given between about 35 and 60 at % Ni.Dedicated to Prof.K. L. Komarek on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

An experimental approach to study the binding properties of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) during hairless mouse skin permeation.

An experimental approach to study the binding properties of vitamin E has been developed. Total vitamin E solubility in the skin was determined by a partition study, followed by in vitro skin permeation studies with whole skin and stripped skin. The amount of freely diffusable vitamin E in the diffusion process was determined from the permeation profiles of whole skin and stripped skin by employing a bi-layer model. The concentrations of vitamin E in the stratum corneum and viable dermis were determined separately. By subtracting this amount from the total concentration of vitamin E in the skin, as determined by the solubility study, the amount of bound vitamin E was determined. After skin permeation reached a steady state, the donor solution was removed and the permeation study continued (desorption study). During the entire period of the desorption experiment, the amount of vitamin E in the receptor solution hardly increased and remained constant. After the desorption experiment, vitamin E still remaining in the skin was determined by extracting with tissue solubilizer, SOLABLE, and is considered as the amount of vitamin E strongly bound in the skin. The concentrations of bound vitamin E determined by permeation and desorption studies coincided relatively well. To further investigate skin binding of vitamin E, a differential scanning calorimetry study was performed. Vitamin E-treated stratum corneum showed phase transitions at 76 and 85 degrees C, associated with lipid transitions. The thermal transitions associated with the lipid transition suggested interactions of vitamin E with lipid components of the skin. During skin permeation, vitamin E forms a very strong reservoir in the skin tissue and this amount of vitamin E, about 30%, exists as a bound-form with the lipid components of the stratum corneum.     

An experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity and structure of agricultural waste chars

The gasification reactivity as well as physical and chemical structure of chars generated from two kinds of agricultural waste (i.e. corn straw and wheat straw) were studied to better understand the role of lower pyrolysis temperatures and lower heating rates on the gasification characteristics of agricultural waste chars. Char samples were generated in a one-stage quartz fixed-bed reactor. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) gasification reactivity of chars was measured by thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, surface area (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis were employed to determine the effect of operating conditions on the char structure. Char gasification reactivities decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures. The char particles generated under high pyrolysis temperatures had many smaller pores with thinner cell walls, larger surface areas, and some melting. Results indicated that many functional groups’ bands decreased and even disappeared with an increasing pyrolysis temperature. The chars’ microcrystalline became larger at high pyrolysis temperatures. The reactivity of wheat straw char is higher than corn straw char. The difference in the gasification reactivity of agricultural waste chars generated at different pyrolysis temperatures correlated well with the effect of pyrolysis temperatures on the agricultural waste char structure.     

Local properties of quantum chemical systems: the LoProp approach

A new method is presented, which makes it possible to partition molecular properties like multipole moments and polarizabilities, into atomic and interatomic contributions. The method requires a subdivision of the atomic basis set into occupied and virtual basis functions for each atom in the molecular system. The localization procedure is organized into a series of orthogonalizations of the original basis set, which will have as a final result a localized orthonormal basis set. The new localization procedure is demonstrated to be stable with various basis sets, and to provide physically meaningful localized properties. Transferability of the methyl properties for the alkane series and of the carbon and hydrogen properties for the benzene, naphtalene, and anthracene series is demonstrated.     

准东煤流化床气化飞灰的理化特性研究

采用灰熔点测定仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、扫描电镜和热重分析仪等方法,研究了准东煤流化床气化飞灰的灰熔融特性、物理结构和化学组成及气化反应活性。结果表明,准东煤与其流化床气化飞灰中Si O2、Fe2O3、Na2O和Ca O等矿物质含量存在显著的差异,但飞灰的灰熔点与原煤无明显差异。准东煤气化飞灰具有较宽的粒径范围,呈现双峰分布特征,且不同粒径区间飞灰的元素含量存在显著差异。提高气化温度,有利于提高飞灰的气化反应活性。准东煤流化床气化飞灰石墨化程度比煤焦要高,但其孔隙结构更为发达,含有丰富的中孔和中大孔,使得飞灰的气化反应活性高于煤焦。可通过提高气化温度、循环再气化的方法提高气化效率。     

Determination of bifurcation in chemical systems. An experimental method

The systems Mn²⁺-malic acid-H₂SO₄-KBrO₃ and Mn²⁺-citric acid-H₂SO₄-KBr-O₃ have been studied in a stirred tank reactor. Transitions from the oscillatory state to the stationary state can occur by four types of bifurcation. All these types can be distinguished experimentally. The bifurcation diagrams for the systems mentioned have been determined.     

An approach to unification of the physicochemical properties of commercial detonation nanodiamonds

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - In recent years, detonation nanodiamond is regarded as a promising material for biomedical applications. However, a significant problem that stops of...